抗植物细菌病害基因工程的研究进展

综述了利用基因工程技术提高植物抵抗细菌病害能力的研究进展。植物抗细菌病害基因工程的方法包括：阻断病原细菌的致病途径,强化植物抗病反应及其信号转导途径,导入植物防御基因,导入非植物源抗菌蛋白的编码基因,利用细胞调亡反应控制病害的发生。随着基因组学和功能基因组学的发展,和对植物与病原细菌之间相互作用更深入的了解,植物抗细菌病害基因工程所面临的问题会逐步得到解决,因此利用植物基因工程技术培育抗病品种将具有广阔的应用前景。     

植物抗细菌病害基因工程的研究进展及应用前景

植物抗细菌病害基因工程的主要方法包括 :抑制细菌致病和毒性因子 ,激活植物本身抗病机制 ,导入植物防御基因 ,导入非植物抗菌蛋白的编码基因 ,利用细胞调亡反应控制病害的发生。本文综述了这方面的研究进展及应用前景。     

几种典型植物精油的化学成分与其抗菌活性

【目的】植物精油萃取自天然植物, 因具有抗菌活性, 近年来受到广泛关注。论文的目的是分析植物精油的化学成分, 测试其抗菌活性, 并研究其化学成分与抗菌活性之间的联系。【方法】实验选取了肉桂、山苍子、丁香、香茅、迷迭香和大蒜精油等6种典型植物精油, 通过气质联用分析方法研究了其化学组分, 并通过污染食物技术研究了其对黑曲霉和绳状青霉的抗真菌活性, 以及对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗细菌活性。【结果】气质联用分析结果表明, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种植物精油的化学成分主要是醛类和醇类, 丁香精油的主要化学成分是丁香油酚, 大蒜精油化学成分基本上都是含硫的醚类, 其中二烯丙基三硫醚(大蒜素)含量最高。抗菌活性结果显示, 不同植物精油的抗菌活性不同, 6种植物精油的抗真菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>大蒜>丁香>山苍子=香茅>迷迭香, 抗细菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>山苍子>丁香>香茅=迷迭香>大蒜。【结论】植物精油的抗真菌、细菌活性与其化学组分密切相关, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种精油的抗菌活性可能主要与其化学成分中的醛类和醇类有关, 丁香精油较高的抗菌活性可能主要源于丁香油酚; 大蒜精油具有高效的抗真菌活性主要源于其化学成分中的含硫醚。不同植物精油化学成分不同, 抗真菌、细菌活性也不同, 表明其可能有不同的抗真菌与抗细菌机制。     

植物抗细菌基因工程策略与应用

植物与病原物互作分子水平的研究进展极大地促进了转基因技术在植物保护方面的应用。人们提出了多种植物抗细菌基因工程策略 ,包括利用非植物来源的抗菌蛋白 (肽 )、抑制病菌的致病 (毒性 )因子、增强植物自身的抗性、诱使细胞程序死亡。综述了应用不同策略所取得的进展 ,并分析了抗细菌基因工程研究中存在的问题。     

羊毛硫细菌素及其应用

由基因编码、在核糖体上合成的抗菌多肽广泛分布于自然界中。人、动物、昆虫、植物和微生物都可以产生。这些抗菌多肽在食品防腐保鲜以及在药物治疗和医治肿瘤、癌症方面的潜力引起人们极大的关注［１］。近１０年来,原核生物和真核生物产生的抗菌多肽成为人们研究的热点,并取得飞速进展［１－４］。本文将主要介绍革兰氏阳性细菌产生的羊毛硫细菌素的结构、性质、生物合成,作用机制及应用。１什么叫羊毛硫细菌素由细菌基因编码、在核糖体上合成的抗菌多肽叫作细菌素。它是由某些细菌通过核糖体合成机制产生的一类具有抑菌生物活性的多肽…     

植物非特异脂转移蛋白的研究

综述了植物抗菌蛋白nsL TPs的研究进展：植物抗菌蛋白nsL TPs是一类对细菌、真菌等微生物有抑制或杀灭作用的蛋白质：它们的抗菌能力强,有较好的耐热性,抗菌机理独特,在农业生产上有着广泛的应用前景。     

植物精油化学成分及其抗菌活性的研究进展

植物精油是一类从植物中萃取的芳香味油状液体,是一类优良的天然抗菌材料。作为抗菌材料,植物精油具有以下优点:具有广谱高效的抗菌活性;具有熏蒸特性、气味芳香;取自天然植物,绿色环保;来源广,提取容易。植物精油因其多种优点,在抗菌领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。本文从植物精油的分布及化学成分、抗细菌活性和抗真菌活性的研究,以及植物精油化学成分与抗菌活性之间的联系等方面对植物精油的抗菌性能进行评述,以期促进植物精油在抗菌领域的广泛应用,同时给从事植物精油抗菌研究的科研工作者提供参考。     

茜草内生菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性物质研究

对中药植物茜草(Rubia cordifoliaL)的内生菌进行了分离和抗菌活性筛选,获得一株具有广谱抗菌活性的内生细菌。该细菌对常见的3种人类病原菌和4种植物病原菌具有拮抗作用。传统分类学和基于16S rRNA基因的分子分类学证据表明,该内生细菌为一株新的枯草芽孢杆菌,命名为Bacillus subtilisRC4。B.subtilisRC4在综合马铃薯培养基(pH值5.0)中于28℃振荡培养60h,产生的代谢物对白色念珠菌的抗菌活性最强。抗菌活性物质在100℃受热20min,活性维持80%以上,且在pH值2.0~11.0范围内稳定。经硅胶柱层析和高效液相色谱分离,得到主要抗菌活性化合物,质谱分析表明其分子量约为288Da。     

植物抗菌蛋白nsLTPs

植物抗菌蛋白——非特异性脂质转运蛋白（non-specific lipidtransfer proteins,nsLTPs）是一类对细菌和真菌等有抑制或杀灭作用的蛋白质。它们的抗菌能力强,有较好的耐热性,稳定性高,抗菌机制独特,有证据证明nsLTPs参与植物的抗病反应。文章就此问题的研究进展作介绍。     

链霉菌H03发酵液提取物的抗菌活性研究

以常见的病原细菌和植物病原真菌为指示菌研究了链霉菌发酵液提取物的抗菌活性,测定了发酵液提取物的抗菌谱和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明:与青霉素、链霉素相比,该菌发酵液提取物的抗菌范围更广,对植物病原真菌棉花黄萎病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌、甜菜褐斑病菌、稻瘟病菌,以及常见病原细菌大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都具有明显的抑制作用。利用试管二倍稀释法测定发酵液提取物对上述诸菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),结果分别为0.125、0.062 5、0.125、0.25、0.015、0.03、0.015、0.015、0.03、0.250、.015 mg/mL。其中对植物病原真菌中的黄瓜炭疽病菌、甜菜褐斑病菌、稻瘟病菌,以及病原细菌中的大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抑制效果最佳。将发酵液提取物置于100℃下加热处理10 min后,其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性不变,说明该发酵液提取物具有较好的热稳定性。     

Antibacterial Mechanism of Curcumin: A Review

Curcumin is a plant‐derived polyphenolic active substance with broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties. Curcumin blocks bacterial growth owing to its structural characteristics and the generation of antioxidation products. Curcumin can inhibit bacterial virulence factors, inhibit bacterial biofilm formation and prevent bacterial adhesion to host receptors through the bacterial quorum sensing regulation system. As a photosensitizer, curcumin acts under blue light irradiation to induce phototoxicity and inhibit bacterial growth. Moreover, it can exert a synergistic antibacterial effect with other antibacterial substances. In this review, we summarize the research progress on the antibacterial mechanism of curcumin based on five targeting structures and two modes of action. Our discussion provides a theoretical basis and technical foundation for the development and application of natural antibacterial agents.     

Bactericidal,quorum quenching and anti-biofilm nanofactories: a new niche for nanotechnologists

Despite several conventional potent antibacterial therapies, bacterial infections pose a significant threat to human health because they are emerging as the leading cause of death worldwide. Due to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, there is a pressing demand to discover novel approaches for developing more effective therapies to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and biofilm-associated infections. Therefore, attention has been especially devoted to a new and emerging branch of science “nanotechnology” to design non-conventional antimicrobial chemotherapies. A range of nanomaterials and nano-sized carriers for conventional antimicrobial agents have fully justified their potential to combat bacterial diseases by reducing cell viability, by attenuating quorum sensing, and by inhibiting/or eradicating biofilms. This communication summarizes emerging nano-antimicrobial therapies in treating bacterial infections, particularly using antibacterial, quorum quenching, and anti-biofilm nanomaterials as new approaches to tackle the current challenges in combating infectious diseases.     

杀菌肽的研究进展及应用前景

杀菌肽是在昆虫体内诱导产生的一类具有强抗菌活性的、由30多个氨基酸组成的多肽.它的特殊空间结构可以使原核细胞膜形成孔洞,导致细胞死亡,对真核细胞膜却无此作用.哺乳动物体内亦存在类似的有抗菌活性的多肽,杀菌肽因其广谱杀菌活性而引起了植物学家和医学家的注意.已被用于植物抗病原菌和医学研究.     

The Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles and T. polium Extracts

Biophysics - The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains leads to the need to find new antibacterial agents. Due to their properties, silver nanoparticles and plant extracts are more...     

In vitro activity of a combination of bacteriophages and antimicrobial plant extracts

The continuing threat of antimicrobial resistance presents a considerable challenge to researchers to develop novel strategies ensuring that bacterial infections remain treatable. Many plant extracts have been shown to have antibacterial properties and could potentially be combined with other antibacterial agents to create more effective formulations. In this study, the antibacterial activity of three plant extracts and virulent bacteriophages have been assessed as individual components and in combination. When assessed with a modified suspension test, these plant extracts also exhibit antiviral activity at bacterial inhibitory concentrations. Hence, to investigate any potential additive effects between the extracts and virulent phages, the extracts were tested at subantiviral concentrations. Phages alone and in combination with plant extracts significantly reduced (P < 0·05) the bacterial concentration compared to untreated and extract treated controls up to 6 h (2–3log₁₀), but this reduction did not extend to 24 h. In most cases, the phage and extract combinations did not significantly reduce bacterial content compared to phages alone. Additionally, there was little impact on the ability of the phages to reproduce within their bacterial hosts. To our knowledge, this study represents the first of its kind, in which antimicrobial plant extracts have been combined with virulent phages and has highlighted the necessity for plant extracts to be functionally characterized prior to the design of combinatorial therapies.

Significance and Impact of Study

This preliminary study provides insights into the potential combination of bacteriophages and antimicrobial plant bulk extracts to target bacterial pathogens. It is to our knowledge the first time in which virulent bacteriophages have been combined with antimicrobial plant extracts.     

木本曼陀罗内生真菌抗菌活性的筛选研究

从木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌中筛选高效抗菌活性的菌株。选择与人类和植物相关的36株病原微生物,分别对分离自木本曼陀罗(Datura arborea L.)植物的内生真菌77株进行了发酵代谢产物的抗菌活性筛选研究。结果显示:对细菌病原菌、皮肤致病真菌、植物致病真菌有抑制作用的内生真菌分别有24,9,17株,其中5株内生真菌对10种以上的供试病原菌有明显的抑制作用,活性最好的1株对20种病原菌有较强抑制活性,最大抑菌圈直径达48mm。这说明木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌抗菌能力较强,抗菌谱较广。     

The Characterization of Antagonistic Bacterium A014 and Its Antibacterial Proteins

A strain of Bacillus spp. has been screened from thousands of bacteria isolated from rice paddy field. The strain can secrete large amount of antibacterial proteins and has a strong in hibiting activity against the pathogen of rice leaf blight disease. Eight species in 4 genera of plant bacterial pathogens were tested for the antibacterial spectrum with the antibacterial proteins and results indicate strong inhibiting the growth of 4 species bacteria of xanthomonads and pseudomonads. Large amount of antibacterial proteins have been extracted by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation from overnight culture of king’s B medium. Further experiments are underway to purify the antibacterial protein with chromatography and to clone the gene encoding the protein.     

Mining the genomes of plant pathogenic bacteria: how not to drown in gigabases of sequence

Hundreds of bacterial genomes including the genomes of dozens of plant pathogenic bacteria have been sequenced. These genomes represent an invaluable resource for molecular plant pathologists. In this review, we describe different approaches that can be used for mining bacterial genome sequences and examples of how some of these approaches have been used to analyse plant pathogen genomes so far. We review how genomes can be mined one by one and how comparative genomics of closely related genomes releases the true power of genomics. Databases and tools useful for genome mining that are publicly accessible on the Internet are also described. Finally, the need for new databases and tools to efficiently mine today's plant pathogen genomes and hundreds more in the near future is discussed.     

Communication systems in bacteria and their role in pathogenicity

A review of the literature about the bacterial systems of regulation of expression of the genes controlled by signals generated by the bacteria themselves is given. Three types of presently known Quorum sensing systems contributing to the expression of the pathogenicity factors, infection process, and formation of biofilms by pathogenic bacteria are described. Possible mechanisms of enhanced resistance of bacteria in films to antibacterial preparations and factors of immune protection of human body are discussed. The perspectives of the development of new approaches to treatment of chronic diseases caused by the pathogens producing bacterial films are considered.