氮硅添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响

为了解全球气候变化背景下氮沉降对土壤氮矿化的影响及硅添加对土壤氮矿化的促进作用, 该试验设置不同浓度的氮肥单独添加(0、20、40、60 g·m ^-2, 分别为对照CK、N20、N40、N60)以及与硅肥配施(硅酸4 g·m ^-2, Si4), 测定不同处理下0-20、20-40、40-60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氨化速率以及净矿化速率。结果显示: (1)单独添加氮肥, 各土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加, 0-20 cm土层N20、N40、N60处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分别较CK增加63.48%、126.04%、247.03%和80.66%、152.52%、244.56%; 随着土层深度增加, 土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量均有下降, 20-40、40-60 cm土层较0-20 cm土层硝态氮含量分别平均减少53.90%、76.05%, 铵态氮含量分别平均减少48.62%、68.23%。(2)土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率及净矿化速率随着氮肥浓度增加均呈上升趋势。相同氮肥添加浓度下, 土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率和净矿化速率随着土层深度增加逐渐下降(除CK外)。(3)与单独添加氮肥比较, 氮硅肥配施, 土壤氮含量有显著提高, 在0-20 cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮较CK分别增加98.78%、192.62%、330.16%和99.96%、195.82%、306.32%, 20-40、40-60 cm土层也有类似趋势。同时, 氮硅配施促进了土壤氮矿化行为, 在0-20 cm土层, N60Si4处理下的土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率较单独施氮时分别增加35.88%、27.41%。以上结果表明, 与单独氮肥添加相比, 氮硅配施不但能提高土壤氮含量, 而且能促进土壤氮的矿化作用, 对大气氮沉降有一定的缓解作用。     

氮硅添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响

为了解全球气候变化背景下氮沉降对土壤氮矿化的影响及硅添加对土壤氮矿化的促进作用,该试验设置不同浓度的氮肥单独添加(0、20、40、60 g·m~(–2),分别为对照CK、N20、N40、N60)以及与硅肥配施(硅酸4 g·m~(–2), Si4),测定不同处理下0–20、20–40、40–60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氨化速率以及净矿化速率。结果显示:(1)单独添加氮肥,各土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加, 0–20 cm土层N20、N40、N60处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分别较CK增加63.48%、126.04%、247.03%和80.66%、152.52%、244.56%;随着土层深度增加,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量均有下降,20–40、40–60cm土层较0–20cm土层硝态氮含量分别平均减少53.90%、76.05%,铵态氮含量分别平均减少48.62%、68.23%。(2)土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率及净矿化速率随着氮肥浓度增加均呈上升趋势。相同氮肥添加浓度下,土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率和净矿化速率随着土层深度增加逐渐下降(除CK外)。(3)与单独添加氮肥比较,氮硅肥配施,土壤氮含量有显著提高,在0–20 cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮较CK分别增加98.78%、192.62%、330.16%和99.96%、195.82%、306.32%,20–40、40–60 cm土层也有类似趋势。同时,氮硅配施促进了土壤氮矿化行为,在0–20 cm土层, N60Si4处理下的土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率较单独施氮时分别增加35.88%、27.41%。以上结果表明,与单独氮肥添加相比,氮硅配施不但能提高土壤氮含量,而且能促进土壤氮的矿化作用,对大气氮沉降有一定的缓解作用。     

添加氮素对沙质草地土壤氮素有效性的影响

通过氮素添加(20g.m-2.a-1)试验,研究了科尔沁沙地东南部沙质草地生态系统土壤氮矿化及有效氮的季节变化。对2006年生长季的观测发现,添加氮素显著提高了沙质草地生长季土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、矿质氮的含量以及9月1日至10月15日的净氮矿化速率与硝化速率;添加氮素导致土壤有效氮的季节变异增大,净氮矿化(1.29～11.60mg.kg-1.30d-1)与硝化(-4.15～11.20mg.kg-1.30d-1)速率随时间呈上升趋势,铵态氮含量逐渐降低,硝态氮与矿质氮(6.49～20.66mg.kg-1)含量的变化呈"V"型,最小值出现在生物量生长高峰期的7月中旬。该沙质草地土壤氮的有效性较低,施氮肥可明显提高土壤供氮能力。     

模拟干旱和磷添加对热带低地雨林氮矿化过程的影响

土壤氮矿化作为氮转化的主要过程决定土壤供氮能力。热带森林生态系统往往受磷限制, 氮矿化过程对干旱的响应是否受磷限制的调控值得探讨。该研究以海南三亚甘什岭自然保护区热带低地雨林为研究对象, 利用2019年建立的林内穿透雨减少(50%)及磷添加双因素交互实验平台, 通过野外树脂芯原位培养法研究模拟干旱及磷添加对土壤无机氮(包括铵态氮和硝态氮)含量和氮矿化过程的影响。结果表明: 1)减雨处理显著降低了5和15 cm深度土壤的水分含量, 而对土壤温度没有显著影响。2)减雨处理和减雨与磷添加共同处理无论在旱季还是湿季对0-10 cm土壤无机氮含量均没有产生显著影响, 但磷添加处理在旱季显著降低了土壤硝态氮含量, 表明磷添加处理对氮有效性的影响主要体现在旱季, 而非湿季。3)干旱处理在旱季和湿季均显著降低了土壤净氨化速率和净氮矿化速率, 而磷添加处理和减雨与磷添加共同处理无论在旱季还是湿季对净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率均没有产生显著影响, 结果表明了干旱能够显著降低土壤净氮矿化速率。4)土壤水分含量与土壤净氨化速率和净氮矿化速率呈显著正相关关系, 同时减雨处理显著影响了土壤净氨化速率与铵态氮含量的关系, 并且在铵态氮含量相等的情况, 随着干旱的影响净氨化速率下降得更快。这表明土壤水分含量变化是影响该研究样地土壤氮矿化的主要因素。上述研究结果说明, 降水变化对热带低地雨林中土壤氮矿化有重要影响, 短期磷添加没有显著影响, 减雨与磷添加对土壤氮矿化过程并没有交互效应。     

沙坡头地区藓类结皮土壤净氮矿化作用的季节动态

以腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区藓类结皮和无结皮土壤为对象,采用野外原状土柱封顶埋管法对无机氮库和净氮转化速率的季节动态特征进行研究.结果表明:藓类结皮和无结皮土壤有效氮含量和净氮转化速率存在明显的季节变化特征,不同月份间差异显著.在非生长季,3和10月土壤有效氮含量和净氮转化速率显著高于其他月,氮矿化过程以固持态为主,两样地间土壤净氮转化速率无显著差异;在生长季,土壤有效氮含量和净氮转化速率显著增加,6—8月时达到峰值,分别为17.18 mg·kg-1和0.11 mg·kg-1·d-1.两样地土壤净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率在各月间差异显著,均表现为藓类结皮土壤>无结皮土壤.土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量4和5月时表现为藓类结皮土壤(2.66和3.16 mg·kg-1)>无结皮土壤(1.02和2.37mg·kg-1);6—9月则表现为无结皮土壤(7.01和7.40 mg·kg-1)>藓类结皮土壤(6.39和6.36mg·kg-1).藓类结皮的繁衍与拓殖能够调节土壤有效氮含量、促进土壤氮矿化过程,是影响土壤氮素循环的重要生物因素.     

大兴安岭北部天然针叶林土壤氮矿化特征

采用顶盖埋管法对大兴安岭地区天然针叶林(樟子松林、樟子松-兴安落叶松混交林和兴安落叶松林)土壤铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、净氮矿化速率进行研究,并探索土壤理化性质与氮矿化之间的相关性,为大兴安岭地区森林生态系统土壤养分管理及森林经营提供帮助。结果表明:观测期内(5—10月)3种林型土壤无机氮变化范围为31.51—70.42 mg/kg,以NH~+_4-N形式存在为主,占比达90%以上,且与纯林相比混交林土壤无机氮含量较高。3种林型土壤净氮矿化、净氨化、净硝化速率月变化趋势呈V型,7、8月表现为负值,其他月份为正值。净氮矿化速率变化范围樟子松林为-0.54—1.28 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)、樟子松-兴安落叶松混交林为-0.13—0.55 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)、兴安落叶松林为-0.80—1.05 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)。土壤净氨化过程在土壤氮矿化中占主要地位,占比达60%以上。3种林型土壤净氮矿化、净氨化及净硝化速率垂直差异显著,0—10 cm土层矿化作用明显高于10—20 cm土层(P0.05)。土壤氮矿化速率与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤C/N、枯落物全氮含量和枯落物C/N均存在显著相关性。不同类型的森林土壤及枯落物的质量也存在差异,进而影响土壤氮矿化特征。     

丹江口库区覆膜土壤不同土层氮素矿化速率及其影响因素

以丹江口库区五龙池小流域玉米黄棕壤为例,利用原位土壤氮矿化试验,研究覆膜条件下0～10、10～20、20～30 cm土层土壤氮素矿化速率及其影响因素.结果表明: 玉米生长期内,土壤氨化速率随土层加深呈逐渐降低的趋势;土壤硝化速率在苗期、拔节期、抽穗期表现为10～20 cm＞0～10 cm＞20～30 cm,在成熟期随土层加深呈逐渐升高的趋势;土壤氮矿化速率在苗期、拔节期、抽穗期随土层加深呈逐渐降低的趋势,在成熟期随土层加深呈逐渐升高的趋势.与无覆膜相比,覆膜会加快0～10 cm土壤氨化过程,也会提高拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期0～10、10～20 cm土层土壤硝化速率和氮矿化速率,但苗期覆膜土壤硝化速率、氮矿化速率均低于无覆膜土壤.逐步回归分析显示,土壤含水量和全氮含量是0～10 cm土壤氮矿化速率的主要影响因子,土壤温度、含水量、全氮含量是10～20 cm土壤氮矿化速率的主要影响因子,土壤温度是20～30 cm土壤氮矿化速率的主要影响因子.     

牧鸡密度与取样时间对沙质草地土壤氮素有效性的影响

以科尔沁沙质草地为对象,设置5个牧鸡密度D1(10羽·200 m-2)、D2(10羽·400 m-2)、D3(10羽·600 m-2)、D4(10羽·800 m-2)、CK(0羽·200 m-2),研究牧鸡密度与取样时间对土壤无机氮、氮矿化与硝化、微生物生物量等的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,高牧鸡密度(D1、D2)显著增加了8月、10月土壤潜在净氮矿化、硝化速率,而低牧鸡密度(D3、D4)对土壤潜在净氮矿化、硝化速率的影响均不显著;牧鸡显著提高了土壤硝态氮含量、土壤潜在净氮矿化、硝化速率,对土壤铵态氮含量影响不显著;土壤无机氮含量、潜在净氮矿化、硝化速率对取样时间的响应均达到显著水平,对牧鸡密度与取样时间交互作用的响应不显著.牧鸡对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物生物量碳/氮的影响均不显著.研究认为,牧鸡可以增加土壤的供氮能力,且随牧鸡密度的增加呈上升趋势,最适牧鸡密度为250 ～500羽·hm-2.     

模拟增温对青藏高原东部高寒灌丛土壤氮转化的影响

本文研究了青藏高原东部窄叶鲜卑花高寒灌丛生长季前期、生长季后期和非生长季3个生育期的土壤氮转化速率对模拟增温的响应,分析全球气候变暖对高寒灌丛土壤氮循环过程的影响。结果表明: 模拟增温使高寒灌丛土壤温度显著升高1.2 ℃,土壤水分显著降低2.5%。高寒灌丛生长季土壤净氮矿化(氨化和硝化)速率显著高于非生长季,但土壤净氮固持速率显著低于非生长季。土壤氮矿化在生长季前期以硝化作用为主,在生长季后期和非生长季以氨化作用为主。模拟增温对高寒灌丛土壤氮转化过程的影响在不同时期存在显著差异。模拟增温显著增加了生长季前期土壤净氨化、净硝化、净氮矿化、净氮固持速率和非生长季土壤净硝化、净氮矿化速率,并显著降低了生长季后期土壤净硝化、净氮矿化、净氮固持速率和非生长季土壤净氨化速率。但模拟增温对高寒灌丛非生长季净氮固持速率和生长季后期净硝化速率的影响不显著。未来气候变暖将显著改变青藏高原东部高寒灌丛土壤氮转化,进而加速高寒灌丛土壤氮循环过程。     

温度对川西亚高山3种森林土壤氮矿化的影响

川西亚高山森林群落土壤氮循环对全球气候变化非常敏感。采用室内培养法,研究川西3个森林群落(天然针叶林、云杉人工林和桦木次生林)土壤有机层和矿质土壤层无机氮含量在两个培养温度(20℃和10℃)下4周内动态变化。结果表明:培养4周后,在20℃培养条件下天然针叶林、云杉人工林和桦木次生林硝态氮含量比在10℃培养条件下分别高出104.32%、52.11%和25.57%;而铵态氮含量仅高出10.18%、24.06%和44.82%。有机层土壤氨化速率、硝化速率和净氮矿化速率大多表现为20℃显著高于10℃;相反,温度对矿质土壤层氮转化速率影响大多不显著。此外,天然林土壤净氨化速率、硝化速率和净氮矿化速率均高于桦木次生林和云杉人工林。实验期间,3个森林群落土壤净硝化速率20℃比10℃高79.03%—128.89%,而净氨化速率仅高37.81%—63.33%。综上所述,温度变化对川西亚高山森林土壤氮矿化具有显著影响,而温度效应因森林类型、土壤层次和氮形态而不同。与矿质土壤层相比,土壤有机层氮矿化对温度变化更为敏感。     

Forest nitrogen sinks in large eastern U.S. watersheds: estimates from forest inventory and an ecosystem model

The eastern U.S. receives elevated rates of Ndeposition compared to preindustrial times, yetrelatively little of this N is exported indrainage waters. Net uptake of N into forestbiomass and soils could account for asubstantial portion of the difference between Ndeposition and solution exports. We quantifiedforest N sinks in biomass accumulation andharvest export for 16 large river basins in theeastern U.S. with two separate approaches: (1)using growth data from the USDA ForestService's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)program, and (2) using a model of forestnitrogen cycling (PnET-CN) linked to FIAinformation on forest age-class structure. Themodel was also used to quantify N sinks in soiland dead wood, and nitrate losses below therooting zone. Both methods agreed that netgrowth rates were highest in the relativelyyoung forests on the Schuylkill watershed, andlowest in the cool forests of northern Maine. Across the 16 watersheds, wood export removedan average of 2.7 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1(range: 1–5 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1), andstanding stocks increased by 4.0 kg N ha^–1yr^–1 (–3 to 8 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1). Together, these sinks for N in woody biomassamounted to a mean of 6.7 kg N ha^–1yr^–1 (2–9 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1), or73% (15–115%) of atmospheric N deposition. Modeled rates of net N sinks in dead wood andsoil were small; soils were only a significantnet sink for N during simulations ofreforestation of degraded agricultural sites. Predicted losses of nitrate depended on thecombined effects of N deposition, and bothshort- and long-term effects of disturbance. Linking the model with forest inventoryinformation on age-class structure provided auseful step toward incorporating realisticpatterns of forest disturbance status acrossthe landscape.     

Estimation of nitrogen saturation on the basis of long-term fertilization experiments

The obvious changes in some properties of forest soil due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition under Finnish conditions were estimated on the basis of long-term fertilization experiments. The experiments were established during the years 1959–1965. Nitrogen fertilization was repeated three to four times. During the study period averaging 23 years, the cumulative amount of fertilizer nitrogen totalled about 400 kg N ha^-1. The main results are as follows. Nitrogen addition increased the quantity of organic matter in the humus layer, but has not clear effect on its quality. Nitrogen fertilization did not increase soil acidity.     

Understanding the Influences of Spatial Patterns on N Availability Within the Brazilian Amazon Forest

Nitrogen variations at different spatial scales and integrated across functional groups were addressed for lowland tropical forests in the Brazilian Amazon as follows: (1) how does N availability vary across the region over different spatial scales (regional × landscape scale); (2) how are these variations in N availability integrated across plant functional groups (legume × non-legume trees). Leaf N, P, and Ca concentrations as well the leaf N isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N) from a large set of legume and non-legume tree species were measured. Legumes had higher foliar N/Ca ratios than non-legumes, consistent with the high energetic costs in plant growth associated with higher foliar P/Ca ratios found in legumes than in non-legumes. At the regional level, foliar δ¹⁵N decreased with increasing rainfall. At the landscape level, N availability was higher in the forests on clayey soils on the plateau than in forests on sandier soils. The isotope as well as the non-isotope data relationships here documented, explain to a large extent the variation in δ¹⁵N signatures across gradients of rainfall and soil. Although at the regional level, the precipitation regime is a major determinant of differences in N availability, at the landscape level, under the same precipitation regime, soil type seems to be a major factor influencing the availability of N in the Brazilian Amazon forest.     

模拟氮沉降对温带阔叶红松林地土壤氮素净矿化的影响

以长白山阔叶红松混交林为研究对象,于2006—2008年原位模拟不同形态氮((NH4)2SO4、NH4Cl和KNO3)沉降水平(22.5和45kgN·hm-2·a-1),利用树脂芯法技术(resin-core incubation technique)测定了表层(有机层0～7cm)和土层(0～15cm)土壤氮素净矿化、净氨化和净硝化通量的季节和年际变化规律。同时,结合前人报道的有关林地碳、氮过程及其环境变化影响的结果,力求有效预估森林生态系统中氮素年矿化通量对大气氮沉降量和水热条件等因子变化的响应。结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林地土壤氮素年净矿化通量为1.2～19.8kgN·hm-2·a-1,2008年不同深度的土壤氮素年净矿化通量均显著高于2006和2007年(P<0.05)。随着模拟氮沉降量增加,土壤氮素净矿化通量也随之增加,尤其外源NH4+-N输入对净矿化通量的促进作用更为明显(P<0.05),但随着施肥年限的延长,这种促进作用逐渐减弱。与林地0～15cm土壤相比,氮沉降增加对0～7cm有机层氮素净氨化和净矿化通量的促进作用更为明显,尤其NH4Cl处理的促进作用更大。结合前人报道的野外原位观测结果,土壤氮素年净矿化通量随氮素沉降量的增加而增大,氮沉降量对不同区域森林土壤氮素净矿化通量的贡献率约为52%;氮沉降量(x1)和pH值(x2)可以解释区域森林土壤氮素年净矿化通量(y)变化的70%(y=0.54x1-18.38x2-109.55,R2=0.70,P<0.0001)。前人研究结果仅提供区域年均温度,未考虑积温的影响,这可能是造成年净矿化通量与温度无关的原因。今后的研究工作应该加强区域森林土壤积温观测,进而更加准确地预估森林土壤氮素的年净矿化通量。     

C and N storage in living trees within Finland since 1950s

Living biomass contains 45 to 60% carbon and 0.05 to 3% nitrogen, in dry weight. Like throughout Europe, the amount of living biomass in Finnish forests has increased on average over the last decades, largely because of changes in forest management. The storage of organic C and N in biomass has also increased.Changes in biomass vary between regions. Data were analysed on changes in the last 30–40 years in C and N storage in living trees in Finland, subdivided into 20 regions. Tree biomass increased in 17 regions, and decreased in 3 regions. The storage rate varied between -170 and +480 kg C ha^-1 a^-1, and between –0.5 and +1.2 kg N ha^-1 a^-1.Nitrogen accumulation in trees was less than 15% of atmospheric N deposition in all regions. Although the eventual increase of the nitrogen concentration in tree tissues was omitted, it is not possible that living biomass has been the major sink for atmospheric N deposition to forests. A hypothesis is presented that the main sink is litter layer and organic soil. Carbon can also be accumulating in soils essentially faster than hitherto estimated in analyses of carbon budgets of European forests.Died on September 2, 1994.     

Tree growth and soil acidification in response to 30 years of experimental nitrogen loading on boreal forest

Relations among nitrogen load, soil acidification and forest growth have been evaluated based on short‐term (<15 years) experiments, or on surveys across gradients of N deposition that may also include variations in edaphic conditions and other pollutants, which confound the interpretation of effects of N per se. We report effects on trees and soils in a uniquely long‐term (30 years) experiment with annual N loading on an un‐polluted boreal forest. Ammonium nitrate was added to replicated (N=3) 0.09 ha plots at two doses, N1 and N2, 34 and 68 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively. A third treatment, N3, 108 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1, was terminated after 20 years, allowing assessment of recovery during 10 years. Tree growth initially responded positively to all N treatments, but the longer term response was highly rate dependent with no gain in N3, a gain of 50 m³ ha^?1 stemwood in N2 and a gain of 100 m³ ha^?1 stemwood in excess of the control (N0) in N1. High N treatments caused losses of up to 70% of exchangeable base cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺) in the mineral soil, along with decreases in pH and increases in exchangeable Al³⁺. In contrast, the organic mor‐layer (forest floor) in the N‐treated plots had similar amounts per hectare of exchangeable base cations as in the N0 treatment. Magnesium was even higher in the mor of N‐treated plots, providing evidence of up‐lift by the trees from the mineral soil. Tree growth did not correlate with the soil Ca/Al ratio (a suggested predictor of effects of soil acidity on tree growth). A boron deficiency occurred on N‐treated plots, but was corrected at an early stage. Extractable NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?were high in mor and mineral soils of on‐going N treatments, while NH₄+ was elevated in the mor only in N3 plots. Ten years after termination of N addition in the N3 treatment, the pH had increased significantly in the mineral soil; there were also tendencies of higher soil base status and concentrations of base cations in the foliage. Our data suggest the recovery of soil chemical properties, notably pH, may be quicker after removal of the N‐load than predicted. Our long‐term experiment demonstrated the fundamental importance of the rate of N application relative to the total amount of N applied, in particular with regard to tree growth and C sequestration. Hence, experiments adding high doses of N over short periods do not mimic the long‐term effects of N deposition at lower rates.     

豫西黄土丘陵区不同林龄栎类和侧柏人工林碳、氮储量

利用空间代替时间样地调查法,分析了豫西黄土丘陵区栎类和侧柏人工林生态系统碳、氮储量的分布格局,以及不同土层碳储量和氮储量随林龄的动态变化.结果表明:随着树龄的增加,两类人工林乔木层和枯落物层碳储量均增加,土壤碳储量和氮储量主要在表层(0~20 cm)汇聚,且各土层碳储量和氮储量随着林龄增加表现为减少-增加-减少的趋势.各林龄栎类人工林土壤表层碳、氮储量分别为20.31~50.07和1.68~2.12 t·hm^-2;不同林龄侧柏人工林土壤表层碳、氮储量分别为23.99~48.76和1.59~2.34 t·hm^-2;各林龄栎类和侧柏人工林生态系统的碳储量分别为52.04~275.82和62.18~279.81 t·hm^-2;侧柏人工林碳汇能力略高于栎类人工林.土壤C/N随着造林年限的增加呈增加趋势.     

四种温带森林土壤氮矿化与硝化时空格局

利用PVC管原位培养连续取样法测定了东北地区4种具有代表性的森林生态系统(硬阔叶林、蒙古栎林、红松林、落叶松林)土壤氮素矿化、硝化的时间动态及氮矿化的空间分布格局.结果表明:4种森林土壤氮素矿化存在明显的时空变异.蒙古栎和红松林土壤在6月份表现出强烈的氮矿化和硝化作用,而硬阔叶林及落叶松林7月份氮素矿化强烈.4种森林生态系统上层土壤的氮净矿(硝)化率显著高于下层土壤.4种林型土壤的硝化过程在氮矿化过程中占有重要地位,其NO-3-N在无机氮中的比例分别为:79.9%～91.1%(硬阔叶林)、50.7%～80.5%(蒙古栎林)、54.1%～92.0%(红松林)、63.7%～86.5%(落叶松林).生态系统构成决定了土壤氮素的矿化能力.阔叶林和针阔混交林生态系统矿化率大于纯针叶林生态系统.硬阔叶林、红松林、蒙古栎林、落叶松林的平均净矿化率分别为:(0.58±0.01) mg · kg-1 · d-1、(0.47±0.19) mg · kg-1 · d-1、(0.39±0.11) mg · kg-1 · d-1和(0.23±0.06) mg · kg-1 · d-1.4种林型氮素矿化作用与地下5 cm温度呈正相关,并受土壤表层 (0～10 cm)水分显著影响.土壤微生物量氮与土壤氮矿化呈显著正相关.     

Influence of Tree Species on Forest Nitrogen Retention in the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA

This study examines the effect of four tree species on nitrogen (N) retention within forested catchments of the Catskill Mountains, New York (NY). We conducted a 300-day ¹⁵N field tracer experiment to determine how N moves through soil, microbial, and plant pools under different tree species and fertilization regimes. Samples were collected from single-species plots of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh). Using paired plots we compared the effects of ambient levels of N inputs (11 kg N/ha/y) to additions of 50 kg N/ha/y that began 1.5 years prior to and continued throughout this experiment. Total plot ¹⁵N recovery (litter layer, organic and mineral soil to 12 cm, fine roots, and aboveground biomass) did not vary significantly among tree species, but the distribution of sinks for ¹⁵N within the forest ecosystem did vary. Recovery in the forest floor was significantly lower in sugar maple stands compared to the other species. ¹⁵Nitrogen recovery was 22% lower in the fertilized plots compared to the ambient plots and red oak stands had the largest drop in ¹⁵N recovery as a result of N fertilization. Aboveground biomass became a significantly greater ¹⁵N sink with fertilization, although it retained less than 1% of the tracer addition. These results indicate that different forest types vary in the amount of N retention in the forest floor, and that forest N retention may change depending upon N inputs.