旋歧夜蛾形态和生活史观察

【目的】初步研究旋歧夜蛾Discestratrifolii(Hufnagel)的形态特征、生物学特性以及生活史。【方法】通过室内观察,数据测量与统计,总结与分析了旋歧夜蛾的形态、生物学特性等问题。【结果】在室内饲养条件下,旋歧夜蛾幼虫6龄,旋歧夜蛾完成1代的生命周期为(44.27±3.10)d,卵期(4.02±0.35)d,存活率96.97%±1.20%,幼虫期(17.87±1.40)d,存活率75.76%±6.94%,蛹期(10.48±0.80)d,存活率93.86%±0.46%,成虫期(12.62±2.82)d。【结论】基本明确了旋歧夜蛾的形态和生活史,有助于制定有效的旋歧夜蛾防治措施,同时为旋歧夜蛾其它研究奠定基础。     

CIBA-Geigy开发蝎毒控制虫害

包括CIBA-Geigy(北卡罗来纳,美国)的研究人员、加利福尼亚大学的科学家和Jawraharlal Nehru大学的New Delhi的一个研究小组报道了他们在新型病虫害防治物质方面的重要进展。方法包括用携带昆虫选择毒素(AaIT)的重组核多角体病毒(NPV)感染害虫,AaIT是从蝎子Androctonus australis中分离的。重组苜蓿银纹夜蛾(Autographa californica)NPV经口侵染一些重要的鳞翅目昆虫,包括实夜蛾属(Heliothis)、粉夜蛾属(Trichoplusia)和灰翅夜蛾属(Spodoptera)的夜蛾。该病毒能有效的缩短致死时间,其2龄幼虫的LT50为88.0小时,相比之下野生型AcNPV的LT50为125小时。这表明AaIT以较低的浓度存在于幼虫的血淋巴中。     

草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾嗅觉味觉相关基因的比较分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,近期侵入中国并迅速扩张。与其近缘物种斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura不同,草地贪夜蛾主要偏好玉米、水稻、小麦等禾本科农作物,暴食危害重。此外两种害虫在交配、产卵频率等繁殖特征上也存在差异。这些差异可能与嗅觉、味觉相关蛋白的分歧密切相关。本研究对两种夜蛾科害虫的嗅觉、味觉相关基因进行了系统的鉴定及系统发育分析,并对部分嗅觉结合蛋白进行了选择信号与氨基酸差异位点分析。分别在草地贪夜蛾中鉴定到261个嗅觉相关基因,数目明显大于斜纹夜蛾(179个);鉴定到233个味觉相关基因,数目略大于斜纹夜蛾(217个)。嗅觉相关基因中气味结合蛋白(OBP)基因数目差异最为明显。系统发育分析显示该基因存在夜蛾科特异的分支,且该分支中草地贪夜蛾中基因数目远高于斜纹夜蛾;发现位于I类触角结合蛋白(ABPI)分支的一类OBP成员在草地贪夜蛾中拷贝数增加,其中两个基因拷贝受到正选择,且在草地贪夜蛾中特有的氨基酸替换还可能影响蛋白质功能。本研究为草地贪夜蛾食性特征的遗传机制解析提供线索,为草地贪夜蛾的生物防治提供参考依据和基因素材。     

中国夜蛾科三新记录种

在整理长白山生物调查所得标本时,发现夜蛾科3中国新记录种:长白拟毛眼夜蛾Mniotype bathensis(Lutzau,1900),尘梦尼夜蛾Orthosia coniortota(Filipjev,1927)和真鲁夜蛾Xestia sincera(Herrich-Schaffer,1851),并对此3种的外部形态和雄性外生殖器特征做了简要描述。同时修正了毛眼夜蛾属(Blepharita Hampson,1907)和拟毛眼夜蛾属(Mniotype Franclemont,1941)在国内混淆的关系。     

三种夜蛾成虫口器感器的超微形态

为确定不同种类夜蛾口器及其感器在超微结构上的差异, 采用扫描电子显微镜对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)、 烟夜蛾H. assulta (Guenée)和银纹夜蛾Argyrogramma agnata (Staudinger)3种鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)夜蛾科(Noctuidae)重要农业害虫雌、 雄成虫口器感器的超微形态进行了观察和比较。结果表明： 3种夜蛾雌、 雄成虫口器感器类型均无明显差异。棉铃虫和烟夜蛾口器感器在类型和形状上十分类似, 均具有毛形、 锥形和栓锥形感器; 喙管末端的栓锥感器粗、 密, 棱纹明显。银纹夜蛾口器感器与两种铃夜蛾区别明显, 除上述3类感器外, 还具有腔锥形感器; 其喙管末端的栓锥感器细、 疏, 棱纹不明显。结果显示口器感器可用于夜蛾的分类及亲缘关系研究。     

基于28S rDNA D2基因序列的几种寄生夜蛾科的多胚跳小蜂的分子系统发育（英文）

本文基于28S rDNA D2部分序列, 用MP和ML方法对几种寄生夜蛾科的多胚跳小蜂Copidosoma spp.进行了系统发育研究,并对其形态和生物学关系进行了讨论。结果表明：寄生金翅夜蛾亚科(Plusiinae)的C. floridanum 和寄生实夜蛾亚科(Heliothinae)的C. primulum关系较近,而以夜蛾亚科(Noctuinae)为寄主的C. truncatellum 和 C. agrotis关系更近。结果提示核基因28S D2区可能对研究多胚跳小蜂种间的系统发育关系很有帮助。     

中国夜蛾科一新纪录属和二新纪录种记述(鳞翅目)

通过整理近年采自西藏自治区色季拉山的夜蛾科Noctuidae标本材料,发现夜蛾科一中国新纪录属:耳夜蛾属Dioszeghyana Hreblay,1993和二中国新纪录种:黑双耳夜蛾Dioszeghyana nigralba(Yoshimoto,1993)和同灰夜蛾Polia similissima Plante,1982。对所研究的物种给予了详细的外部形态特征和外生殖器描述,并提供了其国内外分布信息。     

同域分布的4种竹笋夜蛾产卵选择行为

竹笋夜蛾是中国南方地区最为重要的笋期害虫。为探究同域分布、寄主相同的4种竹笋夜蛾生态位的分化机制,于室内研究了4种竹笋夜蛾对3种不同寄主植物水竹(Phyllostachys heteroclada Oliver)、鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji Ohwi)和青绿苔草(Carex breviculmis R.Br.)的产卵选择行为。结果表明:4种竹笋夜蛾在3种寄主植物间的产卵选择性差异显著(P0.01),其中笋秀夜蛾和竹笋禾夜蛾只选择鹅观草进行产卵;4种竹笋夜蛾在各寄主植物产卵位置上具有选择性,偏好在鹅观草叶片、叶鞘上及草根处产卵;4种竹笋夜蛾在产卵总量上差异显著(P0.01),其中笋秀夜蛾和竹笋禾夜蛾产卵总量最大;4种竹笋夜蛾产卵时间先后依次为基夜蛾萨夜蛾笋秀夜蛾竹笋禾夜蛾,基夜蛾最早羽化产卵,产卵历期10 d,后三者产卵历期重叠。该结果说明,4种夜蛾采用时间隔离和空间隔离2种机制,从行为上避免激烈的种间竞争,保证自身后代的顺利繁衍。     

Wolbachia在我国甜菜夜蛾中的超感染

Wolbahcia是一类广泛分布于节肢动物体内,可以引起节肢动物生殖行为改变的细胞内共生细菌。甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是我国常见的鳞翅目害虫,可危害粮、棉、菜等多种作物。已有很多研究表明Wolbachia在鳞翅目昆虫中具有广泛的分布,但是未见有关于甜菜夜蛾中感染Wolbachia的报道,为了研究我国甜菜夜蛾中Wolbachia的分布情况,采集了甜菜夜蛾的野生种群,对其进行DNA提取,通过对的Wolbachia的wsp基因进行PCR扩增及克隆测序,明确了Wolbachia在我国甜菜夜蛾野生种群内的分布情况。在检测的甜菜夜蛾成虫中,都感染了两种类型的Wolbahcia,分别命名为wExiA和wExiB(GenBank注册号分别为EU332343和EU332344)。wExiA属于A组,wExiB属于B组。本研究首次明确了在我国甜菜夜蛾的野生种群内存在着Wolbachia的超感染现象。     

草地贪夜蛾与甜菜夜蛾种内和种间的竞争行为

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是我国重要的农作物害虫,存在很多共同的寄主植物。为明确草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的竞争关系,本文在食物充足和食物缺乏条件下,研究了草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾种内和种间竞争行为;研究了不同初始种群密度草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫在相同生态位的种群竞争行为。结果表明：无食物条件下,扭动行为是草地贪夜蛾种内竞争最主要的行为表现,其中3龄与5龄幼虫组合扭动行为出现次数最多,为8.57±0.49次/30 min。与无食物处理相比,有食物处理下草地贪夜蛾攻防行为次数较少。种间竞争中,在无食物条件下二者攻击行为主要表现为头部接触,防御主要表现为扭动行为,其中草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫与甜菜夜蛾5龄幼虫竞争时头部接触和扭动行为最频繁,分别出现5.03±2.43次/30 min和18.47±5.92次/30 min。此外,同一龄期的草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾种间竞争中,草地贪夜蛾存活率更高;不同龄期两者竞争时,龄期相对较高的幼虫存活率更高,且有食物时两者存活率均高于无食物处理。种群竞争的室内模拟研究中,草...     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.