海州常山花粉低温贮藏及其生理生化特征研究

以海州常山花粉为研究材料,探究了贮藏方式、贮藏时间、贮藏温度及预冻方式、低温解冻方式对花粉萌发率的影响,以及-80 ℃及4 ℃低温贮藏过程中海州常山花粉保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化,以筛选海州常山花粉的培养方法及贮藏条件,为其杂交育种奠定基础。结果表明：（1）进行低温贮藏时,花药和散粉两种贮藏效果差异不显著;不同的预冷方式对花粉低温贮藏影响并不显著;-80 ℃贮藏条件下,37 ℃水浴解冻效果显著优于室温解冻。（2）海州常山花粉在-80 ℃低温下贮藏90 d后仍具有7.99%的萌发率,更有效的保持了花粉萌发率。（3）随着低温胁迫时间的延续,4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温条件下贮藏的海州常山花粉超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性均呈现出先升后降的趋势。（4）4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性糖含量及-80 ℃低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量,随着低温胁迫时间的延续,呈现出先升后降的趋势;4 ℃低温贮藏条件下的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势。研究认为,海州常山花粉更适宜于在-80 ℃低温下长期贮藏,它可以通过提高自身的SOD、POD活性,增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白累积来增强抗寒性,维持自身活力。     

海州常山研究进展与展望

海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb.)为马鞭草科(Verbenaceae)赪桐属(Clerodendrum L.)小乔木或灌木,白花、蓝果、红萼共存一树,极具观赏价值,具有较强的抗盐、抗旱、耐涝等抗逆性,枝条、树叶及茎皮均含有较高含量药用成分,集多种优良特性于一身。本文对海州常山的研究进展作了综述,并对海州常山的开发利用研究进行了展望。     

三白草花、叶和茎挥发性成分的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取提取三白草花、叶和茎中的挥发性成分,利用GC-MS对比分析三者中的挥发性成分.从三白草花、叶和茎分别鉴定出的31、22和22个成分,分别占总挥发性成分的95.64％、98.75％和98.54％.三者共有18个化学成分,其主要化合物类型是萜类(单萜和倍半萜,其中单萜含量最高),分别占总挥发性成分的92.18％、98.19％和97.74％,还含有两个芳香族化合物:枯茗醇和姜黄烯,此外,4-(1,5-二甲基己基-4-烯)环己烯-2-酮和二十一烷两个脂肪族化合物仅存在于花中,三者的主要化合物均为柠檬烯、柠檬醛(含顺式柠檬醛)、蒎烯(含α和β构型)和β-月桂烯,另外大根香叶烯D、姜黄烯、1-b-红没药烯和β-倍半水芹烯在花中的含量均高于叶和茎.叶茎中化合物种类和含量差别均不大,但与花有较大的差别.     

木里柠檬叶精油化学成份的研究

用毛细管气相色谱-质谱-计算机数据联用技术、标准品叠加法和毛细管保留指数定性法分析了木里柠檬(Citrus Liilion(L.)Burm.f.)的叶精油化学成分。从水蒸汽蒸馏叶精油被分离的110多个色谱峰中鉴定了41种化合物,并测定了其相对含量。其主要成分是香叶醛(21.3058％)、橙花醛(13.9580)、d-柠檬烯(9.8359)、β-水芹烯(9.3297)、橙花醇(4.4657)、乙酸橙花酯(2.8162)、香茅醛(2.6338)、乙酸芳樟酯(2.2179)、α-水芹烯(2.0390)、香芹酮(2.0213)、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮(1.7250)和乙酸香叶酯(1.6586)。被鉴定的成份占总成份的96.6652％     

我国特有植物一木里香橼叶精油化学成分的研究

用气相色谱保留指数定性法、色谱-质谱-计算机联用测定和标准品迭加法分析了木里香橼叶精油的化学成分。从分离出的59个色谱峰中鉴定了31个化合物。其中主要成分是柠檬烯(31.730％)、芳樟醇(1.554％)、香茅醛(23.383％)、香茅醇(1.189％)、橙花醇(11.777％)、香叶醛(16.544％),乙酸香茅酯(1.427％)、乙酸橙花酯(2.258％)、乙酸香叶酯(4.714％)等。把木里香橼叶油与木里香橼果皮油与云南野香橼叶油分别作了比较。结果表明木里香橼叶油中含氧化合物醇、醛、酯的含量相当高,是精油的主要成分,可能作为进口橙叶油的较好的代用品,是一种很有潜力的天然香料资源。     

木里柠檬果皮精油化学成分的研究

用毛细管气相色谱-质谱-计算机数据联用枝术、标准品叠加法和毛细管保留指数定性法分析了木里柠檬(Citrus Limun(L.)Burm.f.)的果皮精油化学成分。从蒸馏精油被分离出的78个色谱峰中鉴定了39种化合物,并测定了其相对含量。其主要成分是d-柠檬烯(69.4406％);;γ-萜品烯(8.3169);β-水芹烯(6.5947);芳樟醇(3.2172);香叶醛(1.7618);橙花醛(1.3422);α-蒎烯(1.3488);香叶烯(1.2371)和α-水芹烯(1.5753)。被鉴定的成分占总成分的99.1646％。比较了压榨法、蒸馏法和蒸馏-萃取法所得精油的化学成分,并与市售冷磨柠檬油和尤力克蒸馏油的主要成分进行了比较。     

云南野香橼叶油的化学成分

云南省盈江县产野香橼(Citrus medica L.)叶油,用Finnigan-4510型毛细管气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成分分析、共检出了31个成分,鉴定了其中22个成分,占全精油的98.5％,主要成分为柠檬烯(56.63％),橙花醛(8.18％),香叶醛(13.52％),对一聚伞花素(3.92％),乙酸香叶酯(2.34％),甲基庚烯酮和月桂烯(3.26％)等。该油具有特征的柠檬—柑桔香气,适宜于调配果香和化妆香精。     

狭叶杜香挥发油成分的初步研究

用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用仪,气相色谱保留指数和样品叠加法三种定性方法,从狭叶杜香油中,鉴定27个成分,并作了定量测定。主要成分有桃金娘烯醛,枯茗醛,β-(艹守)烯,ρ-伞花烃,γ-松油烯等。     

Volatile components of Polygonum hydropiper distributed in Guizhou Province

采用固相微萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取出贵州产辣蓼的挥发性成分,运用GC-MS联用技术对挥发性成分进行分析鉴定,并采用峰面积归一法确定各成分的相对含量.固相微萃取物中鉴定出48个化合物,主要有β-石竹烯(27.02％),正癸醇(14.39％),十二醛(12.96％)等,水蒸气蒸馏物中鉴定出27个化合物,β-红没药烯(19.00％),补身树醇(15.25％),十二醛(14.41％)等.辣蓼中挥发性成分经两种不同提取方法成分存在明显差异.与文献数据比较,不同省区产的辣蓼挥发性成分差异很大.体外抗菌试验表明,辣蓼挥发性成分具有抑菌作用,这些研究结果为辣蓼的有效利用提供了依据.     

维药香蜂花挥发油的GC-MS分析

结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术和保留指数对维医常用药材香蜂花挥发油提取物进行了分析.从该挥发油中共准确鉴定出28个化合物,占提取物总量的99.02％.结果发现,主要成分有(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate( 26.48％)、(Z)-citral(15.46％)、(E)-nerol(14.51％)、(E)-citral(14.43％)、isoanisole (7.88％)、palmitic acid (6.93％)和(Z)-nerol (2.56％),多为单萜和倍半萜类成分,为维药香蜂花的质量标准制定提供了科学依据.     

Biosynthesis of Volatiles in Brown Boronia Flowers after Harvest: Effect of Harvest Time and Incubation Conditions

Brown boronia flowers (Boronia megastigma)were incubated at25 °C after harvest, increasing the concentration of a solventextracted product by up to 25% (d. wt basis) and floral volatilesby up to 300% (d. wt). Open flowers produced more volatilesduring post-harvest incubation than flower buds, whole flowersproduced more than flowers treated to simulate harvester damage,and fresh flowers produced more than frozen and thawed flowers.Flowers incubated in bags purged with air produced more extractand volatiles than those purged with nitrogen gas; ß-iononewas particularly depleted in nitrogen-purged flowers. Flowersand buds from three successive harvests (68, 82 and 90% openflowers) were incubated at several temperatures for up to 24h. The greatest increase in the concentration of floral extractoccurred in flowers harvested when 90% were open and incubatedfor 4 h at 12 °C, or 14 h at 23 °C. The largest increasein total volatiles occurred in material harvested at 82% openflowers and incubated for 25 h at 12 °C, or 13 h at 23 °C.The concentration of extract and volatiles declined after prolongedpost-harvest incubations. Brown boronia flowers produce volatilesand other components of the floral extract after harvest whenflowers with mature, intact enzyme systems are well suppliedwith oxygen, at temperatures at or below 25 °C. As flowersbecome visibly senescent, their ability to produce volatilesafter harvest declines.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company Boronia megastigma(Nees); brown boronia; essential oils; floral volatiles; ß-ionone; phenology; post-harvest storage.     

Volatiles from host plant brinjal attract the brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer -Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee

Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer- Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is a major insect pest on brinjal- Solanum melongena worldwide. An effective strategy used in developing pest controlling agents is the synergism between insect pheromones and host plant volatiles, which can increase the attraction of insect pest. The present study was aimed at investigating the chemical constituents and attractant effects of the volatiles extracted from different parts of the host plant brinjal on the behavior of adult L. orbonalis. Bioassay using Y-shaped olfactometer revealed that the one-day old virgin female, gravid female and male insects respond positively to the host plant volatiles extracted from fruits, leaves and shoots but not to that of flowers. It was shown that the gravid females were significantly attracted to all three volatiles (p < 0.05). Bioassay using X-shaped olfactometer identified that all three types of insects highly preferred the volatiles from fruits (p < 0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of volatiles indicated that brinjal plant produces volatile secondary metabolites, which include 2,2′-(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) dibenzoate (12.11%), 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol (22.38%), Benzyl alcohol (22.9%) and Benzyl alcohol (27.06%) as major constituents from fruits, shoots, leaves and flowers respectively. Responses of insects to the volatiles from host plant in the absence of visual cues direct us to focus on the importance of host plant volatiles to locate the plant. Results of this study emphasize the major role that host plant volatiles play in the attraction of insect pests towards the plant.     

Analysis of the volatile components of five Turkish Rhododendron species by headspace solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS)

Volatile constituents of various solvent extracts (n-hexane, CH2Cl2, H2O) of 15 different organs (leaves, flowers, fruits) of five Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) growing in Turkey were trapped with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 200 compounds were detected and identified from organic extracts, while the water extracts contained only traces of few volatiles. The CH2Cl2 extract of the R. luteum flowers was found to exhibit the most diverse composition: 34 compounds were identified, with benzyl alcohol (16.6%), limonene (14.6%) and p-cymene (8.4%) being the major compounds. The CH2Cl2-solubles of R. x sochadzeae leaves contained only phenyl ethyl alcohol. This study indicated appreciable intra-specific variations in volatile compositions within the genus. Different anatomical parts also showed altered volatile profiles. This is the first application of HS-SPME-GC-MS on the volatiles of Rhododendron species.     

Development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for female noctuid moths. II. Bioassays of synthetic plant volatiles as attractants for the adults of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

This paper reports olfactometer studies to determine the attractiveness of synthetic equivalents of plant volatiles to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) moths. Synthetic volatiles identified from host plants and other volatiles reported in literature as attractants to various noctuid species were tested in a two-choice olfactometer. Of 34 single chemicals tested, only seven were significantly attractive, and six were significantly repellent. However, when presented as blends of two or more volatiles, 21 of 31 blends tested were significantly attractive, and only one was significantly repellent. The most attractive blends were those containing four to six components, including aromatic volatiles primarily found in flowers, especially 2-phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde and volatiles found primarily in leaves, including green leaf volatiles and terpenoids. Some general principles in blending volatiles for developing attracticides for H. armigera are presented, including the need for blend complexity, the combination of volatiles from leaves and flowers, and early consideration of pragmatic factors such as price and toxicological profile.     

贴梗海棠挥发性成分研究(英文)

首次采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用技术提取并分析了贴梗海棠花蕾和花的挥发油成分.结果发现,邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯在花蕾开放的过程中,含量从24.67%下降到1.77%,而己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的含量则从0%增加到47.23%,表明在贴梗海棠花蕾开放的过程中,在植物体内多种酶的共同作用下,二者存在着生物转化,依据此结果,我们提出邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯与二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯在贴梗海棠开放过程中生物转化假说.     

Seasonal variation of monoterpene emission from Malus domestica and Prunus avium

Emission rates of monoterpenes released by apple (Malus domestica Borkh) and cherry (Prunus avium L.) were estimated at different phenological stages. These measurements employed a dynamic flow-through Teflon chamber, sample collection onto cartridges filled with graphitized carbon and thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for identification and quantification of the emitted volatiles. At full bloom the release of monoterpene hydrocarbons from cherry flowers was 1213 ng g(-1) dry weight (DW) h(-1), exceeding by approximately three-fold the emission rate of apple flowers (366 ng g(-1) DW h(-1)). Observed seasonal variations in biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions ranged over several order of magnitudes. At fruit-set and ripening stages, in fact, the hydrocarbon emission dramatically decreased reaching the lowest values at harvest time when leaves were fully mature (3-9 ng g(-1) DW h(-1)). Wide diversity in the composition of compounds from the species studied was also recorded. At blooming, linalool contributed significantly to the monoterpene emission from apple (94% of the emitted carbon) while alpha-pinene and camphene represented on average more than 60% of the total emitted volatiles from cherry flowers. Among the monoterpenes identified in flowers, alpha-pinene, camphene and limonene were also found in the foliage emission of both species. Fruit trees are relevant monoterpene emitters only at blooming and thus for a short period of the vegetative cycle. When leaves are fully developed, the carbon loss due to monoterpene emissions related to the photosynthetically carbon gain is negligible.     

Insect odour perception: recognition of odour components by flower foraging moths

Odours emitted by flowers are complex blends of volatile compounds. These odours are learnt by flower-visiting insect species, improving their recognition of rewarding flowers and thus foraging efficiency. We investigated the flexibility of floral odour learning by testing whether adult moths recognize single compounds common to flowers on which they forage. Dual choice preference tests on Helicoverpa armigera moths allowed free flying moths to forage on one of three flower species; Argyranthemum frutescens (federation daisy), Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea) or Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). Results showed that, (i) a benzenoid (phenylacetaldehyde) and a monoterpene (linalool) were subsequently recognized after visits to flowers that emitted these volatile constituents, (ii) in a preference test, other monoterpenes in the flowers' odour did not affect the moths' ability to recognize the monoterpene linalool and (iii) relative preferences for two volatiles changed after foraging experience on a single flower species that emitted both volatiles. The importance of using free flying insects and real flowers to understand the mechanisms involved in floral odour learning in nature are discussed in the context of our findings.     

一种测定植物挥发物对棉铃虫引诱作用的无选择性风洞嗅觉仪(英文)

发展了一套测定棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera (H櫣ｂｎｅｒ)对植物挥发物的行为反应的生测系统。这套系统由嗅觉仪、风洞和风洞室组成。用这套系统测定了棉铃虫对萎蔫后的枫杨Pterocaryastenoptera叶、加拿大杨Populuscanadensis叶、香椿Toonasisnensis叶、新鲜的芹菜与胡萝卜花挥发物以及苯乙醛的行为反应。结果显示 ,萎蔫的枫杨叶、加拿大杨叶、香椿叶的挥发物均对棉铃虫处女雌蛾表现出显著的引诱作用 ,而对已交配过的雌蛾和雄蛾无明显的引诱作用 ;新鲜的芹菜与胡萝卜花挥发物对棉铃虫两性性成虫均不表现出显著的引诱作用 ;苯乙醛对棉铃虫处女雌、雄蛾有较强的引诱作用。讨论了杨树枝把引诱棉铃虫的原因。     

The Effect of Flower Maturity and Harvest Timing on Floral Extract fromBoronia megastigma(Nees)

Development of floral organs during maturation of flower budsinto fully open boronia flowers is described. The petals andfunctional anthers attain their maximum size prior to the non-functionalanthers and the stigma. Organoleptic properties of the floralextract change with successive stages of bud development. Theconcentrations of extract and volatiles in the extract (% byf. wt) increase as buds mature, the extract concentration beinghighest in large buds and open flowers and the concentrationof volatile compounds being highest in open flowers. The rateof flower and extract development was measured. Yields of flowermaterial and floral extract per plant, and the concentrationof total volatiles including ß-ionone reach maximumlevels when 70% of flowers have reached anthesis. All measuredfactors decline after this point, except extract concentration(% of f. and d. wt) which is maintained up to 83% open flowers. Boronia megastigma(Nees); brown boronia; Rutaceae; flower development; floral extract; solvent extraction; ß-ionone; essential oils     

Pea plant volatiles guide host location behaviour in the pea moth

Identification of plant volatiles that attract mated insect females for oviposition can provide important information about plant–insect relationships that can be used to develop pest control strategies involving manipulation of the female host search. Our study represents a first step towards identifying volatiles that affect the host location behaviour of the pea moth Cydia nigricana. The behaviours of virgin and mated males and females were analysed in cage experiments testing a two-choice situation at close range and in wind tunnel experiments evaluating upwind orientation over a distance. In both experimental setups, flowering pea plants constituted the most attractive phenological stage for mated females, with 58 % landing on such plants in the wind tunnel. Testing headspace extracts of different phenological stages of pea and of detached pea buds and flowers in the wind tunnel, mated females showed the highest landing responses to volatiles during flower development (budding 42 % and flowering 56 %) and from detached buds (46 %) and flowers (66 %). Volatile compounds collected from the various phenological stages of pea were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the antennal responses to these headspace collections were evaluated by gas chromatography–electroantennography. Ten antennally active compounds were identified, nine of which were present in the headspace extracts of the whole pea plants at all tested phenological stages and in detached buds and flowers. Overall, our results demonstrate a clear link between host plant phenology, the corresponding plant odour, and the behaviour of mated C. nigricana females.