红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙内丘坑复合体微气候动态变化

2012年5月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区阔叶红松混交林2.55 hm²的固定样地内,调查了由掘根风倒形成的38对丘坑复合体所处的7个小林隙、5个中林隙和3个大林隙以及7个郁闭林分的基本状况.于2012年6—9月,每月选定6个典型晴天,测定处于大林隙、中林隙和小林隙以及郁闭林分内每个丘坑复合体不同微立地(坑底、坑壁、丘顶、丘面及完整立地)的土壤温度、土壤含水量和空气相对湿度.结果表明: 6—9月,丘顶的土壤温度平均值最大,坑底最小;坑底土壤含水量和空气相对湿度的平均值最大,丘顶最小.上述指标在大多数微立地之间差异显著.6—9月,位于不同大小林隙和郁闭林分的丘坑复合体土壤温度总平均值依次为:大林隙>中林隙>小林隙>郁闭林分;各月份土壤水分大小次序并不一致;6月、8月和9月丘坑复合体各个微立地月均空气相对湿度大小顺序均为郁闭林分>小林隙>中林隙>大林隙,7月的排列次序有所不同.上述指标在不同大小林隙及郁闭林分内丘坑复合体大多数微立地之间差异显著.不同大小林隙和郁闭林分内丘坑复合体各微立地月均土壤温度和空气相对湿度均为7月最大,9月最小;除完整立地6月月均土壤含水量最大以外,其余微立地均为7月最大,9月最小.丘坑复合体微气候的变化主要受林隙大小、微立地和时间等的影响.     

红脂大小蠹种群空间格局地统计学分析及抽样技术

红脂大小蠹是我国一重要林业外来入侵害虫,主要危害油松、白皮松和华山松,目前已扩散到山西、陕西、河北、河南、北京等地。为了研究其种群空间格局,用地统计学方法分析了受害程度不同的油松纯林和混交林林分内红脂大小蠹种群空间分布特性。结果表明:两种受害程度不同的油松纯林内红脂大小蠹的危害具有显著差异,轻度受害林分内有虫株率为4.9%,而重度受害林分则达到23.6%。全方向的变异函数曲线图分析得知:轻度受害纯林、重度受害纯林、混交林林分内红脂大小蠹种群的空间依赖范围分别为49.400、47.400\,73.820m,而局部空间连续性强度分别为0.824、0.582\,0.762。轻度受害纯林与重度受害纯林林分内红脂大小蠹种群均表现为较强的空间聚集性,而混交林受害林分内其种群则表现为随机分布。受害程度不同的纯林林分内红脂大小蠹种群空间格局具有一定的差异,而且纯林与混交林林分内其种群空间格局也有较大的差别。本文根据红脂大小蠹种群空间分布特性,对其种群空间抽样技术与传统抽样技术做了相应的比较与探讨。     

长白山阔叶红松林的温度效应

森林温度特征的研究是揭示森林生态系统功能、评估森林环境效益的基础.对2004年长白山阔叶红松林林内外空气温度和土壤温度进行了观测,结果表明:林内外空气温度、土壤温度明显不同.白天林内气温一般低于林外,夜间高于林外.昼间气温差夏季较大,7月平均差值为1.6 ℃;夜间气温差冬季较大,1月平均差值为1.5℃.空气温度和土壤温度的日振幅总是林内小于林外,7月空气温度日振幅林内比林外低1.7℃,4月土壤温度日振幅林内比林外低5.8℃.     

延胡索根际土壤细菌多样性与结构对毛竹林隙面积的响应

林下经济已成为增加林地产出和提升林业效益的重要途径。为揭示毛竹林隙中早春药用植物——延胡索根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构的变化趋势,采集大林隙400m~2、中林隙100 m~2、小林隙25 m~2和郁闭林分4类样地的延胡索根际土样,基于高通量测序结合生境参数,分析其细菌群落多样性和结构变化。结果表明,4类样地的细菌类群达35门104纲195目321科532属,大林隙和中林隙的优势土壤细菌类群OTU所占百分比的次序虽有所不同,但基本表现为酸杆菌门和变形菌门占优,绿弯菌门和放线菌门其次;小林隙和郁闭林分则以变形菌门占绝对优势,其次是放线菌门和拟杆菌门,酸杆菌门成呈弱势。同时,随着林隙面积减小,相对光照强度从全光照直至全光照的10.7%～22.5%,细菌群落在总体数量上处于下降趋势,菌种丰富度和特异性、谱系多样性、菌群多样性和菌群均匀度均下降,郁闭林分优于小林隙。菌群在门和属分类水平的OTU百分比特征与相对光照强度、空气温度的梯度分布有显著相关关系,而与土壤水分含量、空气湿度的梯度趋势相反,未发现与林隙面积、海拔及边界立竹参数的梯度关联性。因此,大中型林隙有利于延胡索根际土壤细菌群落发育,而小林隙并不合适;林隙和郁闭林分可为某些特殊条件下进行更新的菌群提供生长机会,可用土壤微生物相关指标如特征菌群来反映林隙发育过程的变化;相对光照强度和空气温度对人工开辟林隙栽培延胡索的根际土壤菌群影响显著,在调控土壤细菌群落结构和促进土壤生态系统稳定具有重要参考价值。     

阔叶红松混交林林隙内丘坑复合体特征及分布格局

对小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙及郁闭林分内丘坑复合体特征及分布格局进行了对比和分析.结果表明： 大、中、小林隙及郁闭林分中丘坑复合体的丘宽、丘高、丘厚均大于与之对应的坑宽、坑长、坑深.大林隙内丘坑复合体的丘宽、丘高、丘厚、坑宽、坑长、坑深均最大,分别为2.85、0.37、2.00、2.99、2.10、0.39 m;郁闭林分均最小,分别为2.35、0.19、1.60、2.66、1.65、0.21 m.丘的平均体积（1.66 m³）均大于坑的（1.44 m³）.同一大小林隙内绝大多数丘坑复合体之间的特征值差异显著,而郁闭林分内绝大多数丘坑复合体之间的特征值差异不显著.不同大小林隙及郁闭林分丘坑复合体之间的特征值大多差异显著.2012年样地内丘坑复合体大多数特征值显著小于2011年.89.5%和60.5%的丘坑复合体类型为铰链式,形状为半椭圆状,丘坑复合体的分布格局为相对集中.     

长白山红松阔叶混交林林冠空隙树种更新动态规律的研究

分析了长白山红松阔叶混交林林冠空隙(Gap)内更新树种的数量特征.结果表明, 在34个林冠空隙中, 更新乔木树种出现频度为7.27%, 更新灌木树种出现频度为21.02%, Gap形成后, 阳性先锋树种首先侵入, 出现频度较高, 占据较宽的生态位, 随着Gap年龄的增加, 树种间的竞争逐渐增大, 阳性树种的生长逐渐受到限制, 阴性树种逐渐增多;Gap年龄与Gap郁闭度和Gap面积呈负相关, Gap面积与树种出现频度呈负相关;Gap年龄主要分布在5～15a和46～55a两段期间, 树种出现频度与Gap年龄存在着密切关系, 当Gap年龄小于25a时, 二者呈正相关;当Gap年龄在25～40a时, 二者呈负相关;当Gap年龄大于40a时, 树种出现频度趋于稳定;34个Gap内4种主要乔木更新树种和4种主要灌木更新树种的胸径均基本上呈正态分布, 乔木更新树种的最高点胸径为4～6cm径级, 灌木更新树种的最高点胸径为1.2cm径级.     

鹤山退化生态系统恢复过程中土壤微生物的特性

对鹤山丘陵荒坡人工植被土壤生物特性进行了研究,结果表明鹤山人工植被中土壤微生物的数量以马占相思林较高,为6.164×106g-1drysoil,接近村边次生自然林(6.323×106g-1drysoil);其次是果园和红荷木林,分别为5.115×106和4.083×106g-1drysoil;松林中微生物数量最少,仅为1.424×106g-1drysoil。土壤微生物的组成以细菌为主,占微生物总数的71.4%-87.7%,其次是放线菌,为总数的9.2%-22.7%,真菌相对较少(1.1%-9.6%)。细菌的数量与微生物总数的变化趋势相一致。人工植被中土壤微生物生物量(mgCmic(100g)-1drysoil)是马占相思林(57.11)>果园(47.79)>红荷木林(42.55)>松林(29.68),与相应的土壤有机碳(gCorgkg-1drysoil)顺序相吻合[马占相思林(16.13)>果园(13.40)>红荷木林(12.59)>松林(11.89)],与土壤生物数量的变化趋势亦相似。与1988年用同一种方法的采样分析结果相比,人工植被中微生物的总数、细菌的数量及其占微生物总数的比率均有所提高,意味着在植被恢复过程中土壤质地得到了改善,其中以马占相思林的土壤恢复速率相对较快。     

影响不同林型天然红松混交林林隙更新的土壤特征因子

采用野外调查、样品采集和统计分析等相结合的方法,对小兴安岭天然红松混交林3种不同林型(椴树红松混交林(TP)、枫桦红松混交林(BP)、云冷杉红松混交林(PAP))的林隙及其邻近郁闭林分的土壤特征因子和树木更新的相关性进行了研究,旨在阐明林隙土壤特征因子对树木更新的影响,从而为小兴安岭天然红松混交林植被更新、退化生态系统的恢复和可持续经营提供基础数据和实践参考。结果表明:郁闭林分土壤有机质、全氮质量分数显著高于3种不同林型的林隙。有效磷和速效钾含量在BP内与其他林型之间差异显著。3种林型林隙内p H值均略高于其郁闭林分,但与其差异均不显著。3种林型林隙内更新总密度、幼树更新密度与郁闭林分差异显著(P0.05),PAP林隙中更新总密度和幼树更新密度最高。BP林隙面积与更新密度相关不显著,乔木幼苗、幼树更新密度与有机质(r=-0.400,r=-0.475)、全氮均呈显著负相关(r=-0.519,r=-0.603)。TP林隙内全氮与乔木幼苗更新密度呈正相关(r=0.092),而与乔木幼树更新密度呈显著负相关(r=-0.585)。PAP林隙内全氮与乔木幼苗、幼树更新密度均呈负相关。郁闭林分幼苗更新密度分别与有机质、全氮、速效钾、p H值、脲酶和蛋白酶呈负相关。主成分分析表明,全氮是影响林隙和郁闭林分树木更新的关键因素。     

林窗对长苞冷杉自然更新幼苗存活和生长的影响

 长苞冷杉(Abies georgei)林是我国西南亚高山针叶林的重要类型之一,分布于海拔3 200～4 200 m。目前对于该森林林窗对树苗更新的调节还很少了解。通过1997～2000年对20个林窗的连续观测调查,研究了滇西北白马雪山自然保护区西坡亚高山长苞冷杉林林窗大小和林窗位置对自然更新幼苗存活和生长的影响。长苞冷杉针叶林林窗大小分布为,面积大于100 m2的大林窗占20%左右,中等林窗面积为50～100 m2,占35%左右,小林窗面积小于50 m2,占45%左右。4个生长季节的连续观测结果表明：林窗与林下非林窗内的幼苗大小和幼苗存活数量差异明显。林窗由小到大,单位面积内的自然更新苗木数量逐渐增加,大林窗中更新苗为小林窗的1.5倍左右,而林下的更新苗很少,0.5 ind.·10 m-2。中等林窗和小林窗内的幼苗数量在从南到中心到北的位置上几乎没有明显的差异;大林窗中存在由南到北的位置差异,更新幼苗数量逐渐增加。从更新幼苗的生长来看,中等林窗内的幼苗,高度最大、生长最快,定居阶段的平均年高生长为(7.8±0.5) cm·a-1,小林窗次之,大林窗和林下幼苗个体最小,生长最慢。更新幼苗的基径随林窗大小的变化与高度变化相似。进一步从林窗位置来看,中、小林窗幼苗大小和年平均高生长量几乎无位置差异,大林窗则由南到北,幼苗由大变小,年高生长量逐渐减低。从幼苗存活数量、生长大小来看,中等林窗大小是长苞冷杉幼苗更新的适宜面积,这为该类型退化亚高山针叶林恢复提供了一定的参考。     

子午岭地区辽东栎和油松林建群种的更新生态位宽度分析

通过实地调查并采用Levins生态位宽度指数对子午岭地区主要树种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的幼苗、幼树和成树在不同坡向的辽东栎林、油松 辽东栎混交林和人工油松林3种群落中的生态位宽度进行了分析研究。结果显示:(1)辽东栎和油松的更新生态位宽度在不同群落中各不相同,成树的生态位宽度与群落类型一致;(2)辽东栎幼苗和幼树在阳坡和阴坡人工油松林中的生态位宽度分别是0.951、0.95和0.98、0.94,且生态位宽度显著大于其它2个群落,表明辽东栎幼苗和幼树能很好地适应人工油松林的环境条件;(3)在阳坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在辽东栎林最大为0.79,且极显著大于其它2个群落,而阳坡油松幼树的生态位宽度在人工油松林中最大为1.00;在阴坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在人工油松林最大为0.63,而阴坡油松幼树的生态位宽度却在油松 辽东栎混交林最大为0.83,且极显著大于其它2个群落;表明油松幼苗适应阳坡的辽东栎林环境和阴坡的人工油松林环境,油松幼树适应阳坡的人工油松林环境和油松 辽东栎林环境。结果表明,人工种植油松林有利于该地区的植被恢复,人工油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林会在该地区存在较长时间,而阳坡的油松 辽东栎混交林存在时间会更长。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。