2，5－己二酮对大鼠视束纤维和视上丘细胞电生理特性的影响

应用复合动作电位记录技术研究了２,５－己二酮对大鼠视束大纤维（Ｔ１）和中纤维（Ｔ２）以及视上丘（ＳＣ）Ｃ２细胞电生理特性的影响。结果表明：２,５－己二酮使视束Ｔ１和Ｔ２轴突的传导速度降低,反应波形的幅度下降、上升时间延长、宽度增加、基强度减小。从Ｔ２到Ｃ２的突触延搁增加,Ｔ２和Ｃ２的恢复功能曲线有明显的超常兴奋性,相对不应期减小。２,５－己二酮对Ｔ２和Ｃ２细胞的电生理特性有选择性影响。     

内皮素对家兔窦房结起搏细胞电活动的影响

本文用细胞内微电极技术观察了ＥＴ－１对家兔窦房结起搏细胞电生理活动的影响。所得结果如下：（１）在以ＥＴ－１作表面灌流时,起搏细胞的４相自动去极化的速度（ＶＤＤ）显著减慢,且呈浓度依赖性,结果导致起搏细胞的自发放电频率（ＲＰＦ）降低。（２）由ＥＴ－１引起的ＶＤＤ和ＲＰＦ下降,可由事先投用ＥＴ＿Ａ＾受体选择性阻断剂ＢＱ－１２３（２０,１００μｇ／Ｌ）所阻断。这一结果有力提示,ＥＴ－１对起搏细胞的电生理效应是由ＥＴ＿Ａ受体亚型介导的。（３）事先投用Ｋ＿（ＡＴＰ）通道阻断剂格列苯脲（１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,可完全消除ＥＴ－１对起搏细胞的负性频率作用。根据上述结果,似可认为,ＥＴ－１与ＥＴ＿Ａ受体的结合可激活Ｋ＿（ＡＴＰ）通道,致使Ｋ￣＋电流增加和起搏细胞的ＶＤＤ减慢。     

天花粉蛋白Lys和Arg残基的化学修饰对其与IgE反应活性的影响

用马来酸酐及环己二酮分别对天花粉蛋白上的Ｌｙｓ、Ａｒｇ残基侧链进行修饰,并以竞争性酶免疫测定检查了化学修饰对ＴＣＳ与小鼠抗ＴＣＳ单抗ＴＥ－１（ＩｇＥ型）反应活性的影响。两种修饰均使ＴＣＳ与单抗ＴＥ－１反应活性下降。推测Ｌｙｓ残基可能直接参予了与单抗ＴＥ－１的结合。热变性实验提示ＴＣＳ上单抗ＴＥ－１识别部位需要一定的空间构象。     

天花粉蛋白Lys和Arg残基的化学修饰对其与IgE反应…

用马来酸酐及环己二酮分别对天花粉蛋白上的Ｌｙｓ,Ａｒｇ残基侧链进行修饰,并以竞争性酶免疫测定检查了化学修饰对ＴＣＳ与小鼠抗ＴＣＳ单抗ＴＥ－１（ＩｇＥ）反应活性的影响。两种修饰均使ＴＣＳ与单抗ＴＥ－１反活性下降,推测Ｌｙｓ残基可能直接参了与单抗ＴＥ－１的结合,热变性实验提示ＴＣＳ上单抗ＴＥ－１识别部位需要一定的空间构象。     

兔血管平滑肌延迟整流钾通道研究及其与克隆Kv1.5通道的电生理特性比较

本文用膜片箝全细胞技术比较了研究了单个兔肺动脉血管平滑肌细胞上延迟整流钾通道与克隆Ｋｖ１．５通道的电生理及药理学特性。将平滑肌细胞箝制在－４０ｍＶ,以１０ｍＶ的步跨阶跃去极化（０￣６０ｍＶ）可产生一系列快速上升的外向电流,几无衰减,其激活曲线的Ｖ１／２为２７．２ｍＶ。灌流液中加入１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和ＴＥＡ １ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ４ＡＰ,电流幅度均明显减小,细胞外Ｃａ＾２＋水平由１．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ降至０．     

c-fos基因在内皮素-1促肺泡Ⅱ型细胞表面活性物质合成中的作用

应用反义技术探讨ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因ＥＴ－１调控肺泡Ⅱ型细胞（ＡＴⅡ）表面活性物质（ＰＳ）合成的胞内信号转导中的作用,结果显示：（１）内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）可提高ＡＴⅡ细胞的＾３Ｈ－胆碱掺入。（２）蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）激活剂ＰＭＡ可使ＡＴⅡ细胞的＾３Ｈ－胆碱掺入量增加,ＰＫＣ抑制剂Ｈ７可抑制ＥＴ－１的促ＰＳ合成效应。（３）ＥＴ－１和ＰＭＡ可显著提高Ｆｏｓ蛋白表达量,Ｈ７和ｃ－ｆｏｓ反义寡核苷酸（ＯＤＮ）     

缺氧诱导因子1和红细胞生成素3‘—增强子调节内皮细胞？…

目的和方法：将红细胞生成素（ＥＰＯ）３＇－增强子野生片断及点突变片断借脂质体主人脐静脉内皮细胞株ＥＣＶ－３０４,用半定量ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ测定正常秘缺氧诱导因子－１（ＨＩＦ－１）诱导剂氧化钴（ＣｏＣｌ２）作用下培养６ｈ的细胞环氧合酶２（ＣＯＸ－２）和血栓素合酶（ＴＸＳ）的ｍＲＮＡ。结果：ＨＩＦ－１诱导剂ＣｏＣｌ２可放ＣＯＸ－２和ＴＸＳ基因转明显增强２,向细胞导入野生ＥＰＯ３＇增强子片断可阻断ＣｏＣｌ２诱     

缺氧时培养的心内膜内皮细胞内皮素自分泌调节的探讨

本实验观察缺氧对心内膜内皮细胞（ＥＥＣ）内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）分泌的影响。传代培养的新生小牛右心室ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１免疫组织化学显色强阳性。采用放免测定发现ＥＥＣ可向培养液中分泌ＥＴ－１,其分泌速度与细胞密度呈线性负相关（ｒ＝－０．９５４２,Ｐ＜０．００１）,与温育时间呈指数负相关（ｒ＝－０．９９８,Ｐ＜０．００１）。０％Ｏ２缺氧６～１２ｈ后,ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１分泌约增加１倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）。无论在常氧还是缺氧情况下,硝普钠抑制ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１分泌,而ＮＯ合酶抑制剂ＬＮＡ则促进ＥＴ－１分泌。上述结果表明：ＥＥＣ可能通过分泌ＥＴ－１调节心脏功能,内源性ＮＯ抑制ＥＴ－１分泌;缺氧可能显著影响ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１分泌     

创伤后巨噬细胞对T细胞白介素2及白介素2受体α基因表达的直…

以２５μｇ／ｍｌ的丝裂霉素Ｃ处理巨噬细胞３０ｍｉｎ,可阻断巨噬细胞白介素１（ＩＬ－１）、白介素６（ＩＬ－６）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的合成与分泌。创伤小鼠巨噬细胞经丝裂霉素Ｃ处理后,可明显抑制正常Ｔ细胞白介素２（ＩＬ－２）ｍＲＮＡ及ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）α ｍＲＮＡ水平,并增强Ｔｓ细胞的抑制活性。去除Ｔ细胞中Ｔｓ细胞可使巨噬细胞的抑制作用消失。表明创伤后巨噬细胞可通过     

内皮素对豚鼠乳头肌电生理和收缩活动的影响

应用细胞内微电极和肌张力记录技术,观察了ＥＴ－１对豚鼠乳头肌细胞电生理和机械收缩活动的影响。结果表明：ＥＴ－１浓度依赖地明显延长ＰＰＤ和ＡＰＤ９０,增加收肌收缩张力;钾通道阻断剂ＴＥＡ不影响ＥＴ－１的生物效应;而Ｌ型钙通道阻断剂硝苯吡啶、ＥＴＡ受体选择性拮抗剂ＢＱ－１２３和ＡＰⅢ以浓度依赖的方式阻断ＥＴ－１的上述效应,提示ＥＴ－１对乳头肌的电生理和正性肌力效应是由ＥＴＡ受体亚型介导的,与胞浆内Ｃａ     

Turnover of Axonally Transported Phospholipids in Nerve Endings of Retinal Ganglion Cells

We have investigated the metabolic turnover of axonally transported phospholipids in myelinated axons (optic tract) and nerve endings (superior colliculus) of retinal ganglion cells. One week following intraocular injection of [2-3H]glycerol, turnover rates for individual phospholipid classes in the retina (which contains a number of other cell types in addition to the ganglion cells) were all very similar to each other, with apparent half-lives of approximately 7 days. Apparent half-lives of labeled phospholipids in superior colliculus (presumably primarily in retinal ganglion cell nerve endings) were 10 days for both choline and inositol phosphoglycerides and 13 days for both serine and diacylethanolamine phosphoglycerides. Subcellular fractionation data obtained from superior colliculus at various times after injection suggested that apparent turnover rates determined for nerve ending phospholipids probably were not significantly affected by transfer of axonally transported 3H lipids into myelin. Apparent half-lives for phospholipids in optic tract were somewhat longer than in superior colliculus, ranging from 11 to 18 days. The slower turnover rates in optic tract may, in part, reflect the transfer of some axonal lipids to the more metabolically stable pool of lipids in the myelin ensheathing the retinal ganglion cell axons. In both optic tract and superior colliculus, apparent half-lives for axonally transported phospholipids labeled with [32P]phosphate were only slightly longer than for [2-3H]glycerol, while those for [14C]choline and [3H]acetate were markedly longer, indicating differing degrees of metabolic conservation or reutilization of these precursors relative to glycerol.     

Regional effect of monosodium-L-glutamate on the superficial layers of superior colliculus in rat

Summary Systemic administration of monosodium-1-gluta-mate by single injections of 4 mg/g body weight in infant rats (2–10 days of age) results in acute swelling of cytoplasm and nuclear pyknosis of neurons in the stratum zonale and stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus. Multiple daily doses of 4 mg/g body weight monosodium-1-glutamate result in an almost complete loss of neurons in these two superficial layers. The deeper layers appear not to be affected. No pathological effects were observed in the lateral geniculate body or pretectal complex.Light-and electron-microscopic studies reveal that the optic nerves are remarkably shrunken and many myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons are lost. Injection of ³Hproline into the vitreous body of one eye results in limited transport to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral geniculate body and to lateral portions of the superior colliculus.The small percentage of intact axons in the optic nerve, as well as the limited proline transport from the eye, suggest that administration of monosodium-1-glutamate leaves intact some optic fibers, a portion of which belongs to the retinohypothalamic tract.     

Directed early axonal outgrowth from retinal transplants into host rat brains

Axons from retinae transplanted to the brain stem of neonatal rats exhibit two patterns of outgrowth that can be experimentally uncoupled from each other depending upon the location of the graft. Retinae placed close to the surface of the rostral brain stem (as much as 5 mm from the tectum) emit axons that project toward the superior colliculus along the subpial margin of the rostral brain stem. In contrast, axons from grafts embedded deep within the midbrain parenchyma project through the neuropil directly to the overlying superior colliculus, as long as the retina is within about 1 mm of the tectal surface. The present study shows that, as long as the retina is located outside the superior colliculus, and regardless of whether the axons derive from grafts in subpial or intraparenchymal locations, the earliest projections are oriented towards the superior colliculus. We have also found, however, that axons from retinae transplanted directly onto the superior colliculus can form projections that extend along the subpial margin away from the tectum. There are several major conclusions that may be drawn from these observations. First, the final tectopetal, transplant-derived projection does not result from the reorganization of an initially random outgrowth but is directed from the start toward an appropriate region of termination. Second, it appears that the interaction of retinal axons with a primary target alters the ability of the growth cone to respond to directional cues along the optic tract. Thus, although adding support to the proposal that optic axons attain the superior colliculus through an interaction involving substrates distributed along the optic tract and diffusible factors originating in the target region, it is increasingly clear that such interactions are likely to be complex and hierarchical.     

Retinohypothalamic projection in the mouse: Electron microscopic and iontophoretic investigations of hypothalamic and optic centers

The problem of the direct retinohypothalamic projection in mammals (Moore, 1973) was reinvestigated in the laboratory mouse by electron microscopy and cobalt chloride-iontophoresis. The time-course of the axonal degeneration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was studied 3, 6 and 12 h, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 days after unilateral retinectomy. Specificity of the degenerative changes was controlled by investigation of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. The ratio of crossed to uncrossed optic fibers could could be determined by counting degenerating structures (axons and terminals) in the optic chiasma and the ipsilateral and contralateral areas of the optic tract, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the superior colliculus. The number of degenerating axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus showed a maximum one day after unilateral retinectomy and was, at all stages studied, two to three times higher in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral nuclear area. In the optic tract and in the superior colliculus the number of degenerating profiles was three times higher in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral area. Retinohypothalamic connections and crossing pattern of retinal fibers were studied light microscopically using impregnation with cobalt sulfide in whole mounts of brains. Most of the optic fibers in the laboratory mouse are crossed crossed (70-80%). A bundle of predominantly crossed optic fibers runs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.     

Fast axonal transport in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system axons following axotomy

After axotomy, changes in the composition of fast axonally transported proteins ( FTP ) within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons have been reported. The most significant and reproducible changes involved polypeptides found within the molecular weight range of 31.0 to 14.5 kilodaltons ( Bisby , 1980). We wished to determine whether similar changes following axotomy occur in axons of the central nervous system (CNS). Intracranial axotomy of the left optic tract was performed stereotaxically in rats. Six days post axotomy 50 muCi 35[S]-methionine was injected into the vitreous body of both eyes. FTP were isolated within the optic nerves 2 h after isotope injection. The nerve segments were processed for SDS-PAGE, fluorography, and compared to similarly prepared fluorographs of normal and eight day post-axotomy sciatic nerve segments. The labelling of 5 major polypeptide bands (S1, MW congruent to 28,000; S2a , MW congruent to 25,000; S2b , MW congruent to 23,000; T1, MW congruent to 20,200; and T2, MW congruent to 17,000) was studied by laser densitometry. Band S2b showed a highly significant (p less than 0.001) increase in concentration, while bands S1 and T1 demonstrated highly significant decreases in concentration following axotomy of the sciatic nerve. In contrast, after axotomy of the retinal ganglion cell axons the only significant change was a decrease (p less than 0.05) in T1. We suggest that failure of CNS axons to respond similarly to PNS axons following axotomy may be related to the failure of CNS axons to regenerate.     

The identification of two intra-axonally transported polypeptides resembling myosin in some respects in the rabbit visual system

Two polypeptides (M1 and M2) which co-sediment with F-actin in an ATP- reversible way have been detected in extracts of tissue from the rabbit visual system. Both polypeptides resemble skeletal muscle myosin in their ATP-sensitive co-sedimentation with actin, while they resemble the heavy chain of myosin and the lighter polypeptide of erythrocyte spectrin in their electrophoretic mobilities. (The estimated molecular weights are: MI congruent to 195,000; myosin congruent 200,000; M2 and spectrin congruent to 220,000). M1 and M2 were labeled in the cell bodies of the retinal ganglion cells with a radioactive amino acid and subsequently recovered in tissues (optic nerve, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and superior colliculus) containing segments of the retinal ganglion cell axons. The temporal sequence of labeling M1 and M2 in these tissues indicated that both polypeptides were synthesized in the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells and subsequently transported down their axons at different maximum velocities. The estimated velocities were: M1, 4-8 mm per day; and M2, 2-4 mm per day.     

Engrafted Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Anterior Specified Neural Progenitors Protect the Rat Crushed Optic Nerve

Background

Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a common occurrence in several eye diseases. This study examined the functional improvement and protection of host RGCs in addition to the survival, integration and neuronal differentiation capabilities of anterior specified neural progenitors (NPs) following intravitreal transplantation.

Methodology/Principal Findings

NPs were produced under defined conditions from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and transplanted into rats whose optic nerves have been crushed (ONC). hiPSCs were induced to differentiate into anterior specified NPs by the use of Noggin and retinoic acid. The hiPSC-NPs were labeled by green fluorescent protein or a fluorescent tracer 1,1′ -dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and injected two days after induction of ONC in hooded rats. Functional analysis according to visual evoked potential recordings showed significant amplitude recovery in animals transplanted with hiPSC-NPs. Retrograde labeling by an intra-collicular DiI injection showed significantly higher numbers of RGCs and spared axons in ONC rats treated with hiPSC-NPs or their conditioned medium (CM). The analysis of CM of hiPSC-NPs showed the secretion of ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor. Optic nerve of cell transplanted groups also had increased GAP43 immunoreactivity and myelin staining by FluoroMyelin™ which imply for protection of axons and myelin. At 60 days post-transplantation hiPSC-NPs were integrated into the ganglion cell layer of the retina and expressed neuronal markers.

Conclusions/Significance

The transplantation of anterior specified NPs may improve optic nerve injury through neuroprotection and differentiation into neuronal lineages. These NPs possibly provide a promising new therapeutic approach for traumatic optic nerve injuries and loss of RGCs caused by other diseases.     

Slits contribute to the guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons in the mammalian optic tract

RGC axons extend in the optic tracts in a manner that correlates with the expression in the hypothalamus and epithalamus of a soluble factor inhibitory to RGC axon outgrowth. Additionally, although the RGC axons extend adjacent to the telencephalon, they do not normally grow into this tissue. Here, we show that slit1 and slit2, known chemorepellents for RGC axons expressed in specific regions of the diencephalon and telencephalon, help regulate optic tract development. In mice lacking slit1 and slit2, a subset of RGC axons extend into the telencephalon and grow along the pial surface but not more deeply into this tissue. Surprisingly, distinct guidance errors occur in the telencephalon of slit1 -/-; slit2 +/- and slit1/2 -/- embryos, suggesting that the precise level of Slits is critical for determining the path followed by individual axons. In mice lacking both slit1 and slit2, a subset of RGC axons also project aberrantly into the epithalamus, pineal and across the dorsal midline. However, many axons reach their primary target, the superior colliculus. This demonstrates that Slits play an important role in directing the guidance of post-crossing RGC axons within the optic tracts but are not required for target innervation.     

Axonal Transport of Glycoconjugates in the Rat Visual System

Long-Evans rats at 45 days of age were injected intraocularly with 25 mu Ci of [3H]glucosamine. Incorporation of radioactivity into retinal gangliosides, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was determined at various times after injection. Portions of all three classes of radioactive macromolecules were committed to rapid axonal transport in the retinal ganglion cells. With respect to gangliosides about 60% of those synthesized in the retina were retained in that structure, 30% were committed to transport to regions containing the nerve terminal structures (lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus), and about 10% were deposited in stationary structures of the axons (optic nerve and tract). With the exception of ganglioside GD3 the molecular species distribution of gangliosides synthesized in the retina matched that committed to transport. In contrast to gangliosides a smaller fraction of newly synthesized retinal glycoprotein (less than 12% of that synthesized in the retina) was committed to rapid transport to nerve ending regions and only about 0.5% was retained in the nerve and tract. The molecular-weight distribution of glycoproteins committed to transport differed quantitatively from that of the retina. With respect to GAGs an even smaller portion (1-2%) of that synthesized in the retina was committed to rapid transport; of this portion almost all was recovered in nerve terminal-containing structures. A constant proportion of each retinal GAG species was transported to the superior colliculus. We suggest that most of the retinal gangliosides are synthesized in neurons and preferentially in ganglion cells (possibly a function of the large surface membrane area supported by these cells). Subcellular fractionation experiments indicated that transported gangliosides, glycoproteins, and GAGs may be preferentially distributed into different subcellular compartments.