内蒙古乌兰察布地区鸟类群落结构及季节变化

为了解内蒙古自治区乌兰察布地区的鸟类群落结构季节变化及其影响因素,于2012年10月至2013年12月,采用固定半径样点法和样带法对该地区6种生境类型的鸟类进行调查。共记录到鸟类17目45科153种,其中夏候鸟76种,旅鸟38种,留鸟34种,冬候鸟5种。春、夏、秋季均以夏候鸟为主,冬季则留鸟占优势。非雀形目鸟类所占比例明显高于雀形目。鸟类多样性指数为春季秋季夏季冬季,均匀性指数为春季夏季秋季冬季;聚类分析表明,春季和秋季鸟类群落结构最为相似。不同季节各生境鸟类群落结构亦存在差异,春、夏、秋季的湿地鸟类群落多样性均最高,而农田和居民区的鸟类群落较为相似。栖息地类型、食物资源及候鸟迁徙是该地区鸟类群落结构季节变化的主要影响因素。     

大、小苏干湖湿地鸟类多样性季节变化

2006年分3个季节(春、夏、秋)对大苏干湖、小苏干湖及两湖间河道湿地鸟类物种多样性及数量的季节变动进行了调查,共记录到鸟类11目20科38属47种。其中留鸟5种,迁徙路过鸟10种,夏候鸟32种。春季共记录到24种鸟类,夏季32种,秋季30种。秋季在大苏干湖区活动的鸟类种数最多,多样性指数最大,为3.0891,而小苏干湖区的鸟类多样性指数在3个季节都较低。     

大理洱海湖滨带鸟类多样性

洱海地处云南西部,是中国西部候鸟迁徙时的重要停息地和越冬地,但其湖滨带鸟类组成与季节变化尚无专门研究。作者于2011年1月(冬季)、3和4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10和11月(秋季)采用样线法对洱海湖滨带的鸟类多样性进行了调查,在洱海西岸湖滨带共设4条调查样线,总长度48.2 km,冬夏季节各进行2 d共4次调查,春秋各进行4 d共8次调查。共记录到鸟类13目38科115种,其中有国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类7种;留鸟61种,夏候鸟7种,冬候鸟39种,旅鸟8种;按生态类群分,有游禽19种,涉禽22种,猛禽7种,陆禽3种,攀禽8种,鸣禽56种。研究结果表明,秋季的鸟类物种数及多样性指数最高,夏季均匀性指数最高。5类生境中,树林灌丛生境的鸟类多样性和均匀性最高;近岸水域鸟类个体数量最多。依据调查结果,建议沿环湖公路营造更多树林,在适宜地点建造滩涂,将有利于鸟类栖息觅食。     

甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区鸟类群落结构的季节性变化

安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区位于甘肃河西走廊,为了解该保护区鸟类群落结构的季节性变化及其原因,于2002～2004年按季节采用样线法调查了保护区鸟类的种类和数量,共见到鸟类103种.秋季种类最多,达69种;冬季最少,仅29种.夏季和春季的相似性指数最高,为0.46;夏季和冬季的最低,为0.31.秋季的鸟类数量最高,为37.60只/km;春季最少,9.64只/km.夏季群落多样性最高,冬季最低.冬季优势度最高,夏季最低.四季的优势种各不相同,优势种的数量影响各季节鸟类数量.影响安西自然保护区鸟类群落结构季节性变化的主要因素是鸟类迁徙和人类活动.     

庐山鸟类多样性及季节动态分析

2010年1月～2011年1月,采取样线法,共选取18条样线对庐山鸟类的多样性进行调查,共记录鸟类94种,隶属14目36科。其中留鸟60种,夏候鸟15种,冬候鸟16种,旅鸟3种。对不同季节的鸟类群落特征进行比较分析,从Shannon-Wiener指数看出,秋季多样性最高,为3.49;夏季次之,为3.44;冬季为3.40;春季为3.17。比较均匀性指数发现,秋季的均匀度最高,为0.51;冬季次之,为0.49,与前者仅有0.02的差距,可见二者丰富度差距很小;春季为0.41;夏季最低,仅有0.37,比较各季度的差距发现,最高的季度和最低的季度之间的差距为0.14。说明庐山鸟类的均匀度相差不大,庐山的鸟类群落均匀性在时间上无明显波动,相对稳定。     

九段沙湿地鸻形目鸟类迁徙季节环境容纳量

根据对九段沙湿地2005年春、秋季食物资源调查来计算迁徙期鸻形目鸟类的环境容纳量。结果表明，九段沙湿地春季食物总量为4541．20kgAFDW（去灰分干重），秋季为2279．64kgAFDW，按鸻形目鸟类有效栖息生境计算，春季鸟类可利用食物资源量为3429．03kgAFDW，秋季为1700．92kgAFDW。通过鸟类体型类群分类（根据去脂净重、基础代谢率和体长）和能量消耗模型可以得出，九段沙湿地迁徙季节总食物量理论上可维持的鸻形目鸟类最大数量约为春季350万只，秋季175万只。按有效生境计算，春季约为260万只，秋季约为130万只。考虑到食物取入率的影响，九段沙湿地实际可容纳约13～26万只鸟类。根据地理信息分析可知，高潮位期有效栖息地的缺乏可能是限制鸟类数量达到估计上限的主要原因，建议在不危害保护区生态安全的前提下，开辟一些隐蔽性强的裸地和浅水塘，以提高鸻形目鸟类对九段沙湿地资源的利用率。     

长广溪国家城市湿地公园鸟类群落结构及季节动态

2012年4月—2013年3月,逐月对江苏无锡长广溪国家城市湿地公园鸟类群落进行了研究。共记录到鸟类61种,隶属13目30科,雀形目鸟类占主要地位,其中留鸟、冬候鸟、夏候鸟、旅鸟分别占总种数的34.42%、24.59%、29.51%和11.48%。鸟类区系以广布种和古北界种为主,兼有东洋界种,具有南北过渡的明显特征。全年优势种有6种,分别为小??、黑水鸡、白头鹎、八哥、棕头鸦雀、麻雀。从季节动态变化上看,鸟种数表现为春季>秋季>冬季>夏季;数量表现为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季。鸟类多样性指数春季>夏季>冬季>秋季;均匀度指数为夏季>冬季>春季>秋季;优势度指数为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季。夏季与秋季鸟类群落间的相似性系数最大,夏季与冬季的相似性指数最小。同时对湿地公园鸟类适宜度作出总体评价,并且对公园后续建设及管理方式提出建议。     

湖南省永州市鸟类区系特征及群落结构研究

为了探讨不同生境、不同季节对鸟类群落结构及多样性的影响,笔者于2012年3月至2013年2月采用样线调查法对湖南省永州市的鸟类群落组成进行了调查。结果表明,记录到的鸟类共计9目33科121种,该地的夏候鸟有26种,留鸟59种,冬候鸟20种,旅鸟16种。在85种繁殖鸟中,东洋界鸟类有48种,占繁殖鸟总数的56.47%。从数量上看,留鸟是鸟类的构建主体;从整体上看,鸟类的物种数和总数量在春季和秋季呈现高峰,冬季最低。在不同季节中,春季的鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,分别为2.9901和0.7245;在不同生境中,全年鸟类多样性指数由高到低依次为灌草丛地农田林地水域村庄,均匀度指数为灌草丛地农田水域林地村庄。     

海南清澜港红树林湿地鸟类初步研究

记录到清澜港红树林湿地鸟类52种,隶属于19科9目。其中水鸟31种,陆生鸟类21种;留鸟29种,迁徙鸟类23种。在这些鸟类中有国家二级保护鸟类3种,中日候鸟协定名录中的鸟类17种,中澳候鸟协定名录中的鸟类18种。清澜港鸟类物种数量存在季节变化,无论是从总的鸟类种类看,还是从水鸟种类看,都是以冬季鸟类种数最多,而夏季鸟类种数最少,年变化趋势是：冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季。鸟类物种数量季节变化的最重要原因是迁徙鸟类的周年变化。不同栖息地的食物条件和滩涂面积不同,鸟类的组成和数量也不同。本文还对清澜港鸟类的多样性进行了分析。     

阜阳机场鸟类多样性及其危险性

2008年6月至2010年1月,对阜阳机场及其周围5种生境(草地、农田、城镇、湿地、林地)的鸟类进行调查,并对不同季节、不同生境的鸟类多样性进行分析.结果表明:本次调查共记录到鸟类122种,隶属于15目40科;阜阳机场夏、秋季的鸟类种数显著高于冬、春季,秋季鸟类密度显著高于其他季节,夏季的鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数均高于其他季节;在阜阳机场及其周边的5种生境中,林地的鸟类种数、密度均显著大于其他生境,林地、湿地、农田的鸟类多样性较高;对阜阳机场鸟击最危险的鸟种是麻雀、白头鹎、家燕、家鸽、喜鹊、珠颈斑鸠、灰椋鸟等.     

Seasonal changes in bird species diversity at the interface between forest and reed-bed

Habitat edges are landscape structures that have a major influence on animal communities. Bird communities' response to habitat edges is influenced by the season and habitat characteristics but it is still poorly understood how communities respond to structural complex (i.e. natural) edges. Inter-seasonal changes in bird species diversity were quantified at a homogeneous, sharp interface between two habitats that host distinct and well-represented bird communities: a mature broad-leaved forest and a compact reed-bed area. Resident species diversity was found higher during winter, both in terms of species richness and evenness. The presence of the reed-bed nesting migrants during the summer season did not notably modify the seasonally reversed diversity pattern; the overall evenness was higher during the winter season while the overall species richness did not differ between the two seasons. Thus, contrary to the expected regional seasonal diversity pattern, the forest – reed-bed interface is, in winter, a local bird diversity hotspot. The possible causes and implications for conservation of this phenomenon are discussed.     

广东鹤山丘陵人工林林下鸟群落研究

2003年5月到2004年4月,在鹤山人工林中张网6353网小时,捕到林下鸟28种110只,平均网捕率为1.73只/100网h。其中冬候鸟的种类和数量分别占整个网捕鸟种类和数量的42.86%和33.64%。优势种是大山雀(P arusm ajor)、白头鹎(Py cnonotus sinensis)和红胁蓝尾鸲(T arsig er cyanurus)。鹤山20a林龄的人工林林下鸟群落具有:种类和数量贫乏、网捕率低、画眉科的鸟少等特点。林下鸟群落的种类、数量、组成和网捕率与植被有关,相思林种类最丰富、网捕率最高;针叶林种类最少、网捕率最低;4种植被类型中林下鸟种类和网捕率大小排序是:相思林>荷木林>桉树林>针叶林。相思林与荷木林有最大的种的相似性(0.43)、而相思林与针叶林种的相似性最小(0.20)。林下鸟丰度和网捕率均存在季节变化,冬季种类最丰富、春季次之、而夏季和秋季种类最少。在针叶林(F3,44=4.514,p<0.01)和荷木林中(F3,44=4.449,p<0.01),林下鸟的网捕率有极显著的季节变化,冬季的网捕率最高、夏季的网捕率最低;而在相思林(F3,44=1.893,p>0.05)和桉树林中(F3,44=1.212,p>0.05),林下鸟的网捕率季节差异不显著。     

内蒙古二连浩特市鸟类区系特征及群落结构

2010年5月至2011年4月,采用样带法和固定半径样点法,对内蒙古自治区二连浩特市5种生境的鸟类区系特征、群落结构及其季节动态进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类124种,隶属于15目34科。其中,留鸟19种,夏候鸟72种,旅鸟29种,冬候鸟4种。繁殖鸟中古北界种类有82种,东洋界种类仅9种;在地理型上主要特征为中亚型的种类多,共有13种。从群落的空间格局来看,5种生境的区别也很大,林地鸟类多样性指数最高,居民区最低;从时间格局来看,不同季节的差异显著,春季鸟类多样性指数最高,冬季最低。     

广州市越秀公园鸟类多样性与保护对策

对广州市越秀公园鸟类的多样性进行了调查,共记录鸟类43种,隶属8目20科。其中留鸟27种,夏候鸟2种,冬候鸟8种,其它繁殖鸟6种。对夏冬季及不同生境的鸟类群落特征进行比较分析,得到夏季鸟类的数量、密度、优势度都比冬季高,而多样性指数和均匀性指数却比冬季低;南秀湖畔大草坪、金印游乐场、竹林、南秀树林、南秀湖和环市路旁6种生境中鸟类的种类、数量和多样性差异较大,以金印游乐场鸟类的多样性最高。根据公园内不同环境鸟类多样性状况提出了保护对策。     

Winter bird communities in the northern Negev: species dispersal patterns, habitat use and implications for habitat conservation

Bird habitat conservation may require different management strategies for different seasonal bird assemblages. We studied habitat use by winter birds in forest and scrubland habitat patches in the northern Negev, Israel. Our goal was to assess whether differences in responses to landscape and habitat structure between breeding and non-breeding seasons require changes in future conservation plans that have been suggested for the Negev breeding bird community. We evaluated habitat and area effects on bird abundance and distribution and tested whether species habitat use during winter involves niche shifts. Compared with breeding birds, a larger proportion of winter bird species occupied both scrubland and forest. As in summer, forest bird species responded to habitat structure, whereas scrubland species were associated with both habitat structure and area. Resident birds disperse into habitats in which they were not present during summer. Consequently, for several species, the correlation between bird densities and environmental factors showed a better fit at the landscape rather than at the habitat scale. In addition, rather than niche shift, birds actually extended their niche breadth. Nest site selection may constrain bird distribution into a realized niche, smaller than their fundamental niche. Despite the scale differences in habitat use, the similar species diversity patterns between seasons suggest that both winter and summer birds would benefit from conservation of scrub patches larger than 50 ha, and enrichment of foliage layers within the planted forests.     

Effect of Urbanization and Seasonality in Bird Communities of Kathmandu Valley,Nepal

Kathmandu Valley, Nepal is undergoing rapid urbanization but its effects on the bird communities have not been reported till date. Kathmandu Valley was categorized into urban, sub-urban and rural to study the impact of urbanization in bird communities. By mobilizing volunteers, we monitored 24 transects each with one km long in summer and winter seasons of 2016. A total of 13,749 individuals of birds belonging to 102 species were recorded. Species richness and diversity of all birds declined from rural to urban areas and showed significant variation along urban–rural gradients. Insectivore was the most species-rich guild while nectarivore the least. The richness of insectivore, frugivore and carnivore guilds showed significant variations along the urban–rural gradients and higher preference towards the rural areas. Similarly, species richness of all birds and richness of insectivore and carnivore guilds showed significant seasonal variation and were higher in the winter season. Our results indicate that richness, diversity and feeding guilds of birds show different response towards the urbanization gradients and seasons. Sub-urban areas can function as bird refugia, however, habitat enrichments (like increasing green spaces, setting up new parks and gardens, plantation of native fruiting trees etc.) are utmost necessary to support the bird communities in urban areas of Kathmandu Valley.     

Seasonal Incidence and Diversity Pattern of Avian Communities in the Bangalore University Campus,India

The present study deals with the species abundance, diversity and species richness of avian communities in the Bangalore University Campus (BUC), Bengaluru, India. One hundred and six species of birds belonging to 42 families under 68 genera were recorded. Shannon–Wiener’s and Fisher’s alpha diversities, species evenness, species richness of bird communities, number of bird species and percentage of population density of birds between various seasons in the BUC differed significantly between the study years. Of these bird species, the relative abundance (6.96 %) and species distribution ratio (0.070) of Psittacula krameri were highest, whereas relative abundance (0.04 %) and species distribution ratio (0.002) of Coracias benghalensis were lowest. The existing 32 species of flowering plants/trees belonging to 29 genera under 14 families in the campus are used for perching by birds. Moreover 29 species of flowering plants/trees belonging to 24 genera under 16 families depend on birds for pollination and/or seed dispersal. Occurrence of greater bird diversity and abundance of avian communities were recorded highest in the winter season in the BUC premises. In the different seasons, the BUC had varying community structure of birds between the study years. BUC suffers from numerous threats namely grass cutting, fire and grazing of domestic animals. Conservation methods needed for habitat management are restoration of vegetation and wetlands, and increase plant and tree diversity to protect the ecosystem of BUC habitat and to preserve its diversity of avifauna.     

四川格西沟国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性初探

鸟类多样性研究是国家级自然保护区的重要工作。2020年6月—2021年5月,采用样线法和样点法,调查了四川格西沟国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性。结果显示:结合历史文献资料,保护区共有鸟类19目56科249种。其中,国家一级重点保护动物10种,国家二级重点保护动物35种,中国特有种11种。居留型以留鸟为主,共156种(62.65%),其次是夏候鸟60种(24.10%)、旅鸟19种(7.63%)、冬候鸟14种(5.62%)。区系组成以东洋界为主,共116种(46.59%),古北界103种(41.37%)、广布种30种(12.04%)。各生态系统中森林和灌丛生态系统Shannon-Wiener指数最高,其他生态系统最低,森林和灌丛生态系统的Sorenson相似性指数最高;夏、秋季的Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数最高,冬季最低。建议保护区建立长期监测体系,并持续开展鸟类保护宣传活动,加大巡护和管控力度,降低保护区内的人为干扰,同时注重鸟类所利用栖息地的保护。     

四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区鸟类物种及垂直多样性研究

2016年12月—2018年6月采用样带法和样点法对四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了调查,根据调查并结合相关文献记录,统计出保护区分布有鸟类268种,隶属17目56科。其中,留鸟146种(54.5%)、夏候鸟91种(34.0%)、冬候鸟18种(6.7%)、旅鸟13种(4.9%),以繁殖鸟为主。繁殖鸟类中,以东洋界物种为主(67.5%)。保护区的珍稀濒危鸟类物种数量较多,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类16种;列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ1种、附录Ⅱ12种;列入世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危(EN)1种、易危(VU)3种、近危(NT)2种;中国特有种14种。各生境类型中的鸟类丰富度为针叶林>阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌丛及灌草丛>高山灌丛草甸>水域;针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林之间的鸟类群落结构相似性最高,水域与其他生境的最低。保护区鸟类物种丰富度在2600~3000m的中海拔地区最高,在高海拔和低海拔较低,物种垂直分布呈中峰模式。本研究丰富了保护区和凉山山系的鸟类资料,为鸟类垂直多样性研究提供了重要案例。