减氮运筹对甘薯光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

光合性能是决定作物产量形成的关键,氮肥的合理施用是调控作物光合特性和产量形成的重要措施.于2016—2017年开展盆栽试验,研究了减氮和施肥方式对甘薯叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.试验以常规习惯基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2为对照(FP),在常规施氮量的基础上减氮20%,同时设置3种氮肥运筹方式:100%基施(JS)、100%移栽后35 d追施(KS)、50%基施+50%移栽后35 d追施(FS).结果表明:与常规基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2相比,减氮条件下氮肥全部基施显著降低了全生育期甘薯光合性能,但追施处理显著提高了块根膨大期净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶绿素(Chl a+b)含量.不同处理下,P_n、g_s、C_i和Chl a+b均以50%基施+50%追施处理最高.减氮分施处理甘薯块根膨大期的PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o) 提高,而初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则降低.氮肥分施通过提高PSⅡ的光化学效率和电子传递速率,降低光能的热耗散,提高了甘薯块根膨大期功能叶的光合速率.2个品种不同年际间表现相同.表明氮肥一次性基施或追施均不利于提高甘薯叶片光合性能.减氮20%水平下,50%基施+50%追施可减缓叶片早衰,延长叶片功能期,提高甘薯的光合生产能力和生物量,有利于产量形成.     

Susceptibility of CAM Dendrobium leaves and flowers to high light and high temperature under natural tropical conditions

Responses of CAM Dendrobium Sonia leaves and flowers to high light and high temperature were studied in shade-grown plants after exposure to intermediate and full sunlight under natural conditions. Photosynthetic O₂ evolution decreased in leaves after exposure to full sunlight for 2 weeks while leaves exposed to intermediate sunlight showed an increase in photosynthesis as compared to those leaves maintained in the shade. On the first day of treatment, the changes of F_v/F_m in both leaves and petals grown in the shade were negligible during the day. However, there was a steep decrease in F_v/F_m in both leaves and petals with an increase in incident light during midday after exposure to full sunlight. When exposed to intermediate sunlight, there were no significant changes in F_v/F_m in leaves. The F_v/F_m values of petals, however, decreased during midday. Temperature of thin petals was higher than that of thick leaves during midday under full and intermediate sunlight while that of petals and leaves were similar when grown in the shade. Over the 2-week treatment period, lowered chlorophyll and sustained decreases in F_v/F_m were observed in both leaves and flowers (sepals and petals) when exposed to full sunlight, indicative of ‘chronic photoinhibition'. Photoinhibition was prevented in leaves but occurred in flowers when exposed to intermediate sunlight. It was assumed that photodamage to both leaves and flowers were partially due to the higher temperature. The higher susceptibility of flowers to high light as compared to that of leaves was due to its higher temperature during midday. This was further supported by the findings that more severe damage occurred in flowers at higher temperature of 38°C than 28°C under a higher PFD of 1500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.     

钙与脱落酸对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合及相关酶活性的影响

为探讨在干旱胁迫下钙与脱落酸对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及相关酶活性的影响,以黄瓜为试材,正常营养液栽培为对照,利用PEG-6000(聚乙二醇)营养液添加模拟干旱胁迫,设干旱胁迫条件下幼苗叶片喷施清水、脱落酸(ABA)、CaCl₂+ABA、LaCl₃(钙离子通道抑制剂)+ABA及EGTA(钙离子螯合剂)+ABA等5个处理.结果表明: 干旱胁迫抑制了黄瓜幼苗的营养生长、降低了幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶和硝酸还原酶活性,以及光合作用和荧光参数等,通过叶面喷施ABA减小了幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,以及光合作用(P_n、g_s)和荧光参数(F_v′/F_m′、q_P和ETR)的下降幅度,有效缓解了干旱胁迫对植株造成的伤害;喷施CaCl₂+ABA显著促进了ABA的这种正向缓解作用,而喷施LaCl₃+ABA和EGTA+ABA都没有表现出促进作用.     

黄瓜幼苗光合作用对高温胁迫的响应与适应

以‘津优35号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,研究高温(HT: 42 ℃/32 ℃)和亚高温(SHT: 35 ℃/25 ℃)胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及生长量的影响.结果表明: 高温、亚高温明显抑制幼苗生长.随着胁迫时间的延长,黄瓜幼苗叶片的光合速率(P_n)逐渐降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)趋于升高,气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、光呼吸速率(P_r)和暗呼吸速率(D_r)先上升后下降,高温、亚高温引起P_n降低的主要原因是非气孔限制.高温、亚高温可使黄瓜幼苗叶片的暗下光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光下实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)和电子传递效率(ETR)显著降低,初始荧光(F_o)和非化学猝灭系数(NPQ)逐渐升高.随着胁迫时间的延长,HT处理的RuBP羧化酶(RuBPCase)和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活性及其mRNA表达量逐渐降低,而SHT处理的胁迫初期变化不大,3 d后趋于降低;HT和SHT处理的景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)和果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA)活性与mRNA表达均呈先升高后降低趋势.可见,适宜光强下短时亚高温处理黄瓜幼苗不会产生明显光抑制,高温胁迫会对其PSⅡ反应中心造成严重损伤;光合酶受高温胁迫诱导,但其诱导效应与温度升高幅度和高温持续时间有关.     

外源钙离子对盐胁迫玉米气孔特征、光合作用和生物量的影响

探讨盐胁迫下玉米气孔特征、光合作用和生物量对外源钙离子的响应,有助于深入理解添加外源钙离子(Ca²⁺)缓解玉米盐胁迫的作用机理.以‘京科665’品种为试材,研究了NaCl胁迫下(100 mmol·L^-1)添加不同浓度外源Ca²⁺(0、5、10、20、40、80 mmol·L^-1)对玉米幼苗气孔特征、光合作用和生物量的影响.结果表明: 不同Ca²⁺浓度对盐胁迫下玉米的气孔密度影响不大,但显著减小了气孔形状指数、气孔面积、气孔长度、气孔宽度和气孔周长.同时,随着外源Ca²⁺浓度的逐渐提高,玉米叶片的净光合速率(P_n)呈先升高后降低的趋势,且气孔导度(g_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均显著降低,表明不同浓度Ca²⁺通过改变玉米气孔结构特征进一步限制光合作用过程,最终导致P_n降低.另外,外源Ca²⁺促进盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生物量增加,但根冠比显著降低,表明盐胁迫下添加外源Ca²⁺对地上部分的缓解作用大于地下部分.     

苗期干旱及复水条件下不同花生品种的光合特性

为探索不同花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种的旱后恢复能力, 研究花生品种耐旱性与光合特性的关系, 通过盆栽土壤水分控制实验, 测定了12个花生品种苗期对干旱胁迫与复水过程的光合响应特征, 并讨论了所测各性状参数与抗旱性强弱的关系, 包括对水分胁迫伤害的修复能力。结果表明, 根据苗期生物量抗旱系数, ‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’、‘农大818’的抗旱性较强, 且复水后植株产生超补偿生长效应, 补偿生长能力与抗旱性呈极显著正相关。叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)随干旱进程逐渐降低, 复水后逐渐增加, 抗旱性强的花生品种变幅较小。干旱7天, 大多数花生品种的光合参数值未有显著性差异。干旱14天, 抗旱性越强的花生品种光合参数值越高, 不同抗旱性花生品种的光合参数值有显著差异。‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’的P_n、G_s、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P在复水5天时恢复至对照水平, 复水10天时超过对照, ‘79266’、‘ICG6848’、 ‘白沙1016’、‘花17’在复水10天时仍未达到对照水平, 复水过程中抗旱性强的品种的光合参数显著高于抗旱性弱的品种。相关分析表明, 干旱胁迫14天和复水5天后, 花生的P_n、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P与品种抗旱性呈极显著正相关。因此, 可在苗期用40%土壤相对含水量胁迫14天及复水5天时花生的P_n、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m、q_P鉴定品种的干旱伤害程度及修复能力, ‘山花11号’可作为强干旱适应性鉴定的标准品种。     

水杨酸和油菜素内酯对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

为了探明外源水杨酸(SA)和2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的调控机理,以‘优博1-5’黄瓜为试材,用1 mmol·L^-1SA和0.1 μmol·L^-1EBR喷施预处理幼苗,每天喷1次,连喷2 d后置于低温下[10 ℃/5 ℃,光强(PFD)80 μmol·m^-2·s^-1]处理.结果表明: 低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长量及净光合速率(P_n)下降;喷施SA和BER显著提高了P_n、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P),减缓了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)增加的幅度,同时核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)、景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酯酶(SBPase)、转酮醇酶(TK)和果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA)活性明显升高.说明SA和EBR可以通过调节光合关键酶的活性,缓解低温对黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响,增强其对低温的适应性.     

太行山南麓栓皮栎和刺槐光合作用-CO2响应模拟

采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400XT)对太行山南麓栓皮栎、刺槐2个树种叶片光合作用-CO₂响应曲线进行测定,利用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)以及直角双曲线的修正模型—叶子飘模型(YZP)进行曲线拟合,并对3种光合模型的拟合参数(最大净光合能力A_max、初始羧化速率η、光呼吸速率R_p、CO₂补偿点CCP和CO₂饱和点CSP)进行比较.结果表明: 与NRH和YZP模型相比,RH模型所得的A_max、η、R_p和CCP较高,分别高出实测值59.8%、128.6%、133.4%和19.8%.与RH模型和YZP模型相比,NRH模型拟合得出的A_max较大,高于实测值11.1%,η、R_p和CCP接近于实测值.YZP模型能较好地模拟光合作用对CO₂的饱和现象,在A_max和CSP的拟合效果上较好.栓皮栎阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP比阳叶分别低31.3%、5.2%和14.3%.刺槐阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP分别高出阳叶23.5%、11.0%和5.4%.栓皮栎、刺槐阴叶的η分别比阳叶高6.9%和7.0%.刺槐叶片的R_p和CCP与温度、光强均具有显著线性关系,η与气孔导度(g_s)具有显著线性关系.栓皮栎叶片的η与光强和气孔导度具有显著线性关系,CCP主要受温度和湿度影响.栓皮栎叶片的A_max与相对湿度和g_s具有显著的正线性相关关系.     

太行山南麓栓皮栎和刺槐光合作用-CO2响应模拟

采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400XT)对太行山南麓栓皮栎、刺槐2个树种叶片光合作用-CO₂响应曲线进行测定,利用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)以及直角双曲线的修正模型—叶子飘模型(YZP)进行曲线拟合,并对3种光合模型的拟合参数(最大净光合能力A_max、初始羧化速率η、光呼吸速率R_p、CO₂补偿点CCP和CO₂饱和点CSP)进行比较.结果表明: 与NRH和YZP模型相比,RH模型所得的A_max、η、R_p和CCP较高,分别高出实测值59.8%、128.6%、133.4%和19.8%.与RH模型和YZP模型相比,NRH模型拟合得出的A_max较大,高于实测值11.1%,η、R_p和CCP接近于实测值.YZP模型能较好地模拟光合作用对CO₂的饱和现象,在A_max和CSP的拟合效果上较好.栓皮栎阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP比阳叶分别低31.3%、5.2%和14.3%.刺槐阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP分别高出阳叶23.5%、11.0%和5.4%.栓皮栎、刺槐阴叶的η分别比阳叶高6.9%和7.0%.刺槐叶片的R_p和CCP与温度、光强均具有显著线性关系,η与气孔导度(g_s)具有显著线性关系.栓皮栎叶片的η与光强和气孔导度具有显著线性关系,CCP主要受温度和湿度影响.栓皮栎叶片的A_max与相对湿度和g_s具有显著的正线性相关关系.     

Transpiration rates of the understory annual Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae) in response to the autumnal changes in canopy leaf area

Leaf transpiration rates of Impatiens capensis were measured beneath a broadleaved deciduous forest canopy over successive growing seasons using a steady-state porometer. The transpiration measurements, which continued into early autumn, provided a framework for assessing whether I. capensis exhibits stomatal opening in response to the autumnal increase in available direct-beam radiation reaching the forest floor. The deciduous canopy LAI (leaf area index) decreased from a growing season maximum of 3.94 m² m⁻², while the understory I. capensis population located along a stream channel maintained LAI values ranging from 0.58 to 1.05 m² m⁻² late into the growing season. Late morning and early afternoon leaf transpiration rates during the months of June and July averaged about 8 μg cm⁻² s⁻¹, with a mean stomatal conductance of 0.5 cm s⁻¹. In August, leaf transpiration averaged almost 12 μg cm⁻² s⁻¹, with stomatal conductance exceeding 1.5 cm s⁻¹. However, beginning in early to mid-September, before canopy leaf-fall, the persistent green leaves of I. capensis exhibited a sharp decline in transpiration, possibly a result of decreasing vapor pressure deficits or non-lethal physiological damage induced by cold stress. This physiological decline offsets any advantage that could have been gained by the increased exposure to direct-beam radiation after canopy leaf-fall in mid-October. Although green leaf area and seed-bearing capsules may persist until the first frost in October or early November, there is no evidence of stomatal opening suggestive of carbon assimilation for enhanced seed development during this early autumn period. We conclude that the persistent green leaf area of I. capensis fails to exploit the increase in available direct-beam radiation in the final stage of its life cycle.     

基于冠层塔吊原位测定长白山温带阔叶红松原始林群落主要树种的光合特征

为了更好地理解温带阔叶红松原始林群落主要树种的生理生态学特征,为森林生态系统碳动态的模拟预测提供基础数据,本研究依托中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位站,首次利用冠层塔吊原位测定了阔叶红松原始林群落4个主要树种成熟大树的CO₂响应曲线,并利用FvCB模型计算了一些重要的光合生理参数.结果表明: 红松的光合速率(A)、最大羧化速率(V_{c max})和气孔导度(g_s)均最小,而其气孔对光合的限制性(L_s)最大.水曲柳、蒙古栎和紫椴这3个阔叶树种的光合特征也存在显著差异.基于叶片面积的V_{c max}大小顺序为:水曲柳(83.2 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、蒙古栎(89.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>紫椴(68.4 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、红松(68.8 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)(P<0.05),而基于叶片质量的V_{c max}大小顺序为:水曲柳(1.36 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)>蒙古栎(1.03 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)>紫椴(0.90 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)>红松(0.42 μmol·g^-1·s^-1)(P<0.05).7—9月,水曲柳和蒙古栎的A值显著降低,而紫椴和红松的A值变化不显著;所有树种V_{c max}都随季节发生显著下降.在温带阔叶红松林生态系统碳动态的模拟预测中,应该考虑V_{c max}的季节变化.     

Carbon exchange and water use efficiency of a growing, irrigated olive orchard

We measured eddy covariance fluxes of CO₂ and H₂O over a flat irrigated olive orchard during growth, in different periods from Leaf Area Index (LAI) of 0.3–1.9; measurements of soil respiration were also collected. The daily net ecosystem exchange flux (F_NEE) was practically zero at LAI around 0.4 or when the orchard intercepted 11% of the incoming daily radiation; at the end of the experiment, with LAI of 1.9 (and the fraction of intercepted daily radiation close to 0.5), F_NEE was around 10 g CO₂ m⁻² day⁻¹. The night-time ecosystem respiration (R_eco), calculated from eddy fluxes in well-mixed night conditions, show a clear but non-linear dependence with LAI; it ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 mg CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ (in average), being the lower limit ideally close to the heterotrophic soil respiration at the site. The gross primary production flux (F_GPP) was linearly related to LAI within the LAI range of this experiment (with 11 g CO₂ m⁻² day⁻¹ increments per unit of LAI) and to the fraction of intercepted radiation. The maximum rates of F_GPP (0.75 mg CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) were obtained in the summer mornings of 2002, at LAI close to 1.9. F_GPP was strongly modulated by vapour pressure deficit (VPD) through the canopy conductance, even in absence of water stress. Hence, especially in the summer, the maximum rates of carbon assimilation are reached always before noon. The daily course of F_GPP shows a two-phase pattern, first related to irradiance and then to canopy conductance. The water use efficiency (WUE) was, in average, 3.8, 6.3 and 7 g CO₂ L⁻¹ in 1999, 2001 and 2002, respectively, with maxima always in the early morning. Hourly WUE was strongly related to VPD (WUE = −10.25 + 22.52 × VPD^−0.34). Our results suggest that drip irrigated orchards in general, and olive in particular, deserve specific carbon exchange and carbon budget studies and cannot be easily included in other biomes.     

镉胁迫对吊兰及银边吊兰生长及镉富集特性的影响

选择吊兰和银边吊兰为试验材料,采用水培法研究其在不同Cd²⁺处理浓度(0、20、80、200 μmol·L^-1)下生长及生理特性的变化。结果表明: 20 μmol·L^-1镉对两种吊兰的影响较小,单叶面积、总叶面积、叶绿素(Chl)a含量、总叶绿素[Chl (a+b)]含量、类胡萝卜素含量、Chl a/Chl b值、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)与对照(CK)基本无显著差异;80 μmol·L^-1镉胁迫下两种吊兰叶片初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)升至最高水平;200 μmol·L^-1镉胁迫下,两种吊兰生物量、叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子产量Y_(II)、转移系数(TF)以及各部分生物量均降至最低水平,而两种吊兰的过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和银边吊兰的丙二醛(MDA)含量均有不同程度的增加。随着镉处理浓度的增加,两种吊兰各器官Cd含量持续升高,且主要富集在根部;吊兰各器官Cd含量及富集系数(BCF)在胁迫处理下均高于银边吊兰。研究表明,两种吊兰对镉具有一定的耐性,其中吊兰对Cd的耐受能力强于银边吊兰,可考虑作为绿化植物用于修复镉污染水体或土壤。     

Morphological and physiological responses of canola (Brassica napus) siliquas and seeds to UVB and CO2 under controlled environment conditions

Combined effects of UVB radiation and CO₂ concentration on plant reproductive parts have received little attention. We studied morphological and physiological responses of siliquas and seeds of canola (Brassica napus L. cv. 46A65) to UVB and CO₂ under four controlled experimental conditions: UVB radiation (4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with ambient level of CO₂ (370 μmol mol⁻¹) (control); UVB radiation (4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with elevated level of CO₂ (740 μmol mol⁻¹); no UVB radiation (0 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with ambient level of CO₂ (370 μmol mol⁻¹); and no UVB radiation (0 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) with elevated level of CO₂ (740 μmol mol⁻¹). UVB radiation affected the outer appearance of siliquas, such as colour, as well as their anatomical structures. At both CO₂ levels, the UVB radiation of 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ reduced the size of seeds, which had different surface patterns than those from no UVB radiation. At both CO₂ levels, 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ of UVB decreased net CO₂ assimilation (A_N) and water use efficiency (WUE), but had no effect on transpiration (E). Elevated CO₂ increased A_N and WUE, but decreased E, under both UVB conditions. At both CO₂ levels, the UVB radiation of 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl a and Chl b, but had no effect on the ratio of Chl a/b and the concentration of UV-screening pigments. Elevated CO₂ increased total Chl and the concentration of UV-screening pigments under 4.2 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹ of UVB radiation. Neither UVB nor CO₂ affected wax content of siliqua surface. Many significant relationships were found between the above-mentioned parameters. This study revealed that UVB radiation exerts an adverse effect on canola siliquas and seeds, and some of the detrimental effects of UVB on these reproductive parts can partially be mitigated by CO₂.     

控水条件下侧柏冠层气孔导度对土壤水的响应

建立了不同控水条件下(无降水、一半降水、自然降水和二倍降水)的侧柏样地,于2016年8月—2017年8月监测了样地土壤含水量(SWC)、降水量、液流密度(J_s)、叶面积指数(LAI)和水汽压亏缺(VPD)等因子,分析SWC对侧柏冠层气孔导度(g_s)的影响。结果表明: 一半、自然和二倍降水样地的SWC与降水量呈正相关,SWC变化范围分别为4.9%～16.0%、7.2%～22.9%、7.4%～29.6%,无降水样地的SWC在8—10月下降50%;7月的日g_s在14:00达到峰值(166.64 mmol·m^-2·s^-1),显著高于其他月份,且出现双峰现象, 1月的日g_s在12:00达到峰值(54.1 mmol·m^-2·s^-1);3个降水条件下,侧柏g_s与SWC呈负二次相关关系,且g_s达到峰值,对应的SWC分别为8.5%、12.5%和18.5%,均趋近于年平均SWC。不同控水样地内侧柏g_s对VPD的敏感性(δ)/参比冠层气孔导度(g_sref)均≥0.6,表明不同控水条件下土壤水分状况较适合侧柏蒸腾用水的需求。当SWC在3.7%～7.5%时,δ和g_sref值迅速增大,说明气孔调节能力更好,植物气孔对VPD的响应更敏感;当SWC上升到11%时,SWC变化对g_sref和g_s对VPD响应敏感性的影响不显著。可能存在侧柏产生适应状态的SWC阈值,植物体在自身的生命活动中关闭或减小气孔开度,降低叶片水势以适应过高的VPD,保护植物不会引起过度蒸腾,从而对蒸腾的调控更加有效。     

Growth and photosynthesis of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. fil. in Central Europe

Floating Pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. fil.) is a worldwide distributed aquatic plant. The species is native to North America and quite common also in Central and South America. In Europe, Japan and Australia it is known as an alien plant, sometimes causing serious problems for affected ecosystems and human use of water bodies. Starting from Western Europe with an eastwards directed spread, Floating Pennywort was recorded in Germany in 2004 for the first time. Since then, the species spread out and got established in western parts of Central Europe. For a definite prediction of the potential of a further spread, data about biology, in particular growth and photosynthesis are needed. Here, regeneration capacity, growth at different nutrient availabilities and photosynthesis of H. ranunculoides were investigated. In addition biomass samples were taken in the field. Results show an enormous regeneration capacity (e.g., by forming new shoots from small shoot fragments), increasing growth rates under increasing nutrient availability and a maximum increase of biomass reaching 0.132±0.008 g g⁻¹ dw d⁻¹. Dense populations of H. ranunculoides growing in ponds and oxbows were found at high nutrient content of the substrate, the biomass reaching there up to 532.4±14.2 g dw m⁻². Gas exchange analysis showed a physiological optimum of H. ranunculoides CO₂ uptake at temperatures between 25 and 35 °C and high photon flux densities (PPFD) above 800 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. In comparison, native Hydrocotyle vulgaris showed an optimum of net photosynthesis at 20–30 °C and a light saturation of CO₂ gas exchange at 350 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹.     

Photosynthetic response of Myriophyllum salsugineum A.E. orchard to photon irradiance, temperature and external free CO2

The photosynthetic capacity of Myriophyllum salsugineum A.E. Orchard was measured, using plants collected from Lake Wendouree, Ballarat, Victoria and grown subsequently in a glasshouse pond at Griffith, New South Wales. At pH 7.00, under conditions of constant total alkalinity of 1.0 meq dm⁻³ and saturating photon irradiance, the temperature optimum was found to be 30–35°C with rates of 140 μmol mg⁻¹ chlorophyll a h⁻¹ for oxygen production and 149 μmol mg⁻¹ chlorophyll a h⁻¹ for consumption of CO₂. These rates are generally higher than those measured by other workers for the noxious Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L., of which Myriophyllum salsugineum is a close relative. The light-compensation point and the photon irradiance required to saturate photosynthetic oxygen production were exponentially dependent on water temperature. Over the temperature range 15–35°C the light-compensation point increased from 2.4 to 16.9 μmol (PAR) m⁻² s⁻¹ for oxygen production while saturation photon irradiance increased from 41.5 to 138 μmol (PAR) m⁻² s⁻¹ for oxygen production and from 42.0 to 174 μmol (PAR) m⁻² s⁻¹ for CO₂ consumption. Respiration rates increased from 27.1 to 112.3 μmol (oxygen consumed) g⁻¹ dry weight h⁻¹ as temperature was increased from 15 to 35°C. The optimum temperature for productivity is 30°C.     

控墒补灌对新疆春玉米产量和穗叶光合特性的影响

为探讨北疆绿洲区滴灌春玉米的高产栽培水分管理模式,以‘郑单958’(ZD958)和‘垦玉2号’(KY02)为试验材料,研究了控墒补灌对滴灌春玉米大喇叭口期(V12)至蜡熟期(R5)叶片SPAD值以及灌浆期(R3)穗叶色素、光合和荧光等参数的影响.结果表明: 土壤墒度过低或过高均会显著(P<0.05)降低V12-R3期叶片SPAD值,R5期宜保持在田间持水量的65%以上.灌浆期土壤墒度<75%时玉米叶绿素a、b及叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素a/b显著下降,但土壤墒度>85%时差异并不显著;土壤墒度<75%时玉米净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)及气孔导度(g_s)显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)显著上升,但土壤墒度>85%时并未观察到g_s的降低.土壤墒度过高或过低均可显著降低最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(q_P)和光合电子传递速率(rETR)等荧光参数,热耗散量子比率(F_o/F_m)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)显著升高;通径分析发现,P_n降低主要由F_v/F_o和rETR的下降导致,最终表现为产量的降低.这表明各生育时期土壤墒度保持在V6>60%、V12 >70%、R1 >75%、R3 >80%、R5 >65%是本地区滴灌春玉米获得高产的最佳水分管理模式.     

光强对三七光合能力及能量分配的影响

通过研究生长于不同环境光强(29.8%、9.6%、5.0%、1.4%和0.2%全日照)下的2年生三七光合作用对光照强度、CO₂浓度、模拟光斑的响应及叶绿素荧光和能量分配特征,研究光照强度对阴生植物三七光合特征及光适应的影响.结果表明: 29.8%全日照(FL)下三七表观量子效率(AQY)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在的量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)较低,最大净光合速率(P_{n max})、最大电子传递速率(J_max)、实际光化学量子效率(F/F_m′)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)和光能分配到光化学途径的比例(Φ_PSⅡ)较高,但非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)并不是最高.9.6% FL和5.0% FL处理P_{n max}、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)无显著差异,但它们的AQY、羧化效率(CE)、最大羧化速率(V_{c max})、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o较高,NPQ也相对较高.生长环境光强低于5.0%FL时,P_{n max}、CE、V_{c max}、J_max、ETR、F/F_m′、q_P、NPQ和Φ_PSⅡ均随生长环境光强的降低呈下降趋势,而捕获的光能分配到荧光耗散的比例(Φ_f,D)逐渐增加.在500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光斑诱导下,生长环境光强大于5.0%FL下的三七Φ_PSⅡ随诱导时间的延长缓慢增加,1.4%FL和0.2%FL下Φ_PSⅡ迅速达到饱和,且Φ_f,D迅速增加.三七在受到长期高光胁迫的环境下,通过适度的PSⅡ光抑制和保持较高光合电子传递速率,从而提高光能的利用来保护光合机构遭受不可修复的氧化伤害;适度的遮荫能够有效保持较高的非光化学热耗散能力;但过度遮荫会使其光合能力明显降低,捕获的光能更多地通过非光化学的途径耗散,且在接受到高光照射时较容易引发光氧化伤害.     

苯酚废水对垂柳叶片光合生理参数的影响

为探讨垂柳(Salix babylonica)对苯酚污染物的耐受程度及其应用于苯酚污染环境修复的可行性,了解苯酚胁迫对垂柳光合作用生理过程的影响与限制机理,采用水培模拟胁迫实验方法,在5种苯酚溶液浓度(50、100、200、400和800mg·L–1)下,测定垂柳植株叶片光合气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,苯酚对垂柳光合作用具有显著的抑制作用,表现为叶片净光合速率(Pn)、最大光合速率(Pnmax)、光合量子效率(Φ)、PSII最大和实际光化学效率(Fv/Fm和ФPSII)等均明显下降。苯酚胁迫浓度越高,对垂柳光合作用的抑制程度越大;苯酚胁迫限制光合作用主要由非气孔因素引起。将垂柳用于苯酚污染的水体环境修复时,苯酚浓度应在200 mg·L–1以下,否则垂柳的光合作用效能会明显降低。垂柳光合作用生理活性耐受苯酚胁迫的极限浓度还需进一步实验研究。