硫对水稻幼苗乙烯产生的影响

水稻幼苗缺硫培养12—15天,叶和根中的乙烯产生量明显降低,缺硫培养时间延长,根的乙烯产生量继续降低,叶的乙烯产生量升高。在缺硫幼苗中供给 SO_4~(2-)和0.1mmol/l 的半胱氨酸,乙烯产生量分别在36和12小时后升高到加硫幼苗的水平。供给0.1mmol/l 蛋氨酸,6小时后的乙烯产生量已高于加硫的幼苗。测定培养13天的幼苗叶片中游离氨基酸表明,缺硫幼苗其蛋氨酸和胱氨酸的含量降低。     

外源6-BA对缺镁胁迫下两优培九幼苗的缓解效应

以三叶一心期的两优培九幼苗为材料,比较研究了缺镁及叶面喷施6-BA对缺镁胁迫下两优培九叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,可溶性蛋白含量及细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明:随着两优培九缺镁胁迫程度的加剧,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,SOD、POD、CAT活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而细胞膜透性、NR活性则呈现升高的趋势;喷施6-BA对缺镁胁迫具有一定程度的缓解作用。因而可推测外源6-BA可在一定程度上改善由于缺镁而造成的营养缺乏症。     

硫水平对玉米氮、硫代谢特性及根系活性的影响

通过Hoagland营养液水培玉米,定量研究了供S水平对玉米根系活性和植株S、N代谢特性的影响．当玉米缺S时。玉米根系活性和叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著降低,植株冠／根比增大;根系与地上部对S、N的吸收均减少。S在根系和新生叶中分配相对减少、在衰老叶和茎鞘中分配相对增多;N在根系中分配增多,新生叶和完全展开叶中分配相对减少;植株蛋白质、蛋白氮、蛋白硫、无机硫的含量均显著降低,非蛋白氮比率增多,无机硫占总S的比率变小,全N／全S比增大;蛋白质中的N／S比在地上部无显著变化。而在根系中显著增大;根系对S缺乏的反应更为敏感．研究表明。缺S植株蛋白质含量与NR活性之间呈极显著正相关;S的缺乏或过量均影响玉米的N、S代谢;以根系作为S素营养诊断器官。以N／S比或无机S／全S比作为诊断指标较灵敏。正常条件下其数值分别为10．7和0．302．     

根际温度对黄瓜幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响

采用营养液栽培法,以‘春秋王2号’黄瓜为实验材料,研究了4个根际温度梯度处理(20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃)对其幼苗生长,地上部、地下部生理生化指标的影响,探讨根际温度对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响机理。结果显示:(1)黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积和地上地下生物量在25℃处理下都明显大于其他3个处理,而在35℃处理下均显著降低。(2)20℃、25℃处理下,黄瓜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)均较大,此时其叶片与根系中的淀粉、蔗糖、总糖含量较高且明显高于30℃处理,35℃根际温度处理下叶片Pn严重下降。(3)根际30℃、35℃高温使得黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系中的POD活性升高,CAT活性降低;而叶片中SOD、APX活性均随根际温度的升高而增大,根系中则表现出了逐渐下降趋势。(4)叶片和根系的电解质渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量在25℃下最低,而在35℃处理下最高;叶片中脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量在35℃处理下最高,但此时根系中含量显示最低。研究表明,4个根际温度中,25℃最适合黄瓜幼苗的生长,35℃高温直接作用部位(根系)的2种主要渗透调节物质脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量下降,此时叶片和根系中抗氧化酶活性的变化使得细胞膜受到了明显的过氧化伤害,根系受伤害程度加重,从而抑制了植株整体的生长。     

多裂骆驼蓬中生物碱类物质对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

室内培养和盆栽试验结果表明,多裂骆驼蓬生物碱提取液浸种的小麦萌发种子呼吸速率、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性受抑,种子萌发率下降并随处理浓度提高而降低。幼苗根系活性和叶绿素含量提高,叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性增强,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降;幼苗根体积,株高、根系和地上部干重增加。多裂骆驼蓬生物碱提取液浸种对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长作用的大小顺序为：总生物碱〉水溶性生物碱〉脂溶性生物碱。     

某些环境条件对硝酸还原酶活性稳定因子的影响

小麦 Triticum aestivum L.苗在 NO_3~--N 完全营养液中培养比在 NH_4~ -N 完全营养液中培养,它们叶细胞内的硝酸还原酶(NR)即 NO_3-NR 比 NH_4-NR 活性增高了15倍,而它们叶片中的稳定因子(NR_(SF)),即 NO_3-NR_(SF)比 NH_4-NR_(SF)活化 NO_3-NR 的能力仅增加0.2倍,表明 NR 与 NR_(SF)不是依存关系;另外在 NO_3~--N 培养的黄化小麦叶片,及黄化缺氮、缺铝,加(?)的叶片中,所有的 NR_(SF)都十分稳定,并且保持较高活性,但这些叶片中没有测出NR 活性,因而认为,在植物叶细胞中,NR_(SF)不是调节 NR 活性的主要条件。     

6-BA对缺磷白羽扇豆排根形成和有机酸分泌的影响

缺磷条件下白羽扇豆能够形成排根,并增加有机酸分泌.但上述过程的调节机制尚不清楚.该文的结果表明,使用外源6-BA不影响缺磷白羽扇豆的生长和磷在体内的分配,但明显抑制了根簇的形成和有机酸分泌.经低浓度6-BA(10-8 mol/L)处理后转移至不含6-BA的缺磷营养液中继续培养的植株,其根簇形成和有机酸分泌得到恢复,甚至超过未经6-BA处理的缺磷植株;但高浓度6-BA(10-7 mol/L)对根簇形成和有机酸分泌的抑制作用不可恢复.对6-BA影响缺磷的白羽扇豆排根形成和有机酸分泌的可能机制进行了讨论.     

缺氮和复氮对菘蓝幼苗生长及氮代谢的影响

对基质育苗后水培的菘蓝进行缺氮与复氮处理,分析其生长情况及氮代谢产物含量的变化,探讨缺氮和复氮对菘蓝幼苗生长及氮代谢的影响,以提高菘蓝产量和品质以及栽培过程中的氮素利用效率。结果显示:(1)正常供氮条件下,菘蓝幼苗的叶绿素含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、硝态氮含量、靛玉红含量为最高,而其株高、主根直径、根的鲜重与干重、叶的鲜重与干重、根系活力均最小。(2)缺氮处理增加了菘蓝幼苗的主根直径和根干重,提高其根系活力和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,促进游离氨基酸在叶中的积累;但降低了GS的活性,也降低了叶中硝态氮、可溶性蛋白、靛玉红及根中游离氨基酸的含量;缺氮对叶中靛蓝的含量无明显影响。(3)复氮处理增加了菘蓝幼苗的株高、主根长、根鲜重、叶鲜重、叶干重,提高了其根系活力,降低了NR和GS的活性;与对照相比,复氮降低了叶中硝态氮含量,提高了叶中可溶性蛋白、靛蓝及根中游离氨基酸的含量,但对叶中游离氨基酸和靛玉红含量影响较小。研究表明,缺氮后再复氮有利于菘蓝幼苗叶的生长,同时有利于增加其叶内靛蓝含量,从而提高其产量和品质。     

CO2倍增对不同氮水平下小麦幼苗根系及叶片NR活性的影响

以小麦品种'小偃22'幼苗为材料,采用开顶式气室和水培实验研究了不同供氮水平(2.5、5.0、10.0和 15.0 mmol·L-1)下小麦幼苗植株生长量、根系形态、有机碳分泌速率和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性对大气CO2浓度升高的响应.结果显示,大气CO2浓度倍增均增加了小麦幼苗各生长阶段根冠生物量以及根系长度、面积、有机碳分泌速率和叶片NR活性.随供氮水平的提高,各生长阶段幼苗根冠生物量、根长和面积以及叶片NR活性呈上升趋势,而有机碳分泌速率呈下降趋势;根冠比变化不同阶段表现不一致,一叶一心期呈下降趋势,二叶一心期和三叶一心期分别以15.0和10.0 mmol·L-1氮水平较高.研究表明,大气CO2浓度升高可促进小麦幼苗根系生长和有机碳分泌速率,提高其氮素同化能力;增加介质供氮有利于高CO2浓度条件下小麦幼苗根冠生长和氮素同化,提高根冠比,减少根系有机碳过度分泌引起的碳损耗.     

脱落酸对离体水稻叶片衰老及其纤维素酶活力的影响

在脱落酸(ABA)促进离体水稻叶片衰老过程中,叶绿素含量日渐下降,纤维素酶活力日益升高。ABA 作用的滞后期为48小时。衰老叶片的胞壁附有大量的纤维素酶。酶从胞内分泌到胞壁,是与质膜结构受到损害,使透性增大有关。6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)与 ABA 的相互作用对纤维素酶活力的影响表明,ABA 引起的水稻叶片衰老可分为两个阶段:在0到1天,6-BA近乎完全逆转 ABA 的效应,第二天有所减弱,这是可逆期;从第三天起,6-BA 对 ABA 几无拮抗作用,为不可逆期开始。     

Effects of Sulfur and 6-Benzvladeine on the Nitrate Reductase Activity in Rice Seedlings

The effects of sulfur and 6-Benzyladeine on the nitrate reductase activity in rice seedlings were studied by the water culture method. The activity of nitrate reductase was decreased, when plants were grown in sulfur deficient solution. Both sulfur deficient plant and the control were treated in nutrient solution with 6-Benzyladenine concentration of 0.01, 0.1 or 1ppm. It was found that the nitrate reductase activity of former plant was increased, while the activity of the latter one was decreased. When the plants were treated in untrient solution with 6-Benzyladenine concentration of 1 ppm, the transformation of inorganic sulfur to organic compounds was markedly increased in the sulfur deficient plant. However it was decreased in control plant.     

Interaction of sulfur and nitrogen nutrition in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants: significance of nitrogen source and root nitrate reductase

Abstract: The significance of root nitrate reductase for sulfur assimilation was studied in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. For this purpose, uptake, assimilation, and long-distance transport of sulfur were compared between wild-type tobacco and transformants lacking root nitrate reductase, cultivated either with nitrate or with ammonium nitrate. A recently developed empirical model of plant internal nitrogen cycling was adapted to sulfur and applied to characterise whole plant sulfur relations in wild-type tobacco and the transformant. Both transformation and nitrogen nutrition strongly affected sulfur pools and sulfur fluxes. Transformation decreased the rate of sulfate uptake in nitrate-grown plants and root sulfate and total sulfur contents in root biomass, irrespective of N nutrition. Nevertheless, glutathione levels were enhanced in the roots of transformed plants. This may be a consequence of enhanced APR activity in the leaves that also resulted in enhanced organic sulfur content in the leaves of the tranformants. The lack of nitrate reductase in the roots in the transformants caused regulatory changes in sulfur metabolism that resembled those observed under nitrogen deficiency. Nitrate nutrition reduced total sulfur content and all the major fractions analysed in the leaves, but not in the roots, compared to ammonium nitrate supply. The enhanced organic sulfur and glutathione levels in ammonium nitrate-fed plants corresponded well to elevated APR activity. But foliar sulfate contents also increased due to decreased re-allocation of sulfate into the phloem of ammonium nitrate-fed plants. Further studies will elucidate whether this decrease is achieved by downregulation of a specific sulfate transporter in vascular tissues.     

Effect of ammonium nutrition on the activity of nitrate reductase in the roots of apple seedlings

Active extracts of nitrate reductase were prepared from theroots of apple seedlings c.v. Granny Smith which were grownin nutrient solution under controlled enviromental conditions.The nutrient solutions contained various ratios of nitrate andammonium ions but all the treatments contained a total of 112ppm nitrogen. Maximum nitrate reductase activity in the roots was obtainedwhen plants were supplied with nitrate as the sole source ofnitrogen. Roots grown in solution containing only ammonium nitrogenhad little or no activity. When plants were supplied with bothforms of nitrogen in the nutrient solution, the presence ofammonium ions markedly lowered the activity of nitrate reductasein the roots. Plants supplied with 98 ppm nitrate nitrogen plus14 ppm ammonium nitrogen had activities only half those of plantsgrown in nitrate alone. Plants supplied with equal amounts ofammonium and nitrate nitrogen had activities less than one sixththose of plants grown in nitrate alone. (Received June 3, 1972; )     

Nitrate uptake by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) roots under phosphate deficiency

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were cultured for 19 d on complete or on phosphate deficient culture media. Low inorganic phosphate concentration in the roots decreased ATP level and nitrate uptake rate. The mechanisms which may control nitrate uptake rate during phosphate deficiency were examined. Plasma membrane enriched fractions from phosphate sufficient and phosphate deficient plants were isolated and compared. The decrease in total phospholipid content was observed in plasma membranes from phosphate deficient roots, but phospholipid composition was similar. No changes in ATPase and proton pumping activities measured in isolated plasma membrane of phosphate sufficient and phosphate deficient bean roots were noted. The electron microscope observations carried out on cortical meristematic cells of the roots showed that active ATPases were found in plasma membrane of both phosphate sufficient and phosphate deficient plants. The decrease in inorganic phosphate concentration in roots led to increased nitrate accumulation in roots, accompanied by a corresponding alterations in NO₃ distribution between shoots and roots. Nitrate reductase activity in roots of phosphate deficient plants estimated in vivo and in vitro was reduced to 50–60% of the control. The increased NO₃ concentration in root tissue may be explained by decreased NR activity and lower transport of nitrate from roots to shoots. Therefore, the reduction of nitrate uptake during phosphate starvation is mainly a consequence of nitrate accumulation in the roots.     

Cadmium phytoextraction potential of poplar clones (Populus spp.)

Biomass production, leaf number and area, photosynthetic and dark respiration rates, leaf concentration of photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase activity, as well as cadmium concentrations in leaves, stem, and roots were measured in poplar clones PE 4/68, B-229, 665, and 45/51. Plants were grown hydroponically under controlled conditions and treated with two different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (10(-5) and 10(-7) M) in the same background solution (Hoagland's solution). The presence of Cd did not cause serious disturbance of growth and physiological parameters in the studied poplar clones. Cd concentrations in plant tissues reflected external concentrations. In treated plants, root contents increased from 38.57 to 511.51 ppm, leaf contents from 0.91 to 7.50, while stem contents ranged from 1.37 to 9.50 ppm.     

Effect of nodulation on the nitrate assimilation in vegetative soybean plants

Summary Nitrate assimilation in the first trifoliate leaf of vegetative soybean plants (Glycine max L. Merr, cv Hodgson) was studied in relation to nodulation. Nodulated and non-nodulated plants were grown in a nitrate medium (4 mM). As a control nodulated plants were grown in a nutrient medium without combined nitrogen. This study included measurements of the acetylene reduction activity of the whole plant and of thein vitro nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in the first leaf and of the nitrate concentration. Nitrate accumulation and nitrate reductase activity were depressed in nodulated plants; root growth was decreased in the presence of nitrate. The relationships between nitrate assimilation and nodulation are discussed.     

Ontogenetic Variation of Nitrogenase, Nitrate Reductase, and Glutamine Synthetase Activities in Oryza sativa

The relationship between the rates of nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activities, and plant ontogeny in rice (Oryza sativa L.), cultivar `M9', grown in salt marsh sediment with and without nitrate treatment was studied. In both treatments, nitrogenase activity measured as the immediate linear rate of acetylene reduction by bacteria associated with the roots varied with plant age. In control plants, the nitrogenase activity developed during the vegetative stage, peaked during early reproductive growth and then declined. The application of 10 kilograms N per hectare as KNO₃ once every 2 weeks delayed the development of and decreased the nitrogenase activity. The nitrogenase activity in both treatments developed as leaf nitrate reductase activity declined. The per cent nitrogen of roots was negatively correlated with the rates of acetylene reduction during the life cycles of control and nitrate-treated plants. This suggests that the concentration of combined nitrogen in the plants controlled the development and rate of root-associated nitrogenase activity. During reproductive growth, no nitrate reductase activity was detected in the roots from either treatment. In control plants, the patterns of nitrogenase activity and glutamine synthetase activity in the roots were similar. Thus, rice roots have the potential to assimilate ammonia while fixing N₂. During the vegetative and early reproductive stages of growth, the development of maximal rates of nitrogenase activity coincided with an increase of total nitrogen of the plants in both treatments.     

Zinc-Induced Changes in Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in Artemisia annua

Responses of Artemisia annua to different concentrations of zinc [50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 μg g⁻¹(soil dry mass)] were studied during plant ontogeny. Total leaf area, dry mass of leaves, length and dry mass of shoots and roots increased with the age of the plant but the magnitude of increase declined significantly under the influence of Zn treatment. Net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and stomatal conductance were highest at flowering stage in control and treated plants and decreased at post flowering stage. Contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, proteins and nitrate reductase activity in leaves increased from pre-flowering to maximum level at flowering stage and decreased thereafter in both control and treated plants. Presence of Zn in the soil drastically decreased/inhibited all the parameters, and the magnitude of decline increased with increasing Zn concentration. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relationships between Nitrate Reductase Activity, Plant Weight and Nitrogen Content in Seedlings of Triticum, Aegilops and Triticale

Seedlings of 12 genotypes were grown in pots and watered withnutrient solutions providing 0, 1, 6 and 20 mg equivalents ofnitrate per I. Increasing the external nitrate supply broughtabout increases in plant weight, nitrate, reduced nitrogen concentrationsand in vivo nitrate reductase activity. When given solutioncontaining 6 mg equivalents of nitrate per litre, the plantscontained approximately 0.1 per cent nitrate, a concentrationsimilarto that found in field-grown plantsat thesamestage of growth.At the 6 mg equivalent level nitrate supply, nitrate reductaseactivity was strongly positively correlated with the concentrationsof nitrate and reduced nitrogen and negatively correlated withplant weight. Similar, though weaker, correlations were foundat the lower and higher levels of nitrate supply. The two Triticalegenotypes however, had higher than average plant weights andnitrate reductase activities, while plants of the two Aegilopsspecies weighed much less, especially at the higher levels ofnitrate supply, than the average of all 12 genotypes and generallyhad correspondingly greater nitrate and reduced nitrogen concentrationsand nitrate reductase activities. For individual genotypes,plant weight at a given level of nitrate supply was stronglycorrelated with weight at all other levels. In a second experiment seedlings of 150 genotypes were grownin compost watered with 10 mM Ca(NO₃)₂ Nitrate and reduced nitrogenconcentrations were negatively correlated with plant weightbut there was no significant correlation between nitrate reductaseactivityand either plant weight, nitrate or reduced nitrogen concentration. The results are taken to indicate that genetic factors, otherthan those determining the supply of reduced nitrogen, werelimiting growth and that as a consequence small plants accumulatednitrate and reduced nitrogen compounds in greater concentrationsthan large ones. The greater nitrate concentrations in smallplants may have induced the increased nitrate reductase activityfound in these, as compared with larger plants. Because plantweight varied more than did reduced nitrogen concentration,variation in reduced nitrogen per plant was more highly correlatedwith plant weight than with per cent reduced nitrogen.     

Partitioning of Sugar between Growth and Nitrate Reduction in Cotton Roots

The level of endogenous sugars was inversely related to nitrate availability in young cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants, with high nitrate causing a greater decline in sugar content of roots than of shoots. High nitrate (low sugar) plants also displayed relatively more shoot growth and less root growth than low nitrate (high sugar) plants. These data are consistent with the theory that roots are poor competitors for sugar, and that sugar supply is a major factor limiting root growth in vivo.

The effects of endogenous sugar level on root growth and on nitrate reductase activity in the root were different. When root sugar level was experimentally controlled by varying nitrate concentration in the nutrient solution, root growth was less sensitive than nitrate reductase activity to sugar deficiency. Also, in sterile root tips cultured on media containing a wide range of sucrose concentrations, growth rate was considerably less sensitive to endogenous sugar deficiency than was nitrate assimilation rate. Similarly, in plants which were detopped or girdled, nitrate reductase activity in the roots declined more rapidly than did root sugars, especially glucose and fructose. These results suggest that when sugar is deficient, cotton roots preferentially use it for growth at the expense of nitrate reduction.