东方田鼠胚胎成纤维细胞永生化细胞系的建立

目的建立东方田鼠胚胎成纤维永生化细胞系,为全面研究东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫机制以及开展不同动物成纤维细胞间比较研究奠定基础和提供细胞实验材料。方法运用脂质体介导的基因转染法将pSV3neo质粒导入第3代东方田鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,经G418筛选抗性克隆并扩大培养,建立永生化细胞系;用PCR检测细胞株中SV40T基因的整合,RT-PCR鉴定SV40T基因在转染细胞中的表达;绘制东方田鼠胚胎成纤维永生化细胞生长曲线。结果阳性细胞克隆已扩大培养并稳定传代50代,经鉴定SV40T抗原已整合到东方田鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中且稳定表达。结论成功建立东方田鼠胚胎成纤维永生化细胞系。     

长江江豚脐带永生化成纤维细胞系建立及细胞生长特性研究

取长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoids asiaeorientalis)产后胎盘脐静脉, 经组织块培养, 差异贴壁法纯化, 构建长江江豚的原代细胞系; 经外源癌基因SV40 T antigens（猿猴病毒T抗原）转染构建稳定脐带细胞系, 并对长江江豚的永生化后的成纤维细胞的细胞形态、转染效率、生长曲线和活率等进行探究。结果表明: (1)原代脐静脉细胞大约14d从组织边缘分离, 20d形成单层, 细胞呈现典型的成纤维细胞状, 梭形、不规则星行或多边形。原代细胞传代14代后出现老化和凋亡。(2)通过SV40 T antigens转染构建的细胞系可传代40—50次, 证实转染SV40 T antigens后可增加细胞的增殖能力。(3)不同世代永生化的成纤维细胞复苏前后细胞活性并无明显差异, 复苏细胞活性在90%以上, 表明永生化后的细胞可以稳定保存。利用CCK-8法测得细胞的生长曲线呈现“S”型。(4)对永生化的细胞系进行后续基因表达尝试, 通过转染外源基因绿色和红色荧光蛋白, 转染外来质粒效率约为15%, 说明外源基因可以表达, 并能被成功检测。研究构建长江江豚的脐静脉来源的永生化后细胞系, 为江豚的其他组织细胞系建立以及江豚细胞库的建立提供基础, 成功对永生化后的细胞系进行外源基因的转染, 为以后深入长江江豚相关基因和分子机制研究打下基础。     

原代培养过程中壳聚糖衍生物对CTCF/YB-1/C-myc和p53蛋白表达的影响

成功建立了人增生性瘢痕细胞和正常皮肤成纤维细胞的原代培养, 并利用热休克蛋白(HSP47)和成纤维细胞特异蛋白(FSP)标记物进行了鉴定。研究发现, 经过壳聚糖衍生物处理, 人增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞和正常皮肤成纤维细胞在培养中均出现了不同类型的蛋白表达。多功能转录因子蛋白(CTCF)在壳聚糖衍生物处理的增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞中出现表达上调; 在聚糖衍生物处理的正常皮肤成纤维细胞中数量无变化。YB-1结合蛋白在经壳聚糖处理的正常皮肤成纤维细胞与人增生性瘢痕细胞中的表达几乎无异, 但在未经壳聚糖处理的细胞中表达不同。C-MYC和P53蛋白在壳聚糖衍生物处理的增生性瘢痕纤维细胞中表达上调, 但在正常皮肤成纤维细胞中, 无论是否经过壳聚糖衍生物处理, 这两种蛋白都没有表达。上述4种蛋白在人增生性瘢痕细胞和正常皮肤成纤维细胞中表现出不同的表达方式, 这种新型壳聚糖衍生物可能在控制人增生性瘢痕细胞和正常皮肤成纤维细胞生长和增殖过程中起着重要作用。这些蛋白因子的表达机制目前还不是完全清楚, 有待于进一步研究。     

转基因诱导永生化鸡细胞系的建立

传统上从鸡胚中分离病毒用于疫苗的生产常常不能满足需求,研究从体外培养的细胞中分离病毒的途径成为当前疫苗生产领域的迫切需要。本研究利用体细胞诱导重编程技术建立永生化细胞系,为应用于疫苗制备等研究和生产奠定基础。通过慢病毒载体转染转录调控因子(NANOG, LIN28和C-MYC)重编程鸡成纤维细胞,并稳定培养至100代,获得永生化的细胞,而后逐步去除细胞因子、血清等添加物,优化细胞系培养体系,并对细胞驯化实现悬浮生长,以获得单位体积最大密度的细胞。研究结果表明:通过转基因将NANOG,LIN28和C-MYC 3个因子整合入细胞中表达,细胞系对碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性反应,端粒逆转录酶(cTERT)基因在细胞系中显著上调,并稳定培养至100代,使得这些细胞具有自我更新特性和永生化的潜能。确定了培养基中的血清替代物KSR浓度为20%,并撤除了培养基中bFGF等生长因子,为细胞大规模培养应用提供了可能。永生细胞实现悬浮生长,细胞生长倍增时间为21.71 h,最大密度为1.3×106 cells/m L。因此,我们通过重编程技术建立了一株稳定的永生化细胞系,并且使它能在低浓度KSR中悬浮培养,这为疫苗制备等研究和生产提供科学依据。     

永生化后细胞的生物学特性

近年来,永生化细胞技术快速发展,对细胞生物学特性的研究及其临床应用具有深远的意义。目前通过导入永生化基因SV40抗原和hTERT基因成为细胞永生化的常用方法,但存在安全性隐患。利用可逆性永生化技术,使细胞在获得永生化能力的同时去除永生化基因,使细胞恢复到原始状态。文章综述了永生化后细胞生物学特性的变化,并讨论了临床应用可能面临的问题。     

细胞永生化技术及其应用研究进展

细胞永生化是目前细胞生物学研究的热点之一.引起细胞永生化的因素很多,其中端粒酶在这一过程中发挥重要作用.细胞永生化技术在未来的成功应用,不仅为生物制品的研究与开发提供了有力工具,而且也为疾病的诊断与治疗提出了新的思路.就细胞永生化技术的原理、方法、途径及其应用等方面研究进展作一综述.     

人的原代上皮角质形成细胞和永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的增殖能力的比较

目的：筛选适合充当组织工程皮肤的种子细胞,比较原代培养的人原代上皮角质形成细胞和永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的增值能力。方法：将两种细胞（小儿包皮环切术后的组织培养表皮角质形成细胞,永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT）,分别接种于96孔板,通过MTT检测细胞1,3,5,7,9,11天的生长情况;当两种细胞融合至60%时分别取1×106个细胞,通过流式细胞检测细胞的周期。结果：永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT每隔一天即可传代一次,原代上皮角质形成细胞每3天传代一次;细胞周期：永生化上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的G1期和S期的比例高于原代上皮角质形成细胞。生长曲线：MTT检测两种细胞1,3,5,7,9,11的生长情况,永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的生长速度明显高于原代上皮角质形成细胞。结论：永生化上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的增殖能力要高于原代培养的上皮角质形成细胞。     

人的原代上皮角质形成细胞和永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT 的增 殖能力的比较*

目的:筛选适合充当组织工程皮肤的种子细胞,比较原代培养的人原代上皮角质形成细胞和永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的增值能力。方法:将两种细胞(小儿包皮环切术后的组织培养表皮角质形成细胞,永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT),分别接种于96孔板,通过MTT检测细胞1,3,5,7,9,11天的生长情况;当两种细胞融合至60%时分别取1×106个细胞,通过流式细胞检测细胞的周期。结果:永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT每隔一天即可传代一次,原代上皮角质形成细胞每3天传代一次;细胞周期:永生化上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的G1期和S期的比例高于原代上皮角质形成细胞。生长曲线:MTT检测两种细胞1,3,5,7,9,11的生长情况,永生化的上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的生长速度明显高于原代上皮角质形成细胞。结论:永生化上皮角质形成细胞HaCaT的增殖能力要高于原代培养的上皮角质形成细胞。     

猪皮肤成纤维细胞PERV体外和体内感染性的研究

为了解猪皮肤成纤维细胞PERV在体外和体内的感染性,通过建立猪皮肤成纤维细胞系,将所建细胞系与人胚胎肾293细胞体外共培养,并移植于严重联合免疫缺陷鼠(SCID鼠)皮下进行猪皮肤成纤维细胞PERV的体外和体内感染性实验。结果表明,猪皮肤成纤维细胞与人胚胎肾细胞共培养过程中,猪内源性逆转录病毒感染人胚胎肾细胞,进一步证实和拓宽了猪细胞PERV感染人细胞的范畴;猪皮肤成纤维细胞移植SCID鼠皮下后,导致SCID鼠发生猪细胞微嵌合(78．57％)和PERV在体内感染(85．71％)并且波及远离移植部位的多种组织或器官,但是并未检测出SCID鼠组织中表达PERV env RNA。这就证实了猪皮肤成纤维细胞PERV的体外感染性和在小鼠体内的感染性,但未能找到PERV在体内活跃复制的明显证据。因而,在猪异种移植过程中PERV传播的潜在危险仍然是必须高度重视的生物安全性问题。     

人乳头瘤病毒癌基因诱导细胞永生化的研究进展

永生化细胞是研究细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及衰老等的理想细胞模型。目前人类已建立多种细胞永生的方法,其中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）癌基因（E6和E7）被广泛用于永生化细胞研究。E6蛋白和E7蛋白主要通过灭活p53通路和pRb通路,从多个水平提高端粒酶的表达和活性,使细胞逃过细胞复制衰老而继续增殖,实现细胞永生化。综述人乳头瘤病毒癌基因E6和E7的最新研究进展,探讨未来研究的趋势和研究方向。     

Outgrowth of fibroblast cells from goat skin explants in three different culture media and the establishment of cell lines

Three different commercially available media, known to support human and porcine-specific fibroblast cultures, were tested for their growth potential on goat skin explants. Although outgrowth of fibroblasts was observed in all media tested, irrespective of breed, porcine-specific media exhibited higher rate of growth. Using this media, three fibroblast cell lines (GSF289, GSF737, and GSF2010) from ear skin explants of normal healthy dairy goats of Kiko and Saanen breed were successfully established in culture. Liquid nitrogen stocks of these frozen cells had a viability rate of 96.2% in in vitro cultures. These cells were morphologically indistinguishable from the cell stocks prior to freezing. Analysis of the growth of a fifth passage culture revealed an ‘S’ shaped growth curve with a population doubling time of 25 h. The cell lines were found negative for microbial, fungal, and mycoplasma contaminations. These goat skin fibroblast lines and the simple method of their isolation and freezing with high rate of viability will provide additional tools to study molecular mechanisms that regulate fibroblast function and for genetic manipulation of small ruminants.     

The pathophysiology of neurofibromatosis. I. Resistance in vitro to 3-nitrotyrosine as an expression of the mutation

The in vitro expression of the autosomal dominant mutation responsible for neurofibromatosis was probed using the amino acid analogue 3-nitrotyrosine as a cell culture selective agent. The presence of 3-nitrotyrosine in culture medium led to inhibition of growth and cell death among normal skin fibroblasts in log phase growth, whereas cell strains derived from six different patients' neurofibromas or skin cells, or both, exhibited a consistently enhanced ability to survive under the same conditions. At 0.8 mM 3-nitrotyrosine, four patient-derived skin fibroblast strains could be differentiated from five strains of control skin fibroblasts with a high level of confidence (P < 0.0000). In the same way four neurofibroma-derived fibroblast strains were differentiated from control skin fibroblasts (P < 0.0022). Neurofibroma-derived cells were not different from control cells when treated with 5-fluorotryptophan or p-fluorophenylalanine.     

Platelet-derived growth factor in combination with collagen promotes the migration of human skin fibroblasts into a denuded area of a cell monolayer.

Since we have found previously that adult donor skin fibroblasts (TIG-114) migrated more slowly in serum-depleted medium than in medium supplemented with 10% FBS, we tried to identify a factor(s) which promotes fibroblast migration from the edge of a denuded area in a monolayer. In medium supplemented with 10% FBS, the effects of both suramin, a competitor of growth factors at the receptor level, and monensin, an inhibitor of the secretion of extracellular matrix, were examined. Both substances suppressed cell migration, suggesting that growth factors and matrix substances are important for cell migration. Then, we examined the effects of growth factors and extracellular matrix on fibroblast migration in serum-free medium. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta did not stimulate cell migration. Type I collagen, plasma fibronectin, and heparin also did not promote cell migration. However, the combination of PDGF and type I collagen did promote cell migration. Addition of anti-PDGF antibody reduced the stimulatory effect induced by the combination of PDGF and type I collagen. These results suggest that the copresence of growth factors and extracellular matrix regulates fibroblast migration into a denuded area in a monolayer.     

Cellular ageing of Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome cells in culture.

In Alzheimer's disease, the typical clinical symptoms and the pathological findings are restricted to the nervous system. Nevertheless, like in some other neurologic-metabolic disorders, several alterations are found in peripheral tissues. The aim of this study was to examine whether cellular properties which can be studied in vitro on skin fibroblast cultures obtained from Alzheimer's disease patients differ from those of age-matched controls. Down syndrome patients were also included, since the same neuropathological findings are present in nearly 100% of Down syndrome patients. Since Alzheimer's disease is an age-related disorder, we examined the growth characteristics of skin fibroblast cultures. The in vitro senescence of cultured fibroblasts is widely accepted as a model for in vivo ageing. Normal growth properties were found. We can conclude that there is no premature ageing in Alzheimer's disease nor in Down syndrome and that the abnormalities found in peripheral tissues are related to the disease itself. The beta amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) has been shown to have adhesive interactions. We therefore investigated several parameters of adhesion in the skin fibroblast cultures: adhesion to a fibronectin coat, adhesion to extracellular matrix of Alzheimer's disease cultures and semi-quantification of adhesion-related molecules (beta 1-integrin, cell surface proteoglycans, extracellular matrix proteoglycans, extracellular matrix fibronectin). No significant difference was found in the parameters examined.     

An important role for the IIIb isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in mesenchymal-epithelial signalling during mouse organogenesis

The fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene is differentially spliced to encode two transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor proteins that have different ligand-binding specificities and exclusive tissue distributions. We have used Cre-mediated excision to generate mice lacking the IIIb form of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 whilst retaining expression of the IIIc form. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2(IIIb) null mice are viable until birth, but have severe defects of the limbs, lung and anterior pituitary gland. The development of these structures appears to initiate, but then fails with the tissues undergoing extensive apoptosis. There are also developmental abnormalities of the salivary glands, inner ear, teeth and skin, as well as minor defects in skull formation. Our findings point to a key role for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2(IIIb) in mesenchymal-epithelial signalling during early organogenesis.     

Wound healing activity of gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in rats

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid. It is well known for its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter of developing and operating nervous systems in brains. In this study, a novel function of GABA in the healing process of cutaneous wounds was presented regarding anti-inflammation and fibroblast cell proliferation. The cell proliferation activity of GABA was verified through an MTT assay using murine fibroblast NIH3T3 cells. It was observed that GABA significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To evaluate in vivo activity of GABA in wound healing, excisional open wounds were made on the dorsal sides of Sprague-Dawley rats under anesthesia, and the healing of the wounds was apparently assessed. The molecular aspects of the healing process were also investigated by hematoxylineosin staining of the healed skin, displaying the degrees of reepithelialization and linear alignment of the granulation tissue, and immunostaining and RT-PCR analyses of fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, implying extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling of the skin. The GABA treatment was effective to accelerate the healing process by suppressing inflammation and stimulating reepithelialization, compared with the epidermal growth factor treatment. The healing effect of GABA was remarkable at the early stage of wound healing, which resulted in significant reduction of the whole healing period.     

Melanocyte growth factor in normal human skin

Normal human skin is shown to contain melanocyte growth factor (MeGF). We found MeGF activity in extracts of both the epidermal portion of skin and the dermal portion. This activity was completely adsorbed onto heparin beads and eluted by 2.5 M NaCl. In addition, the activity of both extracts was completely blocked by antibodies directed against basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). It is suggested that melanocytes in epidermis are supported by bFGF-like MeGF in normal human skin.     

A novel function of angiotensin II in skin wound healing. Induction of fibroblast and keratinocyte migration by angiotensin II via heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor-mediated EGF receptor transactivation

The role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the control of systemic blood pressure and volume homeostasis is well known and has been extensively studied. Recently, Ang II was suggested to also have a function in skin wound healing. In the present study, the in vivo function of Ang II in skin wound healing was investigated using Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) knock-out mice. Wound healing in these mice was found to be markedly delayed. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts play important roles in wound healing, and thus the effect of Ang II on the migration of these cells was examined. Ang II stimulated keratinocyte and fibroblast migration in a dose-dependent manner. It has been reported that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation induces epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) transactivation through the shedding of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). As AT1R is a GPCR, it was hypothesized that Ang II-induced keratinocyte and fibroblast migration is mediated by EGFR transactivation. Ang II induced EGFR phosphorylation, which was inhibited by an AT1R antagonist, HB-EGF neutralizing antibody, and an HB-EGF antagonist in both keratinocytes and in fibroblasts. Moreover, Ang II-induced migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts was also prevented by these inhibitors. Taken together, these findings clearly demonstrate, for the first time, that Ang II plays an important role in skin wound healing and that it functions by accelerating keratinocyte and fibroblast migration in a process mediated by HB-EGF shedding.     

Expression of transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor in linear scleroderma

Linear scleroderma (LS) is a localized form of scleroderma characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and fibroblast proliferation. In the later stages of the disease, excessive collagen is deposited with concomitant skin and appendage atrophy. These symptoms suggest a breakdown of fibroblast cell function, and consequently, growth factors have been thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of LS. The present study examined the expression of TGF-beta and PDGF in skin biopsies obtained from patients with LS and from normal subjects. Samples were prepared for immunohistochemistry. To identify TGF-beta, two polyclonal antibodies were used: TGF-beta1 (RaB4) and TGF-beta2 (CL-B1/29) and, to identify PDGF, two monoclonal antibodies were used: PDGF-AA (3E-205) and PDGF-BB (1F-133). Staining for TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 was observed around blood vessels (endothelial cells), and sweat glands in both LS and normal skin. Staining for PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB was intense in endothelial cells and sweat glands in LS and normal skin. Mononuclear cell infiltrates and abnormal collagen bundles did not stain for TGF-beta or PDGF. The strength and extent of staining was evaluated in tissues using a scale from zero (no staining) to four (strong staining). The amount of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB was found similar in LS and normal skin. These results do not support the hypothesis that the excessive fibroblast cell activity and abnormal collagen deposition observed in LS are associated with downregulation of TGF-beta or PDGF.     

Air exposure promotes fibroblast growth with increased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade

Subepithelial tissue cell types in vivo are separated from air by the surface-covering epithelial layer of various organs, e.g., the skin, cornea, and respiratory and upper alimentary tracts. The epithelial defect caused by inflammatory, traumatic or surgical injury would be expected to expose the subepithelial tissue-localized fibroblasts to influx air. However, it is unclear what effects air stimulation elicits in fibroblast growth, which is critical for wound healing. To address this question, we examined the proliferation of 3T3 fibroblasts with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake, using fibroblast-embedded collagen gel culture with or without air exposure. The BrdU intake of air-exposed fibroblasts was about 6 times that of air-nonexposed cells. To further characterize this fibroblast growth, we examined the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, which plays a key role in the growth-signaling pathway of various cell types. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed that air exposure increased MAPK cascade expression of the cells more strongly than air nonexposure. The data indicate that air exposure promotes MAPK cascade-associated fibroblast growth, suggesting in turn that in wound repair air stimulation itself may be involved in the basic mechanisms of subepithelial fibroblast proliferation and that it may be related to the pathogenesis of excessive fibroplasia through fibroblast overgrowth.