黑龙江省佳木斯地区华枝睾吸虫第二中间宿主的调查

作者对华枝睾吸虫病爆发流行区的鱼体囊蚴进行了现场调查。共检查15种385尾淡水鱼,用鱼肉压片法发现9种255尾鱼感染了华枝睾吸虫囊蚴,阳性鱼种的检出率为60％(9/15),阳性鱼的感染率为66.2％(255/385),其中麦穗鱼和青鳉的感染率为100％,感染度分别为233.57个/克和106.8个/克。对严重感染的麦穗鱼、黑龙江鳑皱、鲈塘鳢、青鳉等4种鱼进行了囊蚴数的测定。对感染度高的麦穗鱼、黑龙江鳑鮍、青鳉等3种鱼做了囊蚴分布的调查,发现鱼皮内和鱼肉内囊蚴最多,各部位囊蚴的数量是否与检查季节有关,须进一步探讨。     

华支睾吸虫囊蚴存活时限的观察

本文对华支睾吸虫囊蚴在麦重申内和鱼体死亡腐烂分离出在水中存活时限作了初步观察。自鱼体死后４，７，９，１２，１５及１６天时各镜检１００个囊蚴，到１２天时有４２％的囊蚴存活。捕获阳性麦穗鱼在室内饲养，１年后囊蚴几何均数下降７０．８３％；并以各月龄囊蚴民活数为依据，作了简单略生命表分析。     

华枝睾吸虫与次睾属两种吸虫囊蚴的分离及脱囊观察

在江苏省的华枝睾吸虫病流行区,经常发现鱼体寄生有后睾科吸虫的囊蚴,例如:在麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)与棒花鱼(Pseudogobio rivularis)中的华枝睾吸虫(Clonorchis sinensis)、东方次睾吸虫(Metorchis orjentalis)及台湾次睾吸虫(Metorchis taiwanensis)的囊蚴。为分离这     

大白鼠感染华支睾吸虫的易感性及稳定性

华支睾吸虫的实验宿主,所见报告有猫、犬、豚鼠、家兔、仓鼠、海狸、大鼠及小鼠等。Wykoff(1958)及Yoshimura等(1972)对大鼠华支睾吸虫病模型进行过一些研究。国内有关大鼠感染华支睾吸虫的系统资料尚未见到。我们对大白鼠感染华支睾吸虫的感染率、获虫率、载虫数及虫体发育情况进行了一些观察,现将结果报告如下。材料和方法选体重约120克的健康大白鼠,雌雄各半。主要来自本所动物房,少数来自重庆市。囊蚴由本病流行区的麦穗鱼体内分离。选择蚴虫活泼,排泄囊黑,颗粒明显的囊蚴,按每鼠所需感染数量放入凹玻片中,用少量清水保存备用。用玻璃…     

华枝睾吸虫和东方次睾吸虫囊蚴形态、同工酶及蛋白质等比较研究

在华枝睾吸虫病流行病学调查过程中,检查第二中间宿主淡水鱼类有无囊蚴感染是重要的一环。华枝睾吸虫囊蚴和东方次睾吸虫囊蚴的外部形态颇为相似,初学者鉴别较难,我们进行了形态大小的测量和观察,并将两种囊蚴的     

海口地区集贸市场淡水鱼华枝睾吸虫囊蚴感染调查

用直接压片法和人工消化法检查了海口集贸市场上5种淡水色(鲫色、罗非鱼、鲤鱼、土鲮色、白鲳)感染华枝睾吸虫囊蚴情况。结果表明：5种淡水色的总感染率为53．66％。其中,鲤鱼、土鲮色、鲫鱼、罗非鱼、白鲳的感染率分别为68．75％、58．82％、58．06％、48．57％和36．67％;平均每克鱼肉含囊蚴数最高的是鲫鱼(9．47个／g),平均每尾阳性鱼含囊蚴数最高的是土鲮鱼(43个／尾)。     

武汉近郊集贸市场淡水鱼华枝睾吸虫囊蚴感染情况调查

本实验采用直接压片法和人工消化法,分别对武汉近郊厂埠屯,马房山集贸市场５种常见小型淡水鱼感染华枝睾吸虫囊蚴进行了调查,其总感染率为７３．２％,麦穗鱼感染率最高９０．８％,鲫鱼,中华旁旁皮鱼,银飘鱼,黄幼鱼的感染率分别为１９．４％,１６．７％,９．１％,５．９％;每克鱼肉含囊蚴最高的也是麦穗鱼,经统计学检验,感染率有显著性差异。     

华枝睾吸虫囊蚴的形成过程

华枝睾吸虫的生活史已有不少人做过专门研究。徐锡藩(1939)在实验室将人工感染本虫的一种淡水螺(Bithynia,fuchsianus)和未曾感染本虫的麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)苗放在同一水族缸里饲养,6个半月后在鱼体肌肉内获得与自然感染相同形态的华枝睾吸虫囊蚴。徐秉锟(1964)报告本虫在纹沼螺(Parafoisarulus Striatulus)体内能完成囊蚴期发育。铃木了司等(1966)曾用本虫尾蚴感染鲤科淡水鱼鳞(zacco platylus)和麦穗鱼进     

泰兴县沿江地区野生动物及犬、猫寄生蠕虫的调查

1983年8—12月我们在长江北岸沿江的永安、马甸、泰兴镇、城西、张桥、新市、七圩等8个乡、镇,先后检查了家犬40只、家猫16只、野兔8只、家鼠66只、黄鼠狼39只、野猫1只、猪獾1只、狗獾2只、蛇1条、鹭鸶1只。共获得寄生蠕虫31种,隶属3纲20科28属。结果见表。表泰兴县沿江地区野生动物及犬、猫寄生蠕虫情况种名寄生宿主感染率(%)感染强度寄生部位心状咽口吸虫Pharyngostomun cordatum家猫4745—716小肠粘膜下华枝睾吸虫Clonorchis sinensis家犬63%,家猫94%,黄鼠狼5%1—1321胆管猫后睾吸虫Opisthorchis felineus家猫66胆管Metametorchis sp.…     

华枝睪吸虫动物接种法

进行华枝睾吸虫动物接种以前,首先应当检查当地那一种淡水鱼类身上感染该虫的囊蚴最多。一般许多种类的淡水鱼,例如鲫鱼,青鱼、鲩鱼,川条鱼等,都有该虫的囊蚴。囊蚴在鱼身上的位置主要是在鳞下,皮下组织,鳃上和肌肉组织。根据前人检查的结果:鳞下占2％,鳃上4.7％,皮下组织5.9％,肌肉组织87.4％。购得这些角以后将     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor