鸟类迁徙与滨海旅游项目关系——以碧海银沙为例

2018年7月-2019年5月,采用样线法和样点法对启东长江口(北支)自然保护区恒大海上威尼斯碧海银沙海水浴场内鸟类多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类9目23科51种,其中鸻形目、雁形目、鹳形目、鸊鷉目等水鸟为鸟类群落的构成主体。不同季节鸟类多样性指数(H)依次为秋季迁徙期>春季迁徙期>夏季繁殖期>越冬期,鸟种由多至少依次为越冬期>秋季迁徙期>春季迁徙期>夏季繁殖期,鸟类数量由多至少依次为越冬期>春季迁徙期>秋季迁徙期>夏季繁殖期。从客流季节集中指数R值来看,碧海银沙旅游区客流量受季节影响变动明显,春、秋、冬三季客流量占比过低。对客流量与鸟类多样性相关指标进行相关性分析,发现二者整体呈负相关,月客流量与鸟类种数相关性较高。本研究探讨了滨海旅游与鸟类迁徙之间的关系,为滨海旅游景区在协调旅游与鸟类迁徙的时空错峰管理提供决策依据。     

黑龙江省嫩江高峰林区2004年度鸟类环志监测报告

2004年在黑龙江省嫩江县高峰林场开展了鸟类环志研究工作,共环志鸟类100种22 194只,其中春季84种10 256只,秋季82种11 938只,隶属10目30科。春季以棕眉山岩鹨(Prunella montanella)、田(Emberiza rustica)、红胁蓝尾鸲(Tarsiger cyanurus)、燕雀(Fringilla montifringilla)、小(E.pusilla)、黄眉柳莺(Phylloscopus inornatus)、栗(E.rutila)等7种为迁徙鸟类的优势种(数量大于500只),环志7534只,占春季环志数量的73.5%;秋季以黄眉柳莺、燕雀、田、银喉长尾山雀(Aegithalos caudatus)、黄雀(Carduelis spinus)、白腰朱顶雀(C.flammea)等6种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,环志8764只,占秋季环志数量的73.4%;通过环志,发现两种黑龙江省鸟类新记录———姬鹬(Lymnocryptes minimus)、棕眉柳莺(P.armandi-i),高峰林场环志的白腰朱顶雀、红喉姬(Ficedula parva)分别被挪威、俄罗斯回收。这是欧洲国家...     

北京天坛公园鸟类群落的动态变化研究

近11 年来在北京天坛公园进行鸟类调查, 共记录鸟类166 种, 隶属14 目47 科。研究得出以下结论: (1)天坛公园鸟类群落多样性指数春、秋季高于夏、冬季; (2)公园鸟类群落相似度与植物种类关系密切, 植物多样, 鸟类丰富; (3)公园环境对鸟类的分布、群落组成及种群数量影响明显, 受游人活动的影响, 部分迁徙鸟分布范围缩小, 种群数量减少; 树木种类多样, 受游人影响较小的区域则记录到了公园内近7 成的鸟种。研究首次报道了11 年来长耳鸮的种群变化情况。     

大、小苏干湖湿地鸟类多样性季节变化

2006年分3个季节(春、夏、秋)对大苏干湖、小苏干湖及两湖间河道湿地鸟类物种多样性及数量的季节变动进行了调查,共记录到鸟类11目20科38属47种。其中留鸟5种,迁徙路过鸟10种,夏候鸟32种。春季共记录到24种鸟类,夏季32种,秋季30种。秋季在大苏干湖区活动的鸟类种数最多,多样性指数最大,为3.0891,而小苏干湖区的鸟类多样性指数在3个季节都较低。     

阜阳机场鸟类多样性及其危险性

2008年6月至2010年1月,对阜阳机场及其周围5种生境(草地、农田、城镇、湿地、林地)的鸟类进行调查,并对不同季节、不同生境的鸟类多样性进行分析.结果表明:本次调查共记录到鸟类122种,隶属于15目40科;阜阳机场夏、秋季的鸟类种数显著高于冬、春季,秋季鸟类密度显著高于其他季节,夏季的鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数均高于其他季节;在阜阳机场及其周边的5种生境中,林地的鸟类种数、密度均显著大于其他生境,林地、湿地、农田的鸟类多样性较高;对阜阳机场鸟击最危险的鸟种是麻雀、白头鹎、家燕、家鸽、喜鹊、珠颈斑鸠、灰椋鸟等.     

嫩江高峰林区鸟类迁徙与气象因子的相关性初探

2001～2010年在黑龙江省嫩江县高峰林场开展了鸟类环志研究工作,共环志鸟类173种238672只,其中春季142种102285只,秋季147种136387只,隶属14目41科。春季以小鹀Emberiza pusilla、红胁蓝尾鸲Tar-siger cyanurus、黄眉柳莺Phylloscopus inornatus、栗鹀E.rutila、黄眉鹀E.chrysophrys、燕雀Fringilla montifringilla、田鹀E.rustica、黄雀Carduelis spinus等8种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,累计75145只,占春季环志数量的73.5%;秋季以白腰朱顶雀Carduelis flammea、黄雀、田鹀、燕雀、黄眉柳莺、煤山雀Parus ater、北朱雀Carpodacus roseus等7种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,累计99335只,占秋季环志数量的72.8%。利用统计软件对气象因子中的平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、平均水汽压、日最低气压、日最高气压、相对湿度、地面平均温度、平均风速、最大风速、最大风速的风向、日照时数与春秋季迁徙鸟类的优势种的相关性进行了分析,发现地面平均温度、日最高气温与鸟类迁徙的相关性很强。在春季,与鸟类迁徙的相关性很强的还有日最高气压,而秋季则是日照时数。相对湿度在鸟类迁徙中呈很强的负相关。     

成都双流国际机场鸟击风险与鸟类群落关系研究

2015年10月—2016年9月,对成都双流国际机场净空区的鸟类群落进行了调查,结合近5年(2012—2016年)机场对鸟击事件的统计资料,对机场的鸟类群落和鸟击特征进行了研究。结果显示:(1)共记录鸟类16目47科124种,繁殖鸟占优势(69.35%);(2)共统计鸟击事件408次,主要发生在春季、夏季和秋季,其中,38起鸟击事件确认了19种肇事鸟种,以家燕Hirundo rustica、金腰燕Cecropis daurica、麻雀Passer montanus、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、小云雀Alauda gulgula等广性分布的繁殖鸟为主;(3)机场围界内、外的优势种和常见种存在差异,一半以上的场内优势种和常见种是鸟击肇事鸟种;(4)半数以上的鸟击事件肇事鸟种是鸟击风险评估等级为严重危险等级的鸟类;(5)鸟击事件主要发生在鸟类繁殖季和秋季迁徙时段。根据调查结果对成都双流国际机场的鸟击防范工作提出了综合防治建议。     

九段沙湿地鸻形目鸟类迁徙季节环境容纳量

根据对九段沙湿地2005年春、秋季食物资源调查来计算迁徙期鸻形目鸟类的环境容纳量。结果表明，九段沙湿地春季食物总量为4541．20kgAFDW（去灰分干重），秋季为2279．64kgAFDW，按鸻形目鸟类有效栖息生境计算，春季鸟类可利用食物资源量为3429．03kgAFDW，秋季为1700．92kgAFDW。通过鸟类体型类群分类（根据去脂净重、基础代谢率和体长）和能量消耗模型可以得出，九段沙湿地迁徙季节总食物量理论上可维持的鸻形目鸟类最大数量约为春季350万只，秋季175万只。按有效生境计算，春季约为260万只，秋季约为130万只。考虑到食物取入率的影响，九段沙湿地实际可容纳约13～26万只鸟类。根据地理信息分析可知，高潮位期有效栖息地的缺乏可能是限制鸟类数量达到估计上限的主要原因，建议在不危害保护区生态安全的前提下，开辟一些隐蔽性强的裸地和浅水塘，以提高鸻形目鸟类对九段沙湿地资源的利用率。     

2002年北戴河林栖迁徙鸟类环志

2002年4月1日～10月31日,共环志林栖迁徙鸟类7目、20科、84种12244只,环志数量超过100只的鸟有23种。春季性别鉴定16种1224只,雌雄比例约为1：1．1;秋季鉴定20种1656只,雌雄比例约为1．4：1。春秋两季大致3d一个迁徙高峰,春季的迁徙曲线高峰斜度较秋季的大,秋季的迁徙高峰比较平缓。     

甘肃黑河内陆河湿地自然保护区候鸟多样性

甘肃黑河为我国第二大内陆河,位于其中游的黑河湿地自然保护区为内陆河流湿地生态系统自然保护区。2008年分季节采用样线法和样点法调查该保护区湿地、农田村庄、人工林和荒漠4种生境的鸟类种类和数量。调查共记录保护区分布的鸟类17目35科116种,其中夏候鸟73种(占鸟类种类的62.93%),迁徙过路鸟20种(占17.24%),留鸟17种(占14.66%),冬候鸟6种(占5.17%)。其中,属于《湿地公约》的水禽56种。在湿地生境共记录鸟类70种,占保护区鸟类种数的60.34%,其中繁殖期在湿地生境栖息的鸟类有50种,绝大部分为夏候鸟(47种),留鸟只有3种;迁徙季节分布有44种鸟类,其中迁徙过路鸟(只在迁徙季节见到)有17种,占迁徙季节鸟类种类数的38.64%。村庄农田、人工林以及荒漠生境中,繁殖期和迁飞期共记录鸟类57种,夏候鸟有33种,留鸟有17种,迁徙过路鸟只有3种。甘肃张掖黑河湿地保护区是众多水禽在我国西北地区的重要繁殖地和迁徙停歇地,是我国候鸟迁徙西部路线上的关键区域。     

Investigating Vietnam��s Ornamental Bird Trade: Implications for Transmission of Zoonoses

Global wildlife trade is financially lucrative, frequently illegal and increases the risk for zoonotic disease transmission. This paper presents the first interdisciplinary study of Vietnam’s illegal wild bird trade focussing on those aspects which may contribute to the transmission of diseases such as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1. Comparing January 2009 data with that of May 2007, we found a five-fold increase to 9,117 birds on sale in Hanoi. Ninety-five percent of Hanoian bird vendors appear unaware of trade regulations and across Vietnam vendors buy birds sourced outside of their province. Approximately 25% of the species common to Vietnam’s bird trade are known to be HPAI H5N1 susceptible. The anthropogenic movement of birds within the trade chain and the range of HPAI-susceptible species, often traded alongside poultry, increase the risk Vietnam’s bird trade presents for the transmission of pathogens such as HPAI H5N1. These results will assist in the control and monitoring of emerging zoonotic diseases and conservation of Southeast Asia’s avifauna.     

云南省2014—2017年收容救护野生动物调查

通过对2014-2017年云南省被收容救护野生动物的物种数量、来源、频次等的调查和分析,结果发现:(1)云南省收容救护的野生动物超过93科269种,共计21 784只;其中,外来物种超过35种,以鸟类的种类和数量最多;(2)收容救护动物主要来源于执法单位移交,共20 485只,占94%;(3)非法动物贸易市场和渠道、人兽冲突、违规经营、民众缺乏对动物习性的了解是动物被收容救护的主要原因。管理部门需要加大监管力度,加强执法,严厉打击野生动物非法贸易,建立健全野生动物及制品市场准入机制,加强野生动物科普宣教工作,减少民众误抓误捉、随意放生外来物种等行为,进一步完善提高野生动物保护工作。     

广东省的鸟类及考察历程

广东位于中国大陆最南端,北靠南岭山脉、东南面向南海,生态环境多样,鸟类种类丰富,但至今没有广东鸟类的总名录,既给广东鸟类保护与管理带来不便,也使研究者对广东鸟类的详细分布地和发现时间无法了解。本文系统总结与整理了各个时期不同学者在广东境内开展的鸟类调查记录。William Heine于1853年4月在广州获得金斑鸻(Pluvialis fulva)和针尾沙锥(Gallinago stenura)的标本,并由John Cassin于1856报道,开启了采集与记录广东鸟类的序幕。从此以后,Robert Swinhoe于1860至1873年间发表了记录广东沿岸鸟类的一系列论文。之后,John David Digues La Touche和Johannes Streich报道汕头的鸟类,Robert Vaughan和Kenneth Hurlstone Jones报道西江的鸟类,Rufolf Mell报道广东山区的鸟类,以及Pierre Jabouille报道了广东南部湛江的鸟类。到目前为止,全省共有野生鸟类555种,其中25种鸟有1个以上的亚种在广东分布;本文标注了每种鸟第1次报道的参考文献,以供将来的研究者参考与查阅。在这些鸟类中,在广东繁殖的鸟有297种,并且以东洋界的种类最多,达211种,占繁殖鸟类比例的71.0%,古北界和广布种分别有25种和35种,占8.4%和11.8%。广东与广西繁殖鸟类种的相似性高于广东与海南岛繁殖鸟类种的相似性。迁徙鸟类是广东鸟类的主要类群,共有277种,占50.0%,而留鸟仅150种,占27.0%,另有128种鸟(占23.0%)在广东既有迁徙的,也有长年定居于此的。广东是迁徙鸟类重要的越冬地,而且是全球濒危鸟种黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)第2个主要越冬地。由于受饮食文化的影响,黄胸鹀(Emberiza aureola)被非法猎捕并且被食用,使其种群数量大大下降,其中,广东地区是受影响较严重的地区。     

Hunting, use and conservation of birds in Northeast Brazil

Brazil has one of the highest avifauna diversities in the world, and many species are used by human populations in many different ways. Capturing wild birds for food, or to raise as pets, or for commercial purposes, together with the loss of habitat, have been the principal causes of population reductions among many species. The present work provides new information about the diversity of wild bird species used in Ceará State (Northeast Brazil) and the techniques used for capturing them, as well as the forces motivating this hunting, the commercial relationships involved, the maintenance of captive species, and the legal and conservation implications of the use of the regional avifauna. A total of 92 wild bird species belonging to 26 families were found to be used as food (39 spp.), for medicinal (3 spp.) and magic-religious (1 spp.) purposes, for commercial ends (46 spp.), or raised as pets (44 spp.), or killed to control their predation on domestic animals (5 spp.). Raising or selling birds is motivated by their singing and/or their natural beauty, with Thraupidae, Icteridae and Emberizidae being the principal families sought after for those purposes. The Family Columbidae has the greatest importance as a food source. Eleven traditional capture techniques (both active and passive) were identified. The commercial value of the birds varied depending on both intra- and inter-specific factors, and the trade in these animals involved both dealers who sold large numbers of individuals at low prices and specialists (“passarinheiros”) who sold just a few domesticated individuals of greater value. Our evaluations of transactions taking place in public markets indicated the probable over-exploitation of a number of species, and these were often imported from other states and countries. In addition to being illegal, the capture of wild birds can cause serious environmental problems that can only be addressed through public policies directed towards education, monitoring and control, alternative sources of income, wildlife management, and ecosystem conservation.     

哀牢山北段大中山候鸟聚集地秋季夜间迁徙鸟类多样性

环志是研究迁徙鸟类的重要途径。云南省哀牢山北段大中山是鸟类迁徙的重要通道,但缺乏具体的研究数据。1997年、2010年和2011年秋季夜间迁徙鸟类环志研究的结果表明,哀牢山北段大中山捕获到的夜间鸟类有108种2330只,分属10目24科。其中,以雀形目鸟类为主,占总捕获数量的78.3%,捕获优势种为树鹨(占捕获数量的16.95%)、红喉姬鹟(13.39%)、红尾伯劳(9.83%)、红喉歌鸲(8.71%)和栗鹀(4.80%);水禽占捕获鸟类总种数的16.7%,与云南其他地点的研究结果相似。由于水禽是传播禽流感的主要载体,候鸟聚集地存在传播禽流感的风险,春季也有候鸟翻越哀牢山,因此有必要开展春季鸟类环志工作。     

Going Cheap: Determinants of Bird Price in the Taiwanese Pet Market

BackgroundInternational wildlife trade is the largest emerging source of vertebrate invasive alien species. In order to prevent invasions, it is essential to understand the mechanics of trade and, in particular, which traded species are most likely to be released or escape into the wild. A species’ economic value is a key factor, because we expect cheaper species to be less assiduously secured against escaping, and more likely to be deliberately released. Here, we investigate determinants of the price of species in the Taiwanese bird trade. Taiwan is an international hub for bird trade, and several native species are threatened by alien bird species.MethodologyWe investigated the relationship between the traded species sale price in Taiwan and the species availability for trade (the number of birds for sale, geographic range size and their origin, conservation and CITES status) and traits (body size, coloration, song attractiveness). We used phylogenetic generalized least squares models, with multi-model inference, to assess the variables that are best related to the price of birds in the Taiwanese pet trade.

Principal Findings / Conclusions

We found that species available for sale in larger numbers, native to Taiwan, not globally endangered, and small-bodied are all relatively cheaper, as too are species lacking yellow coloration and without attractive songs. Our models of price revealed high levels of phylogenetic correlation, and hence that closely related species tended to be sold for similar prices. We suggest that, on the basis of price, native species are more likely to be deliberately or accidentally released than alien species. Nevertheless, our survey of bird shops recorded 160 species alien to Taiwan (7,631 individuals), several of which are for sale cheaply and in large numbers. Alien bird species in trade therefore present an ongoing, non-trivial invasion risk on the island.     

风力发电对鸟类的影响以及应对措施

风能是一种清洁而稳定的可再生能源,风力发电可以减少全球温室气体排放,在减缓气候变化中发挥重要作用。然而,风电场的建设会对自然保护、生态环境和动物生存会造成一定的负面影响,其中对鸟类的影响尤为突出。本文通过查阅欧美等国风电场对鸟类及野生动物影响的研究文献,总结了风电场对鸟类的生存、迁徙和栖息地环境的影响,以及导致鸟类与风电塔相撞的影响因素,并提出了相关防范措施和方法。近十年中国风力发电事业发展迅猛,已经成为世界上风电装机容量最大的国家,但中国在评估风电场发展对野生动物影响方面的研究工作非常匮乏。目前,我国应借鉴国外相关研究管理经验,通过长期的连续观测,认真评估国内正在运行和在建风电场对于鸟类和其他野生动物的影响及潜在威胁。同时,应重视鸟类迁徙的基础研究,为新建风电场选址提供科学方案,保证风力发电与生态环境保护之间的和谐发展。     

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America

Prior to the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza A virus, the long-held and well-supported paradigm was that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks were restricted to poultry, the result of cross-species transmission of precursor viruses from wild aquatic birds that subsequently gained pathogenicity in domestic birds. Therefore, management agencies typically adopted a prevention, control, and eradication strategy that included strict biosecurity for domestic bird production, isolation of infected and exposed flocks, and prompt depopulation. In most cases, this strategy has proved sufficient for eradicating HPAI. Since 2002, this paradigm has been challenged with many detections of viral descendants of the Gs/GD lineage among wild birds, most of which have been associated with sporadic mortality events. Since the emergence and evolution of the genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD lineage HPAI viruses in approximately 2010, there have been further increases in the occurrence of HPAI in wild birds and geographic spread through migratory bird movement. A prominent example is the introduction of clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD HPAI viruses from East Asia to North America via migratory birds in autumn 2014 that ultimately led to the largest outbreak of HPAI in the history of the United States. Given the apparent maintenance of Gs/GD lineage HPAI viruses in a global avian reservoir; bidirectional virus exchange between wild and domestic birds facilitating the continued adaptation of Gs/GD HPAI viruses in wild bird hosts; the current frequency of HPAI outbreaks in wild birds globally, and particularly in Eurasia where Gs/GD HPAI viruses may now be enzootic; and ongoing dispersal of AI viruses from East Asia to North America via migratory birds, HPAI now represents an emerging disease threat to North American wildlife. This recent paradigm shift implies that management of HPAI in domestic birds alone may no longer be sufficient to eradicate HPAI viruses from a given country or region. Rather, agencies managing wild birds and their habitats may consider the development or adoption of mitigation strategies to minimize introductions to poultry, to reduce negative impacts on wild bird populations, and to diminish adverse effects to stakeholders using wildlife resources. The main objective of this review is, therefore, to provide information that will assist wildlife managers in developing mitigation strategies or approaches for dealing with outbreaks of Gs/GD HPAI in wild birds in the form of preparedness, surveillance, research, communications, and targeted management actions. Resultant outbreak response plans and actions may represent meaningful steps of wildlife managers toward the use of collaborative and multi-jurisdictional One Health approaches when it comes to the detection, investigation, and mitigation of emerging viruses at the human-domestic animal-wildlife interface.     

鄱阳湖流域非繁殖期鸟类多样性

2010年11月-2011年3月,采用样线和样点法相结合,对鄱阳湖流域非繁殖期鸟类种类及数量进行了调查.共记录鸟类13目36科106种.其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类10种.居留型方面,留鸟和冬候鸟最多,分别占鸟类物种总数的56.60％和35.85％.鸟类区系上,古北界种类最多,占41.51％;其次是东洋界鸟类,占32.08％.鸟类物种数1月份和3月份最多,多样性和均匀度指数均以12月份和3月份最高,以11月份和2月份最低.欧氏距离显示,修水段、龙虎山段和靖安段与其他河段的鸟类组成差异较大.宜黄段、耳口段和浮梁段的鸟类组成比较相近.研究结果表明,鸟类的相似度与各河段间隔的距离无关,而可能与当地的生境密切相关.鄱阳湖流域分布着一些濒危鸟类,然而人类活动如采砂、非法捕鱼等严重影响了这些鸟类的生存环境.因此建议降低人类活动强度,维持鄱阳湖流域鸟类多样性.     

Hunting strategies employed by bird hunters with economic pursuit in the city of Guiyang,Southwest China

Understanding hunter motivations and strategies is of particular importance in regions fraught with wildlife hunting, due to the critical hunter’s role in linking wildlife supply and consumption. However, such information is extremely scarce in China despite the worrisome situation of wildlife hunting. This study documents the techniques, motivations and hunting frequencies of bird hunters who have economic interests in the city of Guiyang, Southwest China, where numerous wild birds have been observed in trade. The data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires given to 50 hunters in a public market between March and July 2015. At least 9 kinds of tools and 10 kinds of techniques have been employed in local bird hunting practices. Up to eight factors have stimulated the collection of wild birds, of which commercial benefit was undoubtedly the most important. Hunting activities were conducted throughout the year, and efficient and low-cost hunting techniques, such as hunting with nets and neck snares were the predominant hunting techniques. The use of bait birds, whistles and bird song recordings was common, with the aim of improving the harvest by finding and attracting target species, highlighting a preference for hunting certain species of birds. The various hunting motivations underscore the complexity of the current hunting issue. Conservation management was discussed by considering the hunting strategies employed and the needs of hunters, as well as the market demand, which highlights the necessity of the combined actions of law enforcement, commercial breeding, social welfare, the development of hunting grounds and environmental education.