增施CO2对植物修复土壤DEHP污染的影响

修复效率低一直是植物修复技术需要解决的关键问题之一.基于我国的CO2减排压力和CO2对植物生长的必要性,选择C3植物绿豆和C4植物玉米作为修复植物,以DEHP为目标污染物,探索增施CO2对植物修复土壤DEHP污染的影响.结果表明:DEHP对两种植物生长和根际微环境都产生了抑制性影响.增施CO2后,两种植物地上干质量显著增加,叶片SOD酶活性明显下降,根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性增加,根际微生物群落结构改变,根际耐DE-HP胁迫微生物数量增加,表明增施CO2对促进植物生长、增强植物抗DEHP胁迫能力、改善根际微环境有积极作用.增施CO2还促进了两种植物对DEHP的吸收,特别是植物地下部分.这些共同作用导致增施CO2后的两种植物根际DEHP残留浓度明显下降,土壤污染植物修复效率提高.整体上看,增施CO2对C3植物绿豆的影响明显大于C4植物玉米.可以将增施CO2作为强化植物修复过程的措施之一.     

短期CO2浓度升高和干旱胁迫对白羊草土壤碳氮和微生物根际效应的影响

采用人工气候室和盆栽控水试验研究黄土丘陵区典型草本植物白羊草在倍增CO₂浓度(800 μmol·mol^-1)下和充分供水(75%～80%的田间持水量)、轻度干旱胁迫(55%～60%的田间持水量)和重度干旱胁迫(35%～40%的田间持水量)下根际和非根际土壤碳氮含量和微生物群落结构及其根际效应.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高和干旱胁迫对白羊草根际和非根际土壤有机碳、全氮和水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量及其根际效应均无显著影响.轻度干旱胁迫下CO₂浓度升高显著促进了根际土壤水溶性有机氮(DON)的消耗,导致DOC/DON升高,提高了DON的负根际效应和DOC/DON的正根际效应.干旱胁迫和CO₂浓度升高对土壤总磷脂脂肪酸(总PLFA)和细菌PLFA的根际效应无显著影响.CO₂浓度升高条件下干旱胁迫显著提高了根际土壤G⁺/G^- PLFA,降低了非根际土壤G⁺/G^- PLFA,导致其根际效应显著提高,表明根际微生物群落由自养微生物群落向异养微生物群落的转变.     

短期CO2浓度升高和干旱胁迫对白羊草土壤碳氮和微生物根际效应的影响

采用人工气候室和盆栽控水试验研究黄土丘陵区典型草本植物白羊草在倍增CO₂浓度(800 μmol·mol^-1)下和充分供水(75%～80%的田间持水量)、轻度干旱胁迫(55%～60%的田间持水量)和重度干旱胁迫(35%～40%的田间持水量)下根际和非根际土壤碳氮含量和微生物群落结构及其根际效应.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高和干旱胁迫对白羊草根际和非根际土壤有机碳、全氮和水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量及其根际效应均无显著影响.轻度干旱胁迫下CO₂浓度升高显著促进了根际土壤水溶性有机氮(DON)的消耗,导致DOC/DON升高,提高了DON的负根际效应和DOC/DON的正根际效应.干旱胁迫和CO₂浓度升高对土壤总磷脂脂肪酸(总PLFA)和细菌PLFA的根际效应无显著影响.CO₂浓度升高条件下干旱胁迫显著提高了根际土壤G⁺/G^- PLFA,降低了非根际土壤G⁺/G^- PLFA,导致其根际效应显著提高,表明根际微生物群落由自养微生物群落向异养微生物群落的转变.     

大气CO2浓度和温度升高对作物生理生态的影响

论述了大气CO₂浓度和温度升高下的植物生长、光合作用、产量以及水分养分利用效率等方面的研究进展.未来高CO₂浓度下,光合作用速率有不同程度的提高,生物量和产量增加;气孔导度降低,水分利用效率(WUE)提高;一般地上部分和根系尤其是细根生物量增加,凋落物量随之增加,C/N比率提高,植物残体的腐解速率降低.CO₂浓度升高后,会给根际微生物带来更多的底物,从而提高了微生物活性,加速养分的矿化过程,改善植物的养分状况.     

CO2浓度升高和施氮条件下小麦根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

依托FACE技术平台, 采用稳定¹³C同位素技术, 通过将小麦(C₃作物)种植于长期单作玉米(C₄作物)的土壤上, 研究了大气CO₂浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值及根际呼吸的影响. 结果表明: 种植小麦后土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值随作物生长逐渐降低, CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1显著降低了孕穗、抽穗期(施氮量为250 kg·hm^-2, HN)与拔节、孕穗期(施氮量为150 kg·hm^-2, LN)土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值, 显著提高了孕穗、抽穗期的根际呼吸比例. 拔节至成熟期, 根际呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在高CO₂浓度下为24%～48%(HN)和21%～48%(LN), 在正常CO₂浓度下为20%～36% (HN)和19%～32%(LN). 不同CO₂浓度下土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值和根际呼吸对氮肥增加的响应不同, CO₂浓度与氮肥用量在拔节期对根际呼吸的交互效应显著.     

黄瓜幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对干旱胁迫与CO2倍增的响应

以‘津优1号’黄瓜水培幼苗为试材,采用裂区设计,主区设大气CO₂浓度(约380 μmol·mol^-1)和倍增CO₂浓度(760±20 μmol·mol^-1)2个CO₂浓度处理,裂区设无干旱胁迫、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫3个水分处理(以PEG 6000模拟根际干旱胁迫),研究了黄瓜幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对干旱胁迫和CO₂倍增的响应.结果表明: CO₂倍增促进了黄瓜叶片中非结构性碳水化合物(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、水苏糖)的积累,降低了渗透势,提高了黄瓜的耐旱性.在干旱胁迫处理过程中,叶片中蔗糖合成酶、可溶性酸性转化酶和碱性转化酶活性先上升后下降;根中可溶性酸性转化酶和碱性转化酶活性则逐渐上升,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性先上升后下降.CO₂倍增提高了蔗糖合成酶的活性而降低了蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,这两种酶和转化酶相互配合,促进了蔗糖的分解和抑制蔗糖合成,导致己糖积累,从而降低了细胞的渗透势,增强吸水能力.因此,CO₂倍增能缓解干旱胁迫造成的不利影响,提高黄瓜的耐旱性,并且这种缓解效应在干旱胁迫严重时表现更为明显.
     

根际二氧化碳浓度对马铃薯植株生长的影响

以汽雾法栽培方式为基础,建立根际气体环境研究系统,研究了根际不同CO₂浓度连续处理36d对马铃薯植株生长的影响.结果表明,随着根际CO₂处理时间的延长,根际380～920 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂处理和380 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理之间马铃薯植株的株高、茎粗、叶面积、鲜重、根系长度、匍匐茎和块茎等生育指标生长变化比较一致,呈现明显的二阶段增长特点;与3 600 μmol·mol^-1高CO₂处理的根际比较,前2个处理植株生长发育旺盛,块茎产量明显增加,说明根际一定浓度CO₂富积,对马铃薯生长有促进作用,而根际过高浓度CO₂环境,则对马铃薯生长有抑制作用.根际3 600μmol·mol^-1高CO₂处理与沙培处理植株的地上茎粗和叶面积、地下匍匐茎和块茎数量等非常接近,表现在植株生长矮小,块茎产量较少,说明沙培处理植株生长发育比较弱,其原因可能与根际较高浓度CO₂的影响有关.     

耕作方式与施氮量对小麦-玉米复种系统玉米季土壤氮素转化及产量的影响

在黄淮砂姜黑土区冬小麦-夏玉米复种两熟种植体系中,研究了小麦季3种耕作方式(常规翻耕、旋耕和深松)结合夏玉米播前3个施氮量(120、225和330 kg·hm^-2)对玉米季主要生育时期根际土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性、无机氮含量和产量的影响.结果表明: 旋耕方式下氨化作用强度最高,且随着施氮量的增加,土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性增强.深松方式下根际土壤硝化、反硝化作用强度与脲酶活性明显高于常规与旋耕方式.增施氮肥可加强深松方式对土壤氮素转化的促进作用,而过量施氮虽然提高了土壤无机氮含量及玉米产量,但会对土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性产生抑制.深松方式结合225 kg·hm^-2施氮量更有利于砂姜黑土区夏玉米土壤氮素转化,而深松方式结合330 kg·hm^-2施氮处理下产量最高.     

施氮水平对蚕豆枯萎病和根际微生物代谢功能多样性的影响

研究不同氮肥用量对蚕豆根际微生物功能多样性的影响及其与蚕豆枯萎病发生的关系.通过田间小区试验,采用Biolog微平板分析法研究了4个施氮水平N₀(0 kg·hm-2)、N₁(56.25 kg·hm^-2)、N₂(112.5 kg·hm^-2)和N₃(168.75 kg·hm^-2)对蚕豆枯萎病危害和根际微生物代谢功能多样性的影响.结果表明： 施氮(N₁、N₂、N₃)处理显著降低了蚕豆枯萎病的病情指数和根际镰刀菌的数量,显著增加了蚕豆根际的细菌、放线菌数量、细菌/真菌和放线菌/真菌.其中N₂处理蚕豆枯萎病病情指数和镰刀菌数量最低,而细菌、放线菌数量、细菌/真菌和放线菌/真菌最高.与N₀处理相比,N₁、N₂、N₃处理均提高了根际微生物群落碳源利用率(AWCD),但对6类碳源的利用存在一定的差异.不同施氮水平下根际微生物群落对糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源利用程度较高.主成分分析表明,施氮明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源是区分施氮导致土壤微生物群落变化的敏感碳源.施氮抑制了根际微生物对部分糖类和羧酸类碳源的利用,而提高了对氨基酸和酚酸类碳源的利用,这可能是施氮减轻蚕豆枯萎病危害的重要原因之一.适量施氮能增加根际细菌、放线菌数量,改变微生物代谢功能,降低病原菌数量,是抑制蚕豆枯萎病发生的有效措施.     

不同地下滴灌制度下黄瓜根际微生物活性及功能多样性

采用微生物培养、BIOLOG碳素利用法和土壤酶活性测定等方法,分析了日光温室不同地下灌溉制度下黄瓜根际土壤中微生物活性及功能多样性.结果表明: 根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数随灌水量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势;在0.8E_p(E_p为20 cm标准蒸发皿蒸发量)灌溉水平下,I2处理(灌水周期8 d)根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数显著高于I₁处理(灌水周期4 d).0.8E_p处理下,细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌数量及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著高于其他2个灌水量处理（0.6E_p和1.0E_p）;I₂处理的细菌和自生固氮菌数量、脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于I₁处理,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性与I₁处理差异不显著,而真菌数量显著低于I₁处理.I 20.8E_p处理使黄瓜根际土壤中微生物代谢活性和微生物群落功能多样性升高,微生物区系得以改善,土壤酶活性提高,促进黄瓜生长.     

Can CO2 Fertilization Enhance Phytoremediation of Organic Soil Contamination?

Low efficiency is a key problem confronting the development and application of phytoremediation technology. Based on political pressure to reduce CO₂ emissions in China and the fact that CO₂ is necessary for plant photosynthesis, the effects of captured CO₂ fertilization on phytoremediation of soil di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) pollution by C₃ plant (mung bean, Vigna radiata L.) and C₄ plant (maize, Zea mays L.) were investigated. Results showed that DEHP pollution negatively affected the growth and rhizosphere environments of both plants. After CO₂ fertilization, both plants had more biomass (aboveground, belowground, and total dry weight), higher alkaline phosphatase activity, and more microbes with DEHP tolerance in their rhizospheres. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves of both plants decreased significantly. Microbial community composition in both rhizospheres changed. CO₂ fertilization also increased plant uptake of DEHP, particularly in the roots, and decreased residual DEHP concentrations in the rhizospheres. These effects were more evident in the C₃ than in the C₄ plant. This study indicated that CO₂ fertilization can enhance the phytoremediation process of polluted soil through promoting plant growth, improving the rhizosphere environment, and increasing plant uptake of DEHP, particular in a C₃ plant. CO₂ fertilization could be considered as a measure to enhance phytoremediation.     

Enhancement of nitrogen fixation in lentil,faba bean,and soybean by dual inoculation with Rhizobia and mycorrhizae

The combined effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) and Rhizobium on the cold season legumes, lentil and faba bean, as well as on summer legume, soybean, were studied in soils with low indeginous VA mycorrhizal spores. Inoculation of the plant with VA mycorrhizal fungi increased the level of mycorrhizal root infection of lentil, faba bean and soybean. The inoculation with Rhizobium had no significant effect on VA mycorrhizal infection percent, but VA mycorrhizal inoculation increased nodulation of the three legumes. The inoculation with Rhizobium alone significantly increased plant dry weight and N content of lentil and faba bean as well as seed yield of soybean. VA mycorrhizal inoculation also significantly increased plant dry weight and phosphorus content of the plants as did fertilization with superphosphate. Rock phosphate fertilization, however, had no significant effect on plant growth or phosphorus uptake. The addition of rock phosphate in combination with VA mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant dry weight and P uptake of the plants. The dual inoculation with both rhizobia and mycorrhizae induced more significant increases in plant dry weight, N and P content of lentil and faba bean as well as seed yield of soybean than inoculation with either VA mycorrhizae or Rhizobium alone.     

根际CO2浓度升高对网纹甜瓜光合特性及产量和品质的影响

采用雾培植株根际通CO₂处理方式,研究了开花结果期根际CO₂浓度升高对网纹甜瓜光合作用及产量和品质的影响.结果表明：在网纹甜瓜果实发育期间,与350 μL·L^-1（对照）处理相比,根际2500和5000 μL CO₂·L^-1处理的叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（g_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）及PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）均不同程度降低,而气孔限制值（L_s）显著提高,且5000 μL CO₂·L^-1处理的变化幅度高于2500 μL CO₂·L^-1处理;单株产量、果实中维生素C和可溶性糖含量显著降低,有机酸含量显著提高.可见,网纹甜瓜果实发育期间根际CO₂浓度超过2500 μL·L^-1时,其光合作用及果实发育会受到显著抑制,从而导致产量和品质降低.
     

Effect of long-term organic and mineral fertilization strategies on rhizosphere microbiota assemblage and performance of lettuce

Long-term agricultural fertilization strategies gradually change soil properties including the associated microbial communities. Cultivated crops recruit beneficial microbes from the surrounding soil environment via root exudates. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization strategies across field sites on the rhizosphere prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) community composition and plant performance. We conducted growth chamber experiments with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivated in soils from two long-term field experiments, each of which compared organic versus mineral fertilization strategies. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed the assemblage of a rhizosphere core microbiota shared in all lettuce plants across soils, going beyond differences in community composition depending on field site and fertilization strategies. The enhanced expression of several plant genes with roles in oxidative and biotic stress signalling pathways in lettuce grown in soils with organic indicates an induced physiological status in plants. Lettuce plants grown in soils with different fertilization histories were visibly free of stress symptoms and achieved comparable biomass. This suggests a positive aboveground plant response to belowground plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. Besides effects of fertilization strategy and field site, our results demonstrate the crucial role of the plant in driving rhizosphere microbiota assemblage.     

Microbial expression profiles in the rhizosphere of willows depend on soil contamination

The goal of phytoremediation is to use plants to immobilize, extract or degrade organic and inorganic pollutants. In the case of organic contaminants, plants essentially act indirectly through the stimulation of rhizosphere microorganisms. A detailed understanding of the effect plants have on the activities of rhizosphere microorganisms could help optimize phytoremediation systems and enhance their use. In this study, willows were planted in contaminated and non-contaminated soils in a greenhouse, and the active microbial communities and the expression of functional genes in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were compared. Ion Torrent sequencing of 16S rRNA and Illumina sequencing of mRNA were performed. Genes related to carbon and amino-acid uptake and utilization were upregulated in the willow rhizosphere, providing indirect evidence of the compositional content of the root exudates. Related to this increased nutrient input, several microbial taxa showed a significant increase in activity in the rhizosphere. The extent of the rhizosphere stimulation varied markedly with soil contamination levels. The combined selective pressure of contaminants and rhizosphere resulted in higher expression of genes related to competition (antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation) in the contaminated rhizosphere. Genes related to hydrocarbon degradation were generally more expressed in contaminated soils, but the exact complement of genes induced was different for bulk and rhizosphere soils. Together, these results provide an unprecedented view of microbial gene expression in the plant rhizosphere during phytoremediation.     

Responses of soil microbial community and enzymes during plant-assisted biodegradation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and pyrene

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to explore the plant-assisted degradation efficiency of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and pyrene. Three plant species: Ceylon spinach, sunflower, and leaf mustard were cultivated in co-contaminated soils under three contamination levels: control (T0), 20?mg kg^?1 (T20), and 50?mg kg^?1 (T50). The results showed that a higher DEHP and pyrene degradation efficiency was observed evidently in planted cases, increasing from 42 to 53–59% (T0), 61 to 65–76% (T20) and 52 to 68–78% (T50) for DEHP, and from 22 to 30–49% (T0), 58 to 62–72% (T20), and 54 to 57–70% (T50) for pyrene. Under T20 contamination level, soil phospholipid fatty-acid analysis depicted the increased microbial biomass in rhizosphere, especially the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus that is effective for the degradation of organic pollutants. The study also revealed that the activities of dehydrogenase, acid phosphomonoesterase, urease, and phenol oxidase negatively correlated with pollutant concentration. In general, the removal rate of DEHP and pyrene was highest in the soil planted with leaf mustard for each contamination level considered. For soils at T20 level, sunflower and leaf mustard appeared as interesting phytoremediation plants due to the improved removal rates of organic pollutants and the soil microbial activity.     

Metal accumulation and tolerance in wetland plants

This paper briefly reviews the progress in studies of wetland plants in terms of heavy metal pollution. The current research mainly includes the following areas: (1) metal uptake, translocation, and distributions in wetland plants and toxicological effects on wetland plants, (2) radial oxygen loss (ROL) of wetland plants and its effects on metal mobility in rhizosphere soils, (3) constitutional metal tolerance in wetland plants, and (4) mechanisms of metal tolerance by wetland plants. Although a number of accomplishments have been achieved, many issues still remain unanswered. The future research effort is likely to focus on the ROL of wetland plants affecting metal speciation and bioavailability in rhizosphere soils, and the development of rhizosphere management technologies to facilitate and improve practical applications of phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils.     

Metal accumulation and tolerance in wetland plants

This paper briefly reviews the progress in studies of wetland plants in terms of heavy metal pollution. The current research mainly includes the following areas: (1) metal uptake, translocation, and distributions in wetland plants and toxicological effects on wetland plants, (2) radial oxygen loss (ROL) of wetland plants and its effects on metal mobility in rhizosphere soils, (3) constitutional metal tolerance in wetland plants, and (4) mechanisms of metal tolerance by wetland plants. Although a number of accomplishments have been achieved, many issues still remain unanswered. The future research effort is likely to focus on the ROL of wetland plants affecting metal speciation and bioavailability in rhizosphere soils, and the development of rhizosphere management technologies to facilitate and improve practical applications of phytoremediation of metalpolluted soils.     

根系分泌物在重金属污染土壤生态修复中的作用机制研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染问题日益突出.作为一种绿色、安全的生物修复技术,植物修复技术备受关注.根系分泌物作为植物-土壤-微生物三者物质交换与信息传递的重要载体,是植物响应外界胁迫的重要生理生态指征,在植物修复过程中发挥关键作用.研究表明,根系分泌物能够有效调控根际微环境,提升植物抗逆能力,影响重金属在根际微域中的环境行为.传...     

Solubilization of inorganic phosphate and plant growth promotion by cold tolerant mutants of Pseudomonasfluorescens

A study for screening and selection of cold tolerant mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains GRS1, PRS9 and ATCC13525 based on 'P' solubilization ability and subsequent effect on plant growth promotion under in vitro and in situ conditions was conducted. Of all the mutants tested, two were selected, as there was a 21-fold increase in CRPF, (GRS, mutant) and a 10-fold decrease in CRPF7 (PRS9 mutant) over their respective wild types. Under in vitro conditions at 10 degrees C, these cold tolerant mutants exhibited increased plant growth indicating their functionality at low temperature. Subsequently, greenhouse trials using soil-plant microcosms were conducted which revealed that CRPF, (high 'P' solubilizer) was a good rhizosphere colonizer showing a significant increase in root (30 and 20%) and shoot length (20 and 24%) of mung bean, both in sterilized and unsterilized soil, respectively. On the contrary, CRPF, (low 'P' solubilizer) did not stimulate plant growth. Furthermore, sand experiments indicated that tricalcium phosphate served as better phosphorus source for CRPF2 treated mung bean seeds.