湿度对三角新小卷蛾实验种群生长的影响

在相对湿度(RH)为55%、65%、75%、85%和95%条件下,观察湿度对三角新小卷蛾Olethreutes leucaspis Meyrick各虫态生长、发育及存活的影响,组建三角新小卷蛾实验种群生命表。结果表明:在RH为55%-95%条件下,三角新小卷蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育历期在RH为85%时最短,发育历期分别为1.67、12.46、7.67和25.42 d。高湿条件下卵、幼虫和蛹的存活率较高。三角新小卷蛾各虫态发育历期、存活率与相对湿度呈抛物线关系。在RH为55%-95%条件下该虫内禀增长力(rm)均大于0,种群趋势指数(I)均大于1,该虫种群呈增长趋势。三角新小卷蛾发育适宜的RH为75%。     

替代猎物红蜘蛛Tetranychus nr. fijiensis对小黑瓢虫实验种群的影响

本文在实验室条件下,以自然猎物烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci为对照,研究了替代猎物红蜘蛛Tetrany-chus nr．fijiensis对小黑瓢虫的发育、存活、繁殖及实验种群增长的综合影响,结果表明：小黑瓢虫以红蜘蛛为猎物时,成虫可产卵并可完成整个世代。与自然猎物烟粉虱相比,小黑瓢虫取食替代猎物红蜘蛛时,各虫态及世代历期延长,世代死亡率提高,产卵前期延长,总产卵量及平均每雌日产卵量减少,而两者之间的性比、产卵率、产卵期及雌虫寿命无显著差异。2种猎物条件下的种群增长指数和内禀增长率分别为8．85、0．0658(红蜘蛛)和55．38、0．1905(烟粉虱)。     

储藏物害虫嗜虫书虱的生物学研究(英文)

以全麦粉和酵母粉（10：1）为饲料,分别在8种温度（17．5－35℃）及5种相对湿度（50％－90％RH）条件下系统地研究了嗜虫书虱的生物学特性,获得了其在不同温、湿度组合情况下的生长发育、生存和繁殖的一系列特性和参数。结果表明,在75％RH、20－35℃范围内,世代发育历期在71．9－21．7天之间。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为15．7℃和460．7日·度。各虫态及世代存活率均以27．5℃时最高,温度过高或过低均不利于该虫存活。成虫平均寿命在64．4－32．4天之间。每雌平均产卵量为21．1－13．9粒。在28℃条件下,较高的相对温度有利于该虫生长发育和繁殖。相对湿度低于50％或温度低于17．5℃,该虫均不能完成世代发耷。总体来看该虫生长发育、繁殖的最适温区为28－30℃,最适相对湿度在80％—90％之间并就该虫在我国分布及为害严重的原因进行了探讨。     

沙巴拟刀角瓢虫生物学特性研究

探究以烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius为食料,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫Serangiella sababensis Sasaji的生物学特性,为利用沙巴拟刀角瓢虫控制烟粉虱提供理论依据。本试验在实验室条件下观察取食烟粉虱的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫各虫态的形态特征、生活习性、不同虫态的发育历期、存活率和繁殖力,并计算沙巴拟刀角瓢虫生命表参数。结果表明,在26±1℃、L∶D=14∶10、相对湿度75%±10%的条件下,以烟粉虱卵和若虫为食的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的世代历期分别为18.82 d和17.75 d,世代存活率分别为65.53%和75.00%,成虫寿命分别为106.65 d和105.58 d,每雌产卵量分别为286.20粒和366.67粒。以烟粉虱卵和若虫为食的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的内禀增长率(rm)分别为0.0581和0.0780,净增殖率(R0)分别为107.0338和147.8748,平均世代历期(T)分别为80.3985和64.0385,周限增长率(λ)分别为1.0598和1.0811。研究发现,取食烟粉虱若虫的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫世代发育历期短于取食卵的世代发育历期,繁殖率也高于后者,烟粉虱若虫比烟粉虱卵更适宜作为沙巴拟刀角瓢虫规模化生产的食料。     

飞虱虫疠霉分生孢子在不同温湿度组合条件下的存活率

用荧光染色法研究了不同温度（10－30℃）和湿度（51－100％RH）组合条件下飞虱虫疠霉Pandora delphacis分生孢子的存活率。在无放回抽样观察中,孢子弹射后第24h的存活率在51％、74％、85％、90％、95％和100％RH与不同温度的组合中分别为42－81％、69－89％、70－95％、67－100％、76－100％和56－100％。存放4个月后,不同温度下的孢子存活率在51％、74％、85％和90％RH下分别为55－74％、52％－87％、38－73％和1－65％。而在≥95％RH下孢子存活率24h后锐减,至第7d几乎全部失活。以上结果表明,弹射后的飞虱虫疠霉孢子在头24h的存活易受低湿影响,但存活下来的孢子能继续在低湿下存活较久;饱和或接近饱和的高湿度最不利孢子长久存活。     

温度对以白茶为寄主的米缟螟生长发育的影响

为探明温度对以白茶为寄主植物的产虫茶昆虫米缟螟生长发育的影响,分别设置5个温度条件(31、28、25、22、19℃),研究温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期、发育速率和存活率的影响,计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温.结果表明:温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期影响显著,除卵的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短外,幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育历期均在25℃达到最小值,分别为(249.53±23.83)d、(12.94±1.27)d和(273.00±24.19)d;除蛹外米缟螟各虫态发育速率与温度呈极显著相关,其中卵的发育速率与温度呈线性相关,幼虫、蛹和未成熟期则呈抛物线相关;温度显著影响各虫态存活率,卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期各虫态存活率均在25℃最高,分别为94.0％、73.8％、91.3％和63.4％,22和19℃次之,31℃最低;幼虫及蛹存活率在31℃均为0,表明米缟螟不耐高温;卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为13.21、17.12、14.76和16.47℃,有效积温分别为117.94、870.88、149.70和1442.75日·度.研究结果与米缟螟在贵州息烽地区一年发生2至3代的事实大致相符.     

不同温度下茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表

近年来,茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata在江汉平原地区危害严重,本研究旨在探明温度对该地区茄二十八星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响,组建茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表,为该虫防治提供一定的理论依据。本研究采用室内恒温饲养方法,分别设置19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃、31℃和34℃等6个温度,测定各温度下用马铃薯饲养不同虫态的生长发育历期。结果表明,茄二十八星瓢虫在不同恒温条件下各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,19℃恒温下发育历期最长为3219 d,31℃恒温下仅为1315 d。幼虫期和蛹期的发育起点温度分别为1093和1213℃,日有效积温为18604和5706 d·℃。在19-31℃5个温区下幼虫和蛹的存活率都很高,并依据该温区内的发育起点温度和有效积温建立了发育历期预测式与Logistic模型。在25℃时单雌平均产卵量达到最大值107450粒,世代存活率和种群趋势指数最高,分别为9333%和50147,高温和低温均不利于其种群数量增加。     

温度对以截形叶螨为猎物的斯氏钝绥螨生长发育的影响

测定了斯氏钝绥螨Amblyseius swirskii（Athias—Henriot）在14、17、20、23、26、29、32、35℃和RH=85％的条件下,以截形叶螨为猎物各螨态的发育历期,分析发育速率与温度的关系。结果表明,14℃不适宜斯氏钝绥螨的生长发育,存活率仅17．5％;在17～35℃之间其生长发育正常,存活率均100％,各螨态的发育历期与温度均呈负相关关系,发育历期随着温度的升高明显缩短,未成熟期总发育历期从21．36d缩至3．97d。采用线性日度模型拟合温度与发育速率的关系表明,该模型能较好地描述其发育速率在适宜温度范围内随温度升高而加快的现象。斯氏钝绥螨不同发育阶段的发育起点温度和有效积温不同,未成熟期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11．92℃和94．69日·度。     

多异瓢虫的发育与温度的关系

测定多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)在13,17,21,25,29和33℃下各虫态的发育历期。结果表明,在不同温度梯度下,多异瓢虫全世代历期依次为:(62.23±3.42)d,(48.31±2.96)d,(25.01±2.53)d,(20.78±1.83)d,(13.68±0.67)d和(10.92±0.58)d。利用最小二乘法确定出多异瓢虫各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温,其全世代的分别为10.85℃和249.79日.度;由微分法求出Logistic曲线方程中的最大发育速率K,进而由最小二乘法求出a、r,从而确定出多异瓢虫各虫态的发育速率与温度的Logistic曲线关系,其全世代的为:V=0.101156/[1+exp(3.905041-0.183509T)];由Lagrangc中值定理求出各虫态的发育最适温度、适宜温区,其全世代的分别为:Tmid(最适温度)=21.28℃、Tmin(适宜温区下限)=11.55℃、Tmax(适宜温区上限)=31.01℃。     

温度对香蕉花蓟马发育和存活的影响

通过在人工气候箱内饲养香蕉花蓟马,测定了14、18、22、26℃和30℃5个温度下香蕉花蓟马不同虫态的发育历期,分析了温度与香蕉花蓟马发育速率的关系,计算了其发育起点温度、有效积温及存活率。结果表明:香蕉花蓟马各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率和温度之间有很大的相关性;香蕉花蓟马卵、一龄若虫、二龄若虫、预蛹、蛹及世代的发育起点温度分别为8.26、10.56、7.92、9.17、9.53、8.69℃,世代的有效积温为153.81d·℃。26℃下香蕉花蓟马的世代存活率最高,为63.16%;30℃下的存活率最低,为46.34%。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。