圆尾肖蛸的世代实验种群生命表

本文根据圆尾肖蛸(TetragnathavermiformisEmerton,1884)的各代幼蛛存活率、雌蛛产卵率、产卵量和孵化率,组建了圆尾肖蛸各代实验种群生命表。结果表明,圆尾肖蛸第二代的种群增长指数最大,为65.41;第三代的种群增长指数最小,为29.47。     

四种肖蛸卵袋特征及守卵习性观察

圆尾肖蛸(Tetragnathavermiformis)、鳞纹肖蛸(T.squamata)、锥腹肖蛸(T.maxillosa)和前齿肖蛸(T.praedenia)为我国农田、果园和森林内常见蜘蛛,能够捕食多种害虫,为某些植物害虫的重要天敌。作者通过田间和室内观察,将各种不同蜘蛛卵袋的形态和守卵状态作了观察和描述,以供野外调查时参考。一、圆尾肖蛸(图A)产卵地点稻、棉、旱地等作物上。卵袋多产于单子叶植株叶的正面。以向阳处为多。沟边、湿地较多见。卵袋特征圆形,多为黄白色或淡土黄色。卵粒团呈圆球形,最大直径达7毫米,一般为4—5毫米,随着日期的增长面色渐加深,以至呈灰褐色。…     

2种织圆网蜘蛛个体大小与蛛网粘丝区面积间关系

在不惊扰蜘蛛的情况下对悦目金蛛Argiope amoena和圆尾肖蛸Tetragnatha vermiformis的个体大小与蛛网粘丝区面积问的相关性进行了野外观察。主要测量了蜘蛛体长、蛛网粘丝区直径、蛛网框丝固着点间最大距离、网中枢到地面或水面距离、网平面与水平线的夹角等参数;另外还对蛛网框丝固着点间最大距离作为圆网蛛网址选择行为量化指标的可行性进行了探讨。结果表明,2种蜘蛛体长与蛛网粘丝区面积以及蜘蛛体长与蛛网框丝固着点间最大距离均呈现明显的正相关。悦目金蛛体长与蛛网粘丝区面积的相关性高于圜尾肖蛸,这可能与悦目金蛛在其生境中易于找到框丝固着点、而圆尾肖蛸在其生境中较难找到框丝同着点有关;     

白毫早茶园3种害虫与其捕食性天敌的数量、时间和空间关系

为了合理利用和保护天敌进行卵形短须螨、双斑长跗萤叶甲和假眼小绿叶蝉的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法对合肥地区白毫早茶园3种主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间等方面关系进行分析,利用害虫与天敌关系密切指数之和综合评判9种天敌与3种害虫关系密切的前四位天敌。2015年卵形短须螨的前四位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸(5.3079)、三突花蟹蛛(5.1716)、锥腹肖蛸(4.8367)和草间小黑蛛(4.7869);2016年前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(5.3975)、鳞纹肖蛸(4.9414)、茶色新圆蛛(4.8757)、锥腹肖蛸(4.6815)。对两年结果综合分析,卵形短须螨的前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(10.5691)、鳞纹肖蛸(10.2493)、茶色新圆蛛(9.6353)和锥腹肖蛸(9.5182)。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.6926)、异色瓢虫(5.6976)、八斑球腹蛛(5.5101)和斜纹猫蛛(5.4552);2016年依次是茶色新圆蛛(5.2909)、锥腹肖蛸(5.2710)、鳞纹肖蛸(5.1063)和斜纹猫蛛(5.0703)。对两年结果综合评判,双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌是锥腹肖蛸(10.9636)、茶色新圆蛛(10.6578)、异色瓢虫(10.7580)和鳞纹肖蛸(10.5437)。2015年假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.3614)、粽管巢蛛(5.2259)、斜纹猫蛛(5.1300)和茶色新圆蛛(4.7472);2016年是锥腹肖蛸(5.2666)、粽管巢蛛(5.2561)、草间小黑蛛(4.9376)和斜纹猫蛛(4.8335)。对两年结果综合评判,假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(10.6280)、粽管巢蛛(10.4820)、斜纹猫蛛(9.9635)和茶色新圆蛛(8.6137)。该研究结果为白毫早茶园3种害虫防治时合理保护和利用自然界的天敌的种类提供了科学依据。     

天敌对“乌牛早”茶园4种害虫空间跟随关系密切程度的年度差异

为了合理保护和利用天敌及科学地选取抽样方法,2015年和2016年合肥地区乌牛早茶园茶蚜、假眼小绿叶蝉、卵形短须螨和双斑长跗萤叶甲与其天敌之间的空间关系,并比较两年间同一种天敌与该害虫空间跟随关系密切程度差异的原因。运用地学统计学方法求得天敌和害虫各自的变程,用灰色关联度方法分析害虫与天敌变程之间的关联度,关联度值越大的天敌在空间上对害虫的跟随关系越密切。与害虫空间跟随关系密切的前三位天敌,2015年茶蚜的是茶色新圆蛛、锥腹肖蛸和粽管巢蛛,2016年是锥腹肖蛸、八斑球腹蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,两年只有锥腹肖蛸相同。2015年假眼小绿叶蝉的是茶色新圆蛛,八斑球腹蛛和粽管巢蛛,2016年的是八斑球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,两年间前三位天敌中有八斑球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛相同,但位次不同。2015年卵形短须螨空间跟随关系密切的前三位天敌是茶色新圆蛛、粽管巢蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,2016年的是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和八斑球腹蛛,两年间前三位天敌中有粽管巢蛛和鳞纹肖蛸相同,但位次不同。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的是八斑球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,2016年的是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和茶色新圆蛛,两年间前三位天敌中有鳞纹肖蛸和粽管巢蛛相同,但位次不同。初步分析表明年度间与害虫跟随关系天敌位次的变化原因是,害虫个体数与某种天敌个体数之比,比值越小,天敌与害虫跟随关系越密切,似乎是天敌食饵资源短缺所致。     

茶园卵形短须螨的优势种天敌研究

为了明确卵形短须螨的优势种天敌,为卵形短须螨的综合治理提供科学依据,运用灰色关联度法、地学统计方法和生态位方法,开展了乌牛早茶园和白毫早茶园年度间和茶树品种间天敌对卵形短须螨在数量、时间、空间关系上跟随关系密切程度差异的研究。对上述结果进行标准化,进行综合评判,据此明确卵形短须螨的优势种天敌。结果是,两年间乌牛早茶园卵形短须螨前四位天敌依次是草间小黑蛛、鳞纹肖蛸、斜纹猫蛛和茶色新圆蛛;白毫早茶园是三突花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸。2015年两品种茶园卵形短须螨前四位相同的天敌是鳞纹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛、草间小黑蛛和锥腹肖蛸;2016年是斜纹猫蛛、三突花蟹蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和草间小黑蛛。对两品种茶园2015年和2016年卵形短须螨优势种天敌的综合评判,前四位天敌中相同的天敌是鳞纹肖蛸和茶色新圆蛛。此结果为利用自然天敌控制卵形短须螨提供了科学依据。     

3种海拔高度茶园中2种害虫与其天敌间的数量和空间关系

用灰色系统分析法和生态位分析法对安徽省潜山县高、中、低3种海拔茶园中2种主要害虫与其天敌在数量和空间上的相互关系进行研讨,经综合排序得出:低海拔茶园假眼小绿叶蝉的主要天敌是锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛,中海拔茶园为八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和鞍型花蟹蛛,高海拔茶园为锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛和草间小黒蛛。低海拔茶园柑橘粉虱的主要天敌是八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和异色瓢虫,中海拔茶园为鞍型花蟹蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛,高海拔茶园为锥腹肖蛸、八点球腹蛛和斑管巢蛛。上述几种天敌与2种主要害虫在数量和空间上有显著的追随关系。不同海拔高度茶园中2种主要害虫的主要天敌种类存在差异。     

中国云南肖蛸科肖蛸属2新种（蜘蛛目，肖蛸科）

描述了云南高黎贡山肖蛸科肖蛸属2新种：贡山肖蛸,新种Tetragnatha gongskansp．nov．和尹氏肖蛸,Tetragnatha yinae sp．nov．。提供了详细的描述和分布数据。模式标本保存在湖南师范大学生命科学学院和美国加州科学院。     

茶细蛾主要蜘蛛天敌种类的研究

【目的】为了明确乌牛早和白毫早茶园与茶细蛾Caloptilia theivora关系密切的主要蜘蛛天敌种类,为茶细蛾的综合治理工作中科学利用和保护自然天敌提供科学依据。【方法】用灰色关联度法分析天敌对茶细蛾在数量上的关联度和天敌与茶细蛾空间半变异函数理论模型变程间的关联度,用生态位分析法研究天敌与茶细蛾之间的时间生态位相似性系数,对上述结果进行标准化,即二种关联度和相似性系数各自除以本类型参数的最大值,其商为密切指数。密切指数之和的最大者即为与茶细蛾关系密切的第一位天敌,以此为依据分析与茶细蛾跟随关系密切的天敌位次在茶树品种间和年度间的差异。【结果】茶树品种间差异是,2015年乌牛早茶园对茶细蛾跟随关系密切的前四位天敌中有粽管巢蛛ClubionajaponicolaBoes. et Str、锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus、茶色新圆蛛Neoscona theisi,2015年白毫早茶园有粽管巢蛛、锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛和斜纹猫蛛,两品种间8种天敌位次相异率为62.5%。2016年白毫早茶园的是斜纹猫蛛、粽管巢蛛、茶色新圆蛛和锥腹肖蛸,乌牛早茶园的是茶色新圆蛛、草间小黑蛛Erigonidiumgraminicolum、锥腹肖蛸和粽管巢蛛,两品种平均位次相异率为87.5%。两年两品种间天敌位次相异率为75%。年度间差异,2015年与2016年年度间相比,乌牛早茶园前四位天敌均有锥腹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛、茶色新圆蛛,但位次不同。天敌位次相异率为87.5%。白毫早茶园年度间,前四位均有锥腹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛、茶色新圆蛛和斜纹猫蛛,但位次不同,天敌位次相异率为75%。两种茶园年度间平均天敌位次相异率为81.25%。根据序号之和及密切指数之和评判,与茶细蛾在数量,时间和空间关系密切的前四位蜘蛛类天敌依次是棕管巢蛛、茶色新圆蛛、锥腹肖蛸和斜纹猫蛛。【结论】茶树品种对茶细蛾天敌位次的影响大于年度间的影响。     

华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸不同龄期饥饿耐受性研究

【目的】测定华丽肖蛸Tetragnatha nitens和锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa在实验条件下的耐饥力,确定其龄期与耐饥力之间的关系,为稻田害虫综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】实验条件:不供食物、实验温度为25℃,在人工气候箱内饲养并饥饿华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸的幼蛛及成蛛。华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸根据龄期分别设置3个处理组以及与每个处理组对应的对照组,每3 d统计死亡率。【结果】饥饿状态下华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸的存活时间与体重之间相关性是极显著的;华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸各自3个不同龄期组的存活时间具有极显著差异;华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸对应的3个相同龄期组的存活时间无显著差异;不同龄期组幼蛛的阶段成活率与存活时间之间符合二次抛物线关系。用拟合曲线得出华丽肖蛸的饥饿半致死时间(t50)和致死时间(t95)分别为22 d和32 d;锥腹肖蛸的饥饿半致死时间(t50)和致死时间(t95)分别为20 d和28 d。【结论】华丽肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸的幼蛛在没有食物的实验条件下,具有一定的耐饥饿能力,仍可存活一定的时间。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.