可产生铁载体的春兰根内生细菌多样性

摘要：【目的】了解可产生铁载体的春兰根内生细菌的多样性,以便筛选到高效的植物促生细菌。【方法】采用CAS检测法测定了189株春兰根内生细菌产生铁载体的能力,并结合16S rRNA基因系统发育分析对可产铁载体的春兰根内生细菌多样性进行了研究。【结果】从189株春兰内生细菌中筛选到47株可产生铁载体的细菌,占菌株总数的24.9%。16S rRNA基因系统发育分析结果表明,47株细菌分属于4个系统发育类群（Alphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria）,17个属的31个种。其中放线菌门为最优势类群（42.6%）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）和贪噬菌属（Variovorax）为优势菌属,且贪噬菌属为高产铁载体的主体菌属。另外有2个菌株可能代表两个不同属的新物种。【结论】春兰根中可产生铁载体的内生细菌具有丰富的多样性。     

心衰心脏收缩蛋白分子变化及与收缩力的关系

采用ＤＯＣＡ硅胶管皮下埋入法建立大鼠心衰模型,从基因转录水平检测正常与心衰大鼠心肌组织中心肌收缩蛋白分子基因α－ＭＨＣ、β－ＭＨＣ、α－ｃａｒｄｉａｃａｃｔｉｎ、α－ｓｋｅｌｅｔａｌａｃｔｉｎ表达的变化。结果显示：（１）心衰大鼠心肌收缩力指标ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ较正常大鼠明显降低（下降２７．５１％,Ｐ＜０．０１）,（２）心衰大鼠与正常大鼠相比,心肌组织中α－ＭＨＣ基因表达水平显著下降（降低２１．４３％,Ｐ＜０．０５）,β－ＭＨＣ基因表达水平显著升高（升高６２．４３％,Ｐ＜０．０１）、α－ｃａｒｄｉａｃａｃｔｉｎ基因和α－ｓｋｅｌｅｔａｌａｃｔｉｎ基因表达水平未见明显改变,（３）α－ＭＨＣｍＲＮＡ的含量与心肌收缩力指标ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ值之间存在正相关关系（ｒ＝０．４１４３,ｎ＝４３,Ｐ＜０．０５）,β－ＭＨＣｍＲＮＡ的含量与ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ值之间存在负相关关系。（ｒ＝－０．３９０２,ｎ＝４３,Ｐ＜０．０５）。这提示：心肌组织中ＭＨＣ基因表达水平的改变是心衰时心肌收缩力降低的主要分子基础     

吐尔吉山水库养殖季细菌数量动态及其鱼产力的研究

对吐尔吉山水库养殖季细菌数量测定表明：细菌数波动在０．２６×１０６～１８．６３×１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｍｌ,高峰期出现在８～１０月。水库有草区细菌数明显高于无草区。浮游生物、ＣＯＤ、ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ及ＰＯ３－４－Ｐ与细菌数之间均无明显相关性。细菌数在水库表、底水层未见显著差异。养殖季细菌的平均世代时间为５２ｈ,日生长常数（ｋ）０．３８,细菌生产量１．５９ｍｇ／ｌ·ｄ,占浮游植物初级产量的２７％。养殖季细菌可提供４．７６ｇ／ｍ３的鱼产量。     

嗜水气单胞菌铁载体的提纯及特性分析

提纯了嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｈ）Ｊ１ 株的铁载体（ｓｉｄｅｒｏｐｈｏｒｅ） ,并对其特性进行了初步分析。Ａｈ Ｊ１ 株的培养上清液经聚酰胺柱层析、双蒸水洗脱、乙酸乙脂沉淀和真空冻干,获得白色粉末。用ＣＡＳ法及Ａｒｎｏｗ 法检测均为阳性,证实为铁载体,含有２ ,３二羟基苯甲酸（２ ,３ＤＨＢ） 功能团,属酚盐类铁载体。高压液相色谱分析表明,此种铁载体仅含甘氨酸、赖氨酸及色氨酸。上述纯化的铁载体,在体外培养条件下能促进产铁载体为弱阳性的Ａｈ Ｎ９ａ 株的生长,且能对抗ＥＤＤＡ 对细菌生长的抑制作用,显示铁载体能促进细菌的增殖,在细菌的感染致病过程中可能起重要作用。     

L—赖氨酸产生菌FH128菌株的研究：（Ⅰ）FH菌株的选育及摇瓶发酵

以赖氨酸产生菌Ａ１１１（ＨＳ＾－,ＡＥＣ＾ｒ）为出发株,经化学诱变剂ＭＮＮＧ（Ｎ－’－硝基－Ｎ－亚硝基胍）及单氟醋酸处理获得单氟生突变株Ｆ７９,摇瓶发酵产Ｌ－赖氨酸盐酸盐７．０％－７．５％,对糖转化率３８％－４０％,分别比Ａ１１１株提高红２５％及２０％。     

桐粮间作林带的配置方式与农作物产量关系的研究

以桐粮间作为例,研究了林带的不同配置结构、林带冠覆盖率及小麦产量之间的关系。结果表明,林带距（Ｘｄ）、小麦相对产量（Ｙ）及间作年（Ａ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝９０．３２９０－１．９９８２Ａ＋１．１９２４Ｘｄ－０．３３４９Ａ＾２＋０．２９１０ＡＸｄ－０．００３２ＡＸｄ＾２;林带冠覆盖率（Ｘｃ）与小麦相对产量（Ｙ）之间的关系为：Ｙ＝－０．０４６Ｘｃ＾２＋１．１５３９Ｘｃ＋９８．１７３（Ｘｃ≤２８％）,Ｙ＝ｅ     

γ-氨基丁酸对离体大鼠延髓头端腹外侧区神经元单位放电的抑制作用

在７３张脑片上观察了γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）对１０６个延髓头端腹外侧区（ＲＶＬＭ）神经元单位放电的影响。外源性的ＧＡＢＡ（０．１￣３．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）抑制了１０６神经元中的８４个神经元的电活动,这些抑制效应呈剂量－反应关系。ＧＡＢＡ的抑制效应大部分可被ＧＡＢＡＡ受体选择性拮抗剂荷苞牡丹碱甲基碘化物（ＢＭＩ）和Ｃｌ＾－通道阻断剂印防己毒素（ＰＴＸ）所阻断,而单独灌流ＢＭＩ和ＰＴＸ对ＲＶＬＭ神经元主要     

转座子Tn916对固氮螺菌Azospirillum brasilense的接合诱变及氨分 …

以携带质粒ｐＡＭ１２０（Ａｐ＾ｒ,Ｔｃ＾ｒ／Ｔｎ９１６）的大肠杆菌（Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ ＣＧ１２０）为供体菌株,与受体菌巴西固氮螺菌采用膜接合法进行接合转移,在选择平板上得到具较高频率的接合子（１０＾－５／每个供体菌,选择四环素抗性）。从８４６株四环素抗性接合子中进一步用奈氏法筛选得到氨分泌突变株３株。在无氮培养基上,其氨分泌量可达７．５￣１４．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。用乙炔还原法分析氨分泌突变株在不同浓度氮源     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对K~＋刺激的小麦根质膜ATP酶活性、K~＋吸收、外渗及再分配的影响

１０－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＤＯＮ毒素加入小麦根质膜制剂中可促进Ｋ＋刺激的ＡＴＰ酶活力,１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ开始呈抑制效应,抑制程度随ＤＯＮ浓度加大而提高。根尖（５ｃｍ）离体根段于０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＣｌ中,１０－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＤＯＮ能促进根段Ｋ＋吸收,１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上浓度则Ｋ＋吸收呈抑制,１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度下根段的净吸收为负值,表明组织中Ｋ＋大量外渗。根段置蒸馏水中６ｈ,４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＤＯＮ即导致振段Ｋ＋渗漏。用ＤＯＮ处理整株小麦根,浓度在０．２５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上可促进Ｋ＋从植株其它部位向根运输,而浓度在８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时即抑制Ｋ＋向根富集,且根内Ｋ＋明显渗漏。     

嗜碱芽孢杆菌NTT33产碱性β-甘露聚糖酶发酵条件的研究及高产菌株选育

研究了嗜碱芽孢杆菌（ａｌｋａｌｏｐｈｉｌｉｃＢａｃｌｕｓｓｐ．）ＮＴＴ３３发酵产生胞外碱性β－甘露聚糖酶的条件,其最佳碳源为１％槐豆角,最佳氮源为１％蛋白胨＋０．２％酵母膏,发酵培养３６ｈ产酶量最高（达６１．３υ／ｍＬ）。甘油,葡萄糖,甘露糖等对产酶有强的阻遏作用。该菌株经紫外诱变处理后,采用透明圈法初步筛选出在含葡萄糖和不含葡萄糖的槐豆胶培养基上同时产生透明圈的菌株,进一步测定其产酶进程曲线,最后筛选到一株（ＮＴＴ３３－ｒ６）部分消除葡萄糖代谢阻遏高产β－甘露聚糖酶的菌株,其酶活力比出发菌株提高５０％,,达到９６．３Ｕ／ｍｌ;。     

几种非豆科植物根瘤内生菌侵染特征的研究

自不同科、属、种的非豆科植物根瘤分离内生菌,对其寄主植物进行了交叉侵染,结果表明,这些Frankia菌对不同寄主的侵染没有明显的专一性,供试菌可以进行跨越科、属、种的侵染,但有的菌株对于某些植物的侵染,可能存在一些特殊情况,相同菌株对不同植物的侵染能力,以及不同菌株对同一寄主的侵染能力是有差异的。从同一种植物根瘤中分离的不同菌株,侵染能力也有高低之分,供试菌随寄主植物的改变,侵染能力及所建立的共生系统固氮活性有所降低,侵染原寄主植物所形成的根瘤固氮活性较高的菌株,在改变寄主后所形成的根瘤固氮活性也比较高,在一定条件下,寄主植物的结瘤量与根瘤固氮活性呈正相关,而侵染不同寄主后,根瘤中菌体孢子的表面结构也发生了一定变化。     

Iron requirement and siderophore production in Rhizobium ciceri during growth on an iron-deficient medium

Under conditions of iron limitation many rhizospheric bacteria produce siderophores, ferric iron-specific ligands, which may enhance plant growth by increasing the availability of iron near the roots. Thirty-five strains of Rhizobium ciceri, specific to chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), were screened for their ability to grow on iron-deficient medium and to produce siderophores. Maximal growth of all strains previously depleted in iron was obtained in medium containing 5 to 10 m of ferric iron. When iron limitation was achieved by the addition of 2,2-bipyridyl or EDDHA [ethylene diamine di(o-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid] to the medium, only two strains were able to scavenge iron and grow. Siderophore production by these two strains was detected by the Chrome Azurol S assay (CAS), a universal test for siderophores. No hydroxamate-type siderophores were detected in the supernatants of Rhizobium ciceri cultures. However, some strains secreted salicylic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid as phenolate-type siderophores. Addition of ferric iron to the culture medium increased growth yield significantly but depressed the production of siderophores. Although these compounds are produced in response to iron deficiency, nutritive components of the culture medium significantly affected their production. It seems that CuII, MoVI and MnII ions bound competitively with iron to siderophores, resulting in a 34 to 100% increase in production.     

柱孢鱼腥藻固氮酶防氧的呼吸保护

柱孢鱼腥藻生长在缺氮情况下,发现其固氮活性增加的同时也减少了对氧的敏感性。缺氮生长细胞的乙炔还原活性给氧抑制一半时的氧分压(pO_2)是0.5atm.,而有氮生长细胞的半抑制浓度为0.35atm.。这表明蓝藻有可能通过增加呼吸耗氧而提高了它的固氮酶活性。呼吸作用与固氮酶活性之间存在着密切的关系。无论在有氮、缺氮还是光诱导固氮酶形成的情况下,其固氮活性均随着呼吸速率的变化而变化。本研究结果,支持了柱孢鱼腥藻固氮酶的主要防氧手段是呼吸保护的观点。     

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity by siderophores of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pseudomonas</Emphasis> species

To obtain a novel matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor produced by bacteria, we have focused on the chelating activity of siderophores. Several siderophore-producing bacteria were isolated from soil using chrome azurol S agar plates and then the effect of siderophores on MMP-2 activity was assayed by gelatin zymography. The results showed that partially purified siderophores from ten isolated strains inhibited MMP-2 activity. Among these strains, two were non-fluorescent and eight were fluorescent Pseudomonas species. From these eight strains, pyoverdine-type siderophores were detected. The Zn²⁺-chelating activity of these siderophores correlated with the inhibition of MMP-2 activity. Therefore, it is considered that siderophores such as pyoverdines inhibit MMP-2 activity by chelating Zn²⁺ on the active site of MMP-2.     

水稻根际兼性厌氧催娩克氏杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌的固氮与氢代谢

兼性厌氧细菌Enterobacter cloacae菌株E-26和Klebsiella oxytoca菌株NG-13的氢酶与固氮酶同时形成。固氮的最佳碳源为蔗糖、葡萄糖和丙酮酸,此外延胡索酸和苹果酸也能支持固氮。支持固氮的碳源也支持放氢,两者动力学基本一致。40％乙炔预处理后,吸氢活性下跌,放氢量未增加;NH_4~ 抑制固氮酶,但未导致放氢量降低;可能E-26菌株的放氢主要依赖于氢酶。菌株E-26和NG-13的吸氢反应,既能以O_2为电子受体,也能以延胡索酸、硝酸、MB为电子受体。但仅延胡索酸为电子受体时,E-26菌的固氮活性被分子H_2促进,它的氢吸收利用与固氮相偶联;而在CO_2和NH_4~ 代谢与H_2利用之间并无明显相关性,吸氢活性不被CO_2和NH_4~ 促进。     

Isolation of free-living dinitrogen-fixing bacteria and their activity in compost containing de-inking paper sludge

Knowledge of the microbiology of dinitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria in compost rich in de-inking paper sludge (DPS) is limited. Dinitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria from DPS composts were isolated and studied for their N2-fixing activity in vitro and in vivo. Two Gram-negative N2-fixing isolates were identified as Pseudomonas. At 20 degrees C, both isolates revealed that N2-fixing activity was higher than that of three arctic Pseudomonas strains. Their N2-fixing activity was found to occur between 18 and 25 degrees C, a pattern that was similar to the reference isolate Azotobacter ATCC 7486. Composts successfully showed N2-fixing activity after carbohydrate amendments both with and without inoculation of a N2-fixing isolate. These results suggest that DPS composts support N2-fixing bacteria and that N2-fixing activity is dependent on a usable carbohydrate source.     

Hydroxamate-siderophore production and utilization by marine eubacteria

Siderophore (iron-binding chelator) production was examined in 30 strains of open ocean bacteria from the generaVibrio, Alteromonas, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, andPhotobacterium. The results showed that hydroxamate-type siderophore production was widely distributed in various marine species, except for isolates ofAlteromonas macleodii andV. nereis. In all cases, the ability to produce siderophores was under the control of iron levels in the medium and satisfied the iron requirements of the siderophore bioassay organism. On the basis of chemical assay and bacterial bioassays, none of the examined isolates produced phenolate-type siderophores. Several isolates produces siderophores that were neither hydroxamatenor phenolate-type siderophores. Some strains such asAlteromonas communis produce siderophores that could be used by many other isolates. In contrast, the siderophore produced byAlcaligenes venustus had little cross-strain utilization. These findings suggest that the ability to produce siderophores may be common to open ocean bacteria.     

Growth of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is promoted by exogenous hydroxamate and catechol siderophores.

Siderophores bind ferric ions and are involved in receptor-specific iron transport into bacteria. Six types of siderophores were tested against strains representing the 12 different serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Ferrichrome and bis-catechol-based siderophores showed strong growth-promoting activities for A. pleuropneumoniae in a disk diffusion assay. Most strains of A. pleuropneumoniae tested were able to use ferrichrome (21 of 22 or 95%), ferrichrome A (20 of 22 or 90%), and lysine-based bis-catechol (20 of 22 or 90%), while growth of 36% (8 of 22) was promoted by a synthetic hydroxamate, N5-acetyl-N5-hydroxy-L-ornithine tripeptide. A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (strain FMV 87-682) and serotype 5 (strain 2245) exhibited a distinct yellow halo around colonies on Chrome Azurol S agar plates, suggesting that both strains can produce an iron chelator (siderophore) in response to iron stress. The siderophore was found to be neither a phenolate nor a hydroxamate by the chemical tests of Arnow and Csaky, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating the production of an iron chelator and the use of exogenous siderophores by A. pleuropneumoniae. A spermidine-based bis-catechol siderophore conjugated to a carbacephalosporin was shown to inhibit growth of A. pleuropneumoniae. A siderophore-antibiotic-resistant strain was isolated and shown to have lost the ability to use ferrichrome, synthetic hydroxamate, or catechol-based siderophores when grown under conditions of iron restriction. This observation indicated that a common iron uptake pathway, or a common intermediate, for hydroxamate- and catechol-based siderophores may exist in A. pleuropneumoniae.     

Enumeration, isolation, and characterization of n(2)-fixing bacteria from seawater

Marine pelagic N(2)-fixing bacteria have not, in general, been identified or quantified, since low or negligible rates of N(2) fixation have been recorded for seawater when blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are absent. In the study reported here, marine N(2)-fixing bacteria were found in all samples of seawater collected and were analyzed by using a most-probable-number (MPN) method. Two different media were used which allowed growth of microaerophiles, as well as that of aerobes and facultative anaerobes. MPN values obtained for N(2)-fixing bacteria ranged from 0.4 to 1 x 10 per liter for water collected off the coast of Puerto Rico and from 2 to 5.5 x 10 per liter for Chesapeake Bay water. Over 100 strains of N(2)-fixing bacteria were isolated from the MPN tubes and classified, yielding four major groups of NaCl-requiring bacteria based on biochemical characteristics. Results of differential filtration studies indicate that N(2)-fixing bacteria may be associated with phytoplankton. In addition, when N(2)-fixing bacteria were inoculated into unfiltered seawater and incubated in situ, nitrogenase activity could be detected within 1 h. However, no nitrogenase activity was detected in uninoculated seawater or when bacteria were incubated in 0.2-mum-filtered (phytoplankton-free) seawater. The ability of these isolates to fix N(2) at ambient conditions in seawater and the large variety of N(2)-fixing bacteria isolated and identified lead to the conclusion that N(2) fixation in the ocean may occur to a greater degree than previously believed.