鼎湖山森林群落演替之研究(英文)

鼎湖山森林群落在自然状态下遵循一定的客观规律向更优化的气候顶极群落演变。本文分析其1955年至1989年(35年)来的演替结果,总结出鼎湖山森林群落演替的进程和模式,进一步应用植物群落演替系统的线性模型和非线性模型对演替进程进行定量研究,并做出相应的演替进程的数量预测。     

宗教文化对鼎湖山森林资源保护的影响

根据现有的文献史料和保护区内历代留存的碑刻,探讨了不同历史时期内鼎湖山宗教文化的兴衰,历代僧侣对鼎湖山森林实行禁伐保护的管理措施,以及对森林资源保护和森林群落演替的影响。从而提出,仅就文字记载来看,鼎湖山代表性植被——南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林群落受禁伐保护始于1633年,迄今已有366年的保护历史,其中庆云寺僧人实行禁伐保护的历史长达319年。宗教文化是鼎湖山森林群落及生物多样性保存完好的重要原因之一。     

鼎湖山厚壳桂群落演替过程的组成和结构动态

森林群落的演替是以群落结构的变化为表现特征的。本项研究系统地研究鼎湖山森林群落的不同演替阶段的代表性群落在群落演替过程中的群落结构动态。本文以永久样地１２年的前后调查为基础,并比较１９５５年的调查结果,研究了鼎湖山地带性植被季风常绿阔叶林厚壳桂群落在演替过程中的结构动态。结果表明该群落在演替过程中,其种类结构没有大的变化,但优势种群的个体数量有一定的变化。阳生性的类群更趋于衰亡,中生性类群更趋壮大。在群落的组成结构上,其物种多样性指数较为稳定,而生态优势度指数略微下降和群落均匀度指标略微增加,反映了该群落作为接近地带性气候顶极类型的相对稳定的特征。     

南亚热带森林演替过程生物量和生产力动态特征

以鼎湖山森林演替的空间系列及黑石顶天然次生林为研究对象,探讨了南亚热带森林群落生物量和生产力动态特征。研究结果表明,随着演替进程的发展,群落的生物量不断积累,但生物量的各用份的动态趋向并不一致,其中叶生物量的最高值出现在演替的中后期．在演替过程中生产力的动态与生物量变化相一致,随着演替的进展第一性生产力不断增加,但演替过程生产力的发展速率不是均匀的,生产力在群落的演变前期发展较侠,在中、后期则发展较慢。     

鼎湖山马尾松群落演替过程物种变化之研究

在永久样地定位调查的基础上,研究鼎湖山森林植被马尾松群落在十几年演替中种群结构和群落结构的变化．研究结果表明,随着演替的进展,其群落中的乔木种类增多,由４种增至７种．群落的组成结构趋向优化：群落的多样性趋于增加,物种多样性指数由０．５８增到１．６０;群落增加其均匀度,均匀度指数由０．２９增大至０．６９;生态优势度指数由０．８３变为０．３８．十四年的演变明显地改变群落中的优势种的种群结构．先锋性的群落发生种马尾松种群尽管仍是优势种,但消亡的趋势明显;地带性的顶极建群种,如荷木等大大的发展,群落加速向混交林的方向发展演变．     

林窗干扰与森林群落演替

林窗干扰是影响森林群落演替的一个重要因素。该文从林窗干扰和森林群落演替理论及林窗对森林群落微环境、植物入侵和定居、群落结构、群落演替的影响等方面简要介绍了当前国内外有关林窗干扰与森林群落演替的研究现状和研究前景。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林不同成熟度群落特征的比较

研究不同成熟度群落物种的共存状态,了解群落演替过程中结构的动态变化,对揭示森林不同发育时期的群落构建机制具有重要意义。本研究基于鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 ha固定监测样地(以下简称鼎湖山大样地)2010年植被调查的数据,根据径级与林龄将鼎湖山大样地划分为成熟林和过熟林两个斑块,对其群落物种组成、区系特征及径级结构进行了初步的比较。研究发现:(1)成熟林和过熟林种类组成的群落相似性系数高、物种多样性指数相近,以及锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)重要值相似,但物种数、密度、总胸高断面积、物种重要值等有所不同;(2)热带区系成分在两个斑块均占优势,但以过熟林的比例较高;(3)两个斑块虽然所有活立木径级结构分布均呈倒"J"型,但在同径级个体群重要值比较中,成熟林中径级个体群重要值较高,而过熟林则是大径级个体群重要值较高。由此可见,鼎湖山大样地的成熟林与过熟林虽属于同一类群落的演替顶极阶段,但群落结构上却存在差异,推测在林窗作用下不同发育时期的群落存在不同的构建过程。     

南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应及其对森林片断化恢复的意义

通过对鼎湖山两个群落及其边缘群落的长期定位研究,探讨南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应与森林片断化恢复,通过１６ａ的定位研究,从测度群落的物种结构,多样性,生物量与生产力等指标的比较表明,马尾松林群落和混交林群落本身经过１６ａ的演变,虽然有所发展,但变化不大,群落性质没有改变;边缘群落原非常接近马尾松林群落,经过６ａ的演变,已经发展成为混交林群落,说明边缘效应的作用。边缘群落总体的边缘效应强度Ｅ值为１．６     

不同演替阶段栎树混交林群落稳定性

稳定性是群落结构与功能的一个综合指标,一直是生态学研究的重点.为进一步验证火山岩山地森林群落在不同演替阶段稳定性的变化趋势,本文以处于不同演替阶段的侧柏栎树混交林、栎树混交林和栎树黄连木混交林3种典型森林群落为对象,选取演替现状、物种多样性、Gordon稳定性值、群落结构4项指标10个因子作为构建评价模型的参数,通过函数隶属值方法评价了江苏盱眙火山岩山地典型森林群落在不同演替阶段的稳定性.结果表明:1)随着演替的进行,稳定性不断增强,与传统的演替理论一致,即演替是由不稳定到稳定的过程;2)3种群落总体的丰富度指数和Whittaker生境多样性指数虽存在一定的差异,但却表现出了相同的趋势,即栎树混交林＞黄连木栎树混交林＞侧柏栎树混交林;3)多样性最高的是栎树混交林,而稳定性最高的是侧柏栎树混交林,多样性并不能完全代表稳定性;4)由于侧柏栎树混交林密度过大,需要进行适当抚育,促进其正向演替.     

鼎湖山地带性植被种间联结变化研究

研究鼎湖山地带性植被厚壳桂属（Cryptocarya）群落种间联结15年的变化,以期揭示该群落随时间演替过程中种间关系的变化情况。结果表明,群落的优势种种类组成基本没变化,但与15年前比较,优势种群的种对正负联结比例基本一致,但种间关系趋向平缓,高的正或负联结系数值少见;阳生性的先锋种与中生性建群种的联结系数值增大;群落中的2个亚群丛分化更为明显。表明南亚热带地带性顶极群落稳定是相对的,而波动变化是明显的,尤其是当群落循环演替的进程加剧时。     

Invasive shrub distribution varies with distance to roads and stand age in eastern deciduous forests in Indiana, USA

We documented the relationship between densities of invasive exotic shrubs, distance to road, and successional age of the forest in 14 forested sites throughout central and southern Indiana. Roadways are increasingly abundant, human-made features that can be conduits for the spread of invasive exotic plants in a number of ecosystems. Little is known, however, about the role of roads in eastern deciduous forest ecosystems where road density is high. Further, it is not known whether the distribution of exotic plants along roads depends on the successional age of the forest. In this study, densities of four of seven exotic shrub species declined with increasing distance to the nearest road across all successional ages. Greater densities of exotic shrubs were found in young and mid-successional forests than mature forests. However, there was no interaction between distance to road and forest age, suggesting that the role of roads in the invasion process does not change across forest successional ages. We outline several potential mechanisms that may drive patterns of shrub distribution along roadside edges as a guide for future research.     

云南松林次生演替阶段土壤细菌群落的变化

土壤细菌多样性是维持森林生态系统功能的关键因子,森林演替是影响其动态变化的重要因素。研究云南松林不同演替阶段土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性的变化规律,有助于深入理解森林生态系统恢复过程的驱动机制。本研究以云南省永仁县皆伐后形成的针叶林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为对象,基于Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术,分析森林演替过程中土壤细菌群落组成、结构、多样性及其影响因子的变化。结果表明: 土壤细菌的种群分类单元、Ace指数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数均随着演替进行呈减少趋势,演替早期阶段土壤的细菌总数、菌群丰富度及复杂程度最高。不同演替阶段细菌群落结构存在显著差异,其中,针阔混交林的差异最大,变形菌门和酸杆菌门为各演替序列共有的优势类群,放线菌门、绿弯菌门和Patescibacteria是演替早期的优势类群,且随着演替进行呈现减少趋势;变形菌门和WPS-2相对多度随演替进行呈增加趋势。土壤pH和乔木层物种丰富度是驱动次生演替过程中土壤细菌群落组成变化的关键因子。随着演替的进行,土壤细菌多样性减少,群落组成差异加大。     

Seed dispersal by wind,birds, and bats between Philippine montane rainforest and successional vegetation

In the moist Neotropics, vertebrate frugivores have a much greater role in the dispersal of forest and successional woody plants than wind, and bats rather than birds play the dominant role in dispersing early successional species. I investigated whether these patterns also occurred in a Philippine montane rainforest and adjacent successional vegetation. I also asked whether seed mass was related to probability of dispersal between habitats. A greater number of woody species and stems in the forest produced vertebrate-dispersed seeds than wind-dispersed seeds. Although input of forest seeds into the successional area was dominated by vertebrate-dispersed seeds in terms of species richness, wind-dispersed seeds landed in densities 15 times higher. Frugivorous birds dispersed more forest seeds and species into the successional area than bats, and more successional seeds and species into the forest. As expected, seed input declined with distance from source habitat. Low input of forest seeds into the successional area at the farthest distance sampled, 40 m from forest edge, particularly for vertebrate-dispersed seeds, suggests very limited dispersal out of forest even into a habitat in which woody successional vegetation provides perches and fruit resources. For species of vertebrate-dispersed successional seeds, probability of dispersal into forest declined significantly with seed mass.     

Resorption of foliar nutrients in a regenerating southern Appalachian forest

Summary Leaves were sampled in a successional, southern Appalachian forest to estimate autumn foliar nutrient dynamics. Resorption of N and P in a successional forest equaled, or exceeded, resorption estimates for a more mature control forest. Foliar nutrient leaching was not sufficient to account for changes in autumn leaf N, P, Ca and Mg concentrations. The resorption process conserves nutrients by reducing nutrient losses from leaching and litter-fall, thereby closing the nutrient cycle in successional forests. We hypothesize that rapid recovery of primary productivity early in forest regeneration is the result of maximum nutrient resorption of limiting nutrients. Implications of these results for successional nutrient cycling theory are discussed.     

Resource Partitioning in Sympatric Cynopterus bats in Lowland Tropical Rain Forest, Thailand

Diet and habitat use of the closely related and size-overlapping sympatric Cynopterus brachyotis and C. sphinx were established in lowland dry evergreen forest, Thailand, between March 1998 and March 2000. Feces from netted bats were analyzed, and the recapture rate determined. Although both species share a set of food plants, and fruits from early successional forest contribute about half of their diet, C. brachyotis , the smaller of the two species, ate a significantly greater proportion of fruits from early successional forest than C. sphinx . The latter ate a significantly greater proportion of fruit species in larger size classes. More C. brachyotis were captured in early successional forest in almost every month, while C. sphinx is more common in old-growth forest. However, the capture rate of C. sphinx increased in early successional forest in the mid-dry season when its preferred fruits become available. The recapture rate of C. brachyotis in early successional forest was significantly higher than that of C. sphinx , and the reverse situation was observed in old-growth forest. Male C. sphinx had a significantly higher recapture rate in early successional forest than females. Fruit size and habitat use are the major determinants of resource partitioning between these size-overlapping congeners.     

海南岛热带山地雨林天然次生林的功能群划分

热带林极高的物种丰富度使许多生态分析非常困难,把功能相似的物种划分为不同功能群,将为热带林的生态研究提供新的途径。以物种的7个功能特性因子(生长型、分布的海拔高度、分布的林型、木材密度、喜光性、演替地位和寿命)和9个林分结构因子(相对生物量、相对胸高断面积、相对树高、相对密度、相对频度、相对冠幅、相对更新数、相对死亡数和相对萌生数)为基础,应用数量化分析的方法,对海南岛典型的热带山地雨林天然次生林群落进行了功能群的划分。结果表明:(1)应用CCA分析林分结构因子时,可将山地雨林天然次生林的物种划分为6类功能群,它们的相对生物量、相对密度、相对频度、相对更新数、相对萌生数和相对死亡数等,随胸径和高度的增加而呈现有规律的变化;(2)应用CCA分析物种功能特性因子时,可将山地雨林天然次生林的物种划分为5类功能群,它们的功能特性都随演替过程而呈现有规律的变化;(3)在综合考虑两个不同角度CCA分析的基础上,最后将热带山地雨林天然次生林的物种共划分为11类功能群,它们能充分体现物种随胸径和高度结构的变化特点及其在演替过程中所处的阶段;(4)演替初期的灌木类功能群与各不同演替时期的乔木功能群共同分布于的中下层,但其大多处于死亡状态;(5)演替初期与演替中后期的乔木功能群则共同组成的主层林,但其死亡数量也较高。可见,海南岛热带山地雨林天然次生林目前正处不同功能群的激烈竞争阶段。     

贵州省普定县不同植被演替阶段的物种组成与群落结构特征

通过对贵州省普定县喀斯特地区不同植被演替阶段群落的调查, 研究了植被演替过程中群落物种组成和群落结构的变化。结果表明, 该地区的植被主要处于5个演替阶段, 即次生乔木林、乔灌过渡林、藤刺灌丛、稀灌草丛以及火烧干扰后的蕨类植物群落。本次调查共记录到植物365种, 隶属89科218属。其中, 蕨类植物31种, 隶属14科23属; 种子植物334种, 隶属75科195属。物种分布较多的科主要有蔷薇科、菊科、禾本科、百合科、忍冬科、唇形科、莎草科、樟科、葡萄科和水龙骨科。随着正向演替的推进, 物种丰富度增加, 群落结构趋于复杂化。藤刺灌丛与乔灌过渡林群落层次不明显, 次生乔木林分层明显。从藤刺灌丛向次生乔木林演替的过程中, 小径级个体所占比例明显降低, 高于1.3 m植物的总密度、乔木密度和藤本密度都先升高后降低, 而灌木密度呈逐渐降低的趋势。对喀斯特地区植被的恢复提出了参考措施。     

Influence of stand age and physical environment on the herb composition of second-growth forest, Strouds Run, Ohio, USA

Aim Historical land use in eastern North America and much of Europe has created a mosaic of successional forest stands of widely varying age. An estimate of the rate of successional community development would allow the conservation value of individual stands to be assessed. We estimate the rate of herb community development in secondary forests in our region, and the extent to which physical gradients determine herb distributions. Location Second‐growth forest in the Appalachian Oak section of the Central Hardwoods Region, southeastern Ohio, USA. Methods Thirty‐five plots were surveyed in old (82–193 years) and young (35–40 years since pasture) deciduous forest stands and pine plantations. In each plot, herb species cover and environmental factors were measured. Results Herb community composition was clearly distinguishable between oak‐dominated upland sites and mixed mesophytic stands in moist ravines. In both community types, young stands were compositionally distinct from old stands. Species lacking obvious seed dispersal mechanisms were disproportionately uncommon in young stands, implying dispersal limitation in the process of recolonization. Among old stands, distributions of many species showed significant regressions on the environmental variables, whereas few showed significance in young stands. Species with weak dispersal tended to be more frequently linked to environmental gradients in old stands than in young stands. Main conclusions Early arriving forest species appear to assort rapidly along physical gradients, defining communities early in the successional trajectory. The re‐assembly of the full forest community continues over a longer period as individual species assort on environmental gradients at rates determined by their dispersal abilities. Thus, long‐established stands show more spatial variation than successional stands, and offer greater opportunities for conservation of the forest community.     

4种不同演替阶段森林群落物种组成和多样性的比较研究

通过空间变化代替时间差异和样方法等手段,对浙江省马尾松林针叶（针叶林）、马尾松针阔叶混交林、中龄常绿阔叶林和近熟常绿阔叶林4种不同演替阶段森林群落的物种组成和多样性、群落间相似性进行了研究。结果表明,23个样地共记录维管植物53科105属170种。随着演替的进行,群落物种数、各层次的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数基本上呈现先下降后上升的趋势,并以针阔叶混交林最低,估计跟先锋物种的消失和后期物种的出现这一更替有关。随着演替的进行,各群落间的Jaccard相似性系数逐渐降低,其中针阔叶混交林和中龄常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最高,马尾松与近熟常绿阔叶林之间的相似性系数最低。群落主成分分析也得出相似的结果。群落之间的差异主要体现在物种组成尤其是乔木层的组成上;针阔叶混交林是物种丰富度和物种多样性较低的一个群落,但它与其它群落间的相似性较高,并已储存了常绿阔叶林中的大部分物种,对演替起着承前启后的作用。