关帝山云杉天然更新与土壤有效氮素异质性的空间关联性

在山西关帝山华北次生林分布区选择云杉针叶林和云杉、杨、桦混交林为研究样地,应用地统计学理论和格局分析方法,分析了该地区云杉天然更新的空间格局及结构特征;运用地统计分析中的变异函数分析方法定量分析了样地土壤氮素的空间异质性特征.采用GIS叠加分析和统计分析方法,定量评价云杉更新苗分布格局和土壤有效氮素空间异质性之间的空间关联程度,以了解森林土壤氮营养生境的异质性对云杉幼苗更新的影响.结果表明：1）在云杉针叶林中,云杉更新苗分布呈空间斑块状格局,且表现出自相关空间变异特征;在云杉、杨、桦混交林中,云杉更新苗空间分布格局呈集聚分布特征,但表现为随机性的空间变异.2）云杉针叶林土壤氮素含量相对低,有效氮含量空间异质性特征明显,空间结构性变异所占比例较大;混交林土壤氮素含量相对高,有效氮呈随机性变异特征.3）在土壤氮素含量相对低的云杉针叶林中,云杉更新苗分布格局与土壤有效氮异质性之间存在较明显的空间关联性,在土壤NH₄⁺-N含量相对高的斑块中,云杉更新苗发生数量多.在土壤氮素含量相对高的混交林,云杉更新苗空间分布与土壤有效氮异质性之间的空间关联性不明显.     

帽儿山红松人工林鞘翅目成虫群落小尺度空间异质性变化特征

空间异质性是群落空间格局形成的基础,也是物种共存的重要前提。基于地统计空间分析方法,研究20 m×20 m空间尺度上帽儿山红松人工林鞘翅目成虫群落及物种的空间自相关性及异质性分布格局。结果显示:5次调查共捕获鞘翅目成虫10科、42种、2721只个体,群落组成具有中等或较强的空间变异性和明显的时间变异性;Moran's I系数表明群落及部分物种具有显著的空间自相关性,各调查月份接近甚至超过一半的物种不存在空间自相关性;群落及部分物种表现为异质性特征并在特定空间尺度内形成集群,且这种空间分异多由结构性因素或结构性因素和随机性因素共同调控;物种之间表现为具有复杂正的或负的空间作用关系,这种空间关联性的形成主要是结构性因素或随机性因素单一调控的结果,但简单Mantel检验并未发现物种之间存在显著的空间关联性;群落的空间格局梯度分布特征较明显,随着季节的变化(夏天到秋天)聚集物种数量的斑块复杂程度降低。本文旨在揭示鞘翅目成虫空间异质性的变化特征,为鞘翅目成虫群落物种构建机制研究奠定基础。     

草地利用方式对典型草原大针茅种群空间异质性的影响

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原为研究对象,以野外实地调查的数据为基础,采用半方差函数和克里格插值法,分析了割草(M)、放牧(G)和围封(CK)样地中大针茅种群(Stipa grandis)小尺度空间分布异质性。结果表明:大针茅种群密度表现为割草样地最高,放牧样地次之,围封样地最低(P0.05);其中围封样地大针茅种群的结构比为95.3%,具有较强的空间自相关性,而刈割和放牧样地大针茅种群的结构比分别为70.2%和62.5%,属于中等程度的空间自相关性,大针茅种群的空间异质性表现为割草样地放牧样地围封样地;通过拟合半变异函数图,得到围封、放牧和割草样地大针茅种群空间分布最优模型分别为高斯模型、球状模型和球状模型;围封样地大针茅空间变异主要受结构因素的影响而趋于简单化分布格局,割草和放牧样地大针茅空间变异受到结构因素和随机因素的共同作用而表现为密度较大的斑块和密度较小的斑块镶嵌分布格局。     

鄂西南亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林土壤空间异质性

大样地是监测森林生物多样性及生态因子动态变化的重要平台,以湖北木林子国家级自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶混交林为对象,依托15 hm2动态监测样地,对每个400 m2样方进行取样并测定7个化学性质指标,运用地统计与多元统计方法,分析了该大样地内不同土壤因子的富集程度、空间格局、变异性、相关性。结果如下:1)研究区土壤酸性较强,有机质、有效氮、全氮、有效钾丰富,有效磷、全磷亏缺;2)有效氮、全氮、有效磷呈东高西低,p H呈西高东低,有效钾呈斑块状分布,有机质呈中间高,西北与东南低的"凸"型分布,其中以有效钾空间结构最复杂(A=50 m,D=1.96),p H空间结构最简单(A=180 m,D=1.83);3)土壤因子的块基比范围为0.14—0.69,14对因子显著相关(P0.05),其中以全磷的空间自相关最强,并与其余因子显著相关;4)土壤因子的变异系数范围为0.05—0.34,其中全磷、有效磷变异系数最高,分别为0.29和0.34,p H变异系数最低(0.05),土壤全磷在主成分中具有最大载荷(2.27)。结果表明:1)木林子常绿落叶阔叶混交林土壤酸性较强,除了磷素亏缺,其余土壤养分富集;2)土壤的变异性不强,空间分布具有明显的自相关特征,并具有一定的尺度效应;3)除了土壤有效磷以外的土壤因子之间存在较为普遍的相互联系;4)土壤全磷对于土壤的综合变异最具代表性。     

河北省耕地生态经济系统能值指标空间分布差异及其动因

采用能值理论与地理学研究中的空间自相关分析(ESDA)技术相结合,估算2009年河北省138个县的耕地生态经济系统各项能值指数,在此基础上,重点分析省域范围内耕地生态系统能值指标的空间格局分布规律、特征,从地形地貌、土壤类型、降雨量、耕地集约利用、农业基础设施等方面探讨了空间分布差异原因。结果表明:河北省耕地生态经济系统能值单项指标与综合指标在省域范围呈空间聚集分布,能值综合指标的Moran's I指数较大,聚集特征显著,其大小顺序为EIR> EYR> ELR >ESI,单项指标Moran's I的排列顺序依次为,EMY> EMF> EMR >EMN> EMRI;河北省耕地生态经济系统能值单项指标与综合指标局部空间聚集格局显著,不同能值指标其局部空间分布格局存在差异,主要聚集区为"石家庄-保定-唐山"和"张家口"地区,宏观视角上,能值指标的空间格局分布差异,主要受到地形地貌、土壤类型、年平均降雨量,农业基础设施以及耕地集约利用水平的影响。     

甘南高寒草甸土壤线虫营养功能群 的地统计学分析

土壤线虫是土壤生态系统的重要指示生物。研究高寒草甸土壤线虫营养功能群空间分布格局特征,有助于揭示土壤线虫分布对高寒草甸生态因子变化的响应。2019年7月中旬,采用网格法（1.0 m × 0.5 m）研究5.0 m × 4.0 m尺度土壤层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤线虫营养功能群空间特征。采用改良湿漏斗法,共获得土壤线虫1 830条,隶属于49属,土壤线虫个体平均密度以50 g干土计量为63.2条,其中,绕线属（Plectus）和拟丽突属（Acrobeloides）为优势类群。土壤线虫以食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫为主。土壤线虫营养功能群变异系数介于64.26% ~ 107.69%（n = 38）之间,存在较强的变异性。食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫（P < 0.001）、食真菌线虫与植物寄生线虫（P < 0.001）间空间分布均存在显著相关性。地统计分析显示,土壤线虫营养功能群的空间相关范围存在明显差异,有效变程介于0.50 ~ 27.07 m之间,其67.26% ~ 99.79%的变异与空间自相关过程有关。食细菌土壤线虫分布格局呈较均匀的斑块镶嵌结构,斑块较小;非食细菌土壤线虫呈斑块连接或斑块镶嵌结构,斑块较大且斑块间过渡明显,表明土壤线虫小尺度明显的斑块结构可能是高寒草甸受干扰后的一种常见分布模式,并受多种因素影响。     

嘉峪关草湖湿地土壤水分含量与植被盖度的空间格局

土壤水分含量是植被格局形成和演变的主要因素。探讨干旱区盐沼湿地土壤水分含量的空间异质性,有助于揭示湿地植物的环境适应机理和土壤水分与湿地植物的相互关系。本研究利用地统计学方法建立了嘉峪关草湖湿地3个不同长势(植被盖度高、中、低)假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis pseudophragmites)单优种群斑块土壤(0～90 cm)水分含量与植被盖度的变异函数理论模型,以Kriging插值法绘制了土壤水分含量与植被盖度的空间格局分布图,采用Moran I系数确定了湿地土壤水分含量和植被盖度的空间自相关关系,分析了湿地土壤水分含量与植被盖度的空间异质性及其相互作用关系。结果表明:草湖湿地样地土壤的平均含水量为湖边干湖沙丘间平地;盐分平均含量为干湖湖边沙丘间平地;在斑块尺度上,土壤水分含量和植被盖度均符合正态分布;各层土壤水分含量和假苇拂子茅盖度的空间结构均具有明显的斑块状分布特点,且均存在高度的空间异质性; 3个样地各层土壤的水分含量和植被盖度均具有空间正相关性和空间集聚特征,60～90 cm土壤水分含量的空间集聚强度较0～30和30～60 cm土层更大,湖边样地植被盖度空间集聚特征更明显。假苇拂子茅最大限度利用土壤水分资源,提高了其对干旱生境的适应力,且在一定程度上影响小尺度土壤水分的空间分布格局。     

下辽河平原景观格局脆弱性及空间关联格局

以东北三省开发强度最大的辽河中下游地区——下辽河平原为研究对象,根据景观格局脆弱性的概念及内涵,通过景观敏感度指数和景观适应度指数构建景观格局脆弱度指数,并借助地统计学和空间自相关模型分析的理论方法,对下辽河平原景观格局脆弱度的空间分布特征、变异规律以及空间关联格局进行探讨,结果表明:①1989—2010年下辽河平原景观格局脆弱度总体上呈递减趋势;②1989—2010年研究区景观格局脆弱度Moran's I表现为一定程度的正相关,且相关程度略微呈下降趋势;③1989—2010年研究区景观格局脆弱度局部空间自相关和显著性水平均发生了明显的变化;④研究区各时期景观格局脆弱度的空间相关性是受结构性因素和非结构性因素共同影响,C0所占的比例在3a期间有逐步上升趋势,表明非结构性因素对景观格局脆弱度演变的影响程度不断加深,但是结构性因素(地形地貌、水文、土壤植被类型等)仍然对本区景观格局脆弱度的空间分布起决定性作用。     

华北山地典型天然次生林土壤氮素空间异质性对落叶松幼苗更新的影响

在华北山地典型天然次生林中选择研究样地,应用地统计学理论和格局分析方法,定量分析林分土壤氮素空间异质性特征,探测更新幼苗空间格局特征;依据协同变异函数理论模型参数,定量估计土壤氮素营养空间异质性与落叶松更新格局之间的空间关联性,探讨土壤氮素空间变异对落叶松幼苗更新格局的影响程度.研究结果表明:(1)无论是以华北落叶松为优势树种的寒温性针叶林,还是以白桦和山杨为优势树种的山地阔叶林,不同空间样点间土壤氮素总量及速效态氮素均存在很大差异.阔叶林中,硝态氮在整个研究样地尺度(＞70.71m)上表现出很强的空间自相关性(结构因素所占比重为81.5%).针叶林中,硝态氮则在相对小的尺度范围(47.90m)呈现更明显的空间自相关变异.且阔叶林中土壤氮含量显著地高于针叶林.(2)华北落叶松苗更新空间分布格局呈明显的集聚分布.更新的空间格局变异主要由空间自相关因素引起(针叶林为77.4%,阔叶林为85.2%),随机变异占的比例较低(分别为22.6%和14.8%).(3)阔叶林土壤氮含量相对高,更新与氮素的空间关联性不明显,与全氮的协同变异呈随机性(R2=0.078).针叶林土壤氮含量相对低,更新与氮素的空间关联性明显,与全氮的协同变异呈现明显的空间自相关性,氮素空间异质性对更新格局与过程具有更重要的影响.整个研究样地水平上,硝态氮与更新的协同变异呈现明显的空间自相关性(空间结构比为59.4%～77.7%).NO-3-N含量较高或铵、硝态氮的比例较低的土壤环境中,更新苗发生数量较多.     

甘肃臭草型退化草地优势物种格局控制关系

在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,应用点格局和Ripley K函数检测种间格局控制关系,按照时间序列设置甘肃臭草退化的5个样地,包括未形成斑块(CK)、斑块形成(A),斑块扩散(B)、斑块稳定(C)和斑块衰退(D)样地,研究了不同样地中甘肃臭草与阿尔泰针茅之间的空间分布格局、空间关联性和格局控制关系.结果表明:CK→D样地阿尔泰针茅由随机分布转变为聚集分布;甘肃臭草和阿尔泰针茅之间的关联性由显著负关联向无显著关联转变,负关联显著性先增强后减弱;A、B、C样地中分别在0 ～15、0～12和0～10 cm尺度范围内甘肃臭草对阿尔泰针茅表现出格局控制关系,CK和D样地中没有格局控制关系.体型、规模大,竞争力强的物种,通过改变微生境,迫使其他物种改变分布方式,形成规则分布,进而形成对其他物种的格局控制作用.     

中小尺度下西北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度的空间变异

西北太平洋柔鱼是我国最重要的远洋捕捞对象之一,掌握其资源分布在空间上的分布特征将可为资源的可持续开发和利用提供基础。本文采用2011年8-10月我国在北太平洋150?-160?E、38?-48?N海域的柔鱼生产统计数据,以单船日产量(CPUE)为资源丰度指标,分经纬度10′?10′、20′?20′、30′?30′、40′?40′、50′?50′、60′?60′和70′?70′等7个尺度,利用地统计学方法对柔鱼资源丰度的空间分布特征进行了分析,探讨柔鱼资源丰度的空间变异特性。结果显示,8-10月柔鱼资源丰度均以指数模型拟合产生的空间自相关异质性程度最好;小尺度下(10′?10′、20′?20′、30′?30′)柔鱼资源丰度空间结构表现出中等水平及其以上的空间自相关变异程度,中尺度下(40′?40′、50′?50′、60′?60′和70′?70′)则相对比较低,基本上为弱空间自相关变异程度;柔鱼资源丰度空间结构显示有各向异性,8月和9月的方向角分别为西北-东南走向和东北-西南走向,10月受柔鱼性成熟开始南向洄游以及海洋环境的影响,其方向角变化较大。此外,论文对柔鱼资源丰度的适宜尺度作了进一步探讨,综合分析认为CPUE空间变异的研究应以小尺度为适宜,其中30′?30′最为稳定。论文结合柔鱼的栖息环境等,分析了它们对资源丰度时空变异及其特征的影响。     

Dynamics of Amoebophrya parasites during recurrent blooms of the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Korean coastal waters

During the bloom events of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in August and October, 2012, infections by two different Amoebophrya species were observed in Korean coastal waters. To investigate the dynamics of the two parasites and their relative impact on the host populations, a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method was applied to detect and quantify the parasites in the free-living and parasitic stages. Each specific primer set of the target species, Amoebophrya sp. 1 and sp. 2 was designed on the large subunit (LSU) and the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, respectively. Dynamics of the two Amoebophrya species via qPCR assay showed distinct patterns during the C. polykrikoides bloom events. Amoebophrya sp. 1 showed peaks during both bloom events in August and October with relatively low copies (10⁶ to 10⁷ copies L⁻¹), while Amoebophrya sp. 2 appeared only during the bloom event in October with very high copies (10⁹ to 10¹⁰ copies L⁻¹). Overall, the qPCR measurements for the dynamics of two Amoebophrya species in the parasitic stage (> 5 μm fractions) were consistent with parasite prevalence through microscopic observations. Amoebophrya sp. 1 infections were observed during both bloom events in August and October with relatively low parasite prevalence (0.1–1.5%), while Amoebophrya sp. 2 infections were detected only during the bloom event in October with high prevalence (up to 45%). Taken together, Amoebophrya sp. 1 may be a generalist and C. polykrikoides may not be its primary host, while Amoebophrya sp. 2 may be a specialist which can substantially impact host population dynamics.     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林地表甲虫Beta多样性

Beta多样性用来衡量集群内物种组成的变异性,可以被分解为空间物种转换和物种集群镶嵌两个组分,是揭示群落构建机制的重要基础。目前开展了较多的地上生态系统beta多样性研究,然而地下生态系统beta多样性进展缓慢。以小兴安岭凉水和丰林自然保护区为研究地区,于2015年8、10月采用陷阱法对阔叶红松林进行调查,揭示地表甲虫(步甲科、隐翅虫科、葬甲科)的beta多样性。结果表明:(1)凉水共发现39种、856只地表甲虫,丰林共发现43种、1182只地表甲虫。8月凉水明显具有较高的全部甲虫(三个科的总和)物种多样性和丰富度,10月正好相反。(2)凉水和丰林之间地表甲虫beta多样性的差异仅发现于8月的步甲科和葬甲科之间。(3)凉水和丰林地表甲虫的beta多样性主要由空间物种转换组成,物种集群镶嵌对beta多样性的贡献很小,说明地表甲虫物种组成变异主要由本地物种之间较高的转换引起。研究表明小兴安岭阔叶红松林地表甲虫的beta多样性主要由空间物种转换组成,在揭示群落构建机制过程中,其内部物种交换和环境调控不容忽视。     

新薛河溪流生境底栖动物群落结构季节动态

明确底栖动物在时空尺度上的自然变化规律对有效评估和保护水生态系统十分重要。基于2012年季节调查数据,对新薛河典型生境底栖动物群落季节动态进行了研究。共鉴定底栖动物108种,隶属5门10纲74属。短脉纹石蛾、长钝直突摇蚊、拟长跗摇蚊、Neozarelia sp.为研究区域优势分类单元,相对丰度分别为25.1%、9.8%、9.0%、8.6%;各季节间优势分类单元组成差异较大,3个季度共同优势物种仅短脉纹石蛾1种。密度、物种丰度、香农指数表现为4月和12月显著高于10月;均匀度指数10月份最高。非度量多维标度排序表明,不同季节底栖动物群落结构差异显著;对照河段(D河段)群落结构季节间差异相对较小。指示物种法分离出了新薛河及各河段代表性物种41种,但B河段未分离出指示物种;双向聚类分析进一步明确了指示物种的指示属性(特有或者相对丰度最高)。     

Classification and ordination of communities of soil arthropods in an urban park of Osaka City

To assess the effect of management of a park on soil arthropods, communities of Oribatida and Collembola were analyzed at 11 sites of different vegetation in Tsurumi Park, an urban park of Osaka City. The type of canopy layer and soil density strongly affected the community parameters, such as species diversity. Ordination revealed that soil density, contents of organic matter, and shrub layer were important for variety in the oribatid community; the shrub layer was important for the collembolan community. Species richness of both arthropod groups was highest in a mixed forest and lowest on bare land, while the abundance of Collembola was highest on a lawn site. Areas of a common vegetation type had a similar oribatid community;Trichogalumma nipponica dominated in deciduous forests,Eohypochthonius crassisetiger in mixed forests and one of coniferous forests. On the other hand, collembolan communities did not correspond with the vegetation.Sminthurinus sp. was collected from every site, and the most abundant species wasCryptopygus thermophilus that exhibited an outbreak on lawn sites. A significant correlation existed between species diversities but not between abundances of Oribatida and Collembola.     

Spatial structure of a subtidal macrobenthic community in the Bay of Veys (western Bay of Seine, English Channel)

The spatial distribution of the muddy fine sand community from the Bay of Veys (western English Channel) were investigated during spring and autumn 1997. A grid of 55 and 54 sites was sampled in March and October, respectively, using two replicates per site of a Hamon grab (0.25 m²) for macrofauna collection and an additional one for sediment analysis. A total of 172 species were sampled with a dominance of polychaetes, followed by crustaceans and bivalves. The species richness and abundance show low temporal changes despite higher values in October than in March. In March, the mean abundance was 165 ind. 0.5 m⁻²; in October, the mean abundance was 212 ind. 0.5 m⁻². Four assemblages from the Abra alba-Pectinaria koreni community were identified corresponding to a bathymetric and sedimentary gradient from muddy fine sands with high levels of fine particles in shallow water to fine sands in deeper water. The discussion focuses on factors prevailing on the spatial structure of sandy communities in the English Channel.     

Annual dynamics and production of rotifers in an eutrophication gradient in the Baltic Sea

Spatial and temporal fluctuations in rotifer abundance have been monitored along a trophic gradient in the northern Baltic. The most common rotifer was Synchaeta spp., which had one abundance peak in June and one in September–October. Only during the latter period was the abundance significantly higher in the eutrophic basin compared to the reference area. The annual production of Synchaeta spp. was about double in the eutrophic basin. A positive correlation between Synchaeta spp. biomass and phytoplankton biomass was obtained during the autumn, but not during the early summer peak, although the phytoplankton community was dominated by the same species. Keratella quadrata, K. cochlearis and K. cruciformis were most abundant in August–September, and all three species had increased abundance in the eutrophic basin.     

Alternate unstable states: Convergent paths of succession in hydrocarbon-seep tubeworm-associated communities

Previous studies have shown clear, predictable successional trends in habitat characteristics and community structure in tubeworm aggregations at 3 similar hydrocarbon-seep sites on the central upper Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. In this study, we examine these trends in quantitative community collections from 7 additional hydrocarbon-seep sites widely distributed in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The relative proportions and sizes of Lamellibrachia luymesi and Seepiophila jonesi in tubeworm aggregations were similar at new and central sites, though S. jonesi dominated some collections from new sites, a situation not previously observed at central sites. In general, sulfide declined with increasing aggregation age (average size of tubeworms), but there was more variability in this trend at the new sites. Tubeworm-associated community composition was similar at new and central sites, with only a few rare species collected at the new sites for the first time. The most significant differences in the communities at new sites were the lower relative abundance of various gastropod species, and the absence of gastropods from collections made at the Viosca Knoll site. This community type was largely restricted to young aggregations at new sites that were more isolated from other tubeworm aggregations and consisted of higher proportions of S. jonesi. As succession proceeds from young to old aggregations, many of the previously described processes were apparent at the new sites including a reduction in biomass and a shift in trophic structure from endemic primary consumers to non-endemic higher order predators. Regardless of community composition in young aggregations, succession converges on similar late-stage community types.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diaphanosoma mongolianum</Emphasis> Ueno, 1938 (Cladocera: Sididae) in Lakes of Yaroslavl Oblast (Russia)

Findings of the cladoceran Diaphanosoma mongolianum have been recorded in lakes Pleshcheevo (since 2004) and Nero (since 2007) in Yaroslavl oblast at the northern boundary of its range. Similar species D. brachyurum, previously described in both lakes, is found in insignificant numbers. In 2004–2015, the seasonal abundance, spatial distribution, and diel vertical migration of D. mongolianum were studied in deep mesotrophic Lake Pleshcheevo. The species was found in the plankton from early June until October, with the maximum abundance in July–August. The late appearance of males and gamogenetic females (September) is characteristic of its population. D. mongolianum was the most abundant in the epilimnion of the pelagic zone, where it performed diel vertical migrations, concentrating in the surface layer (0–2 m) at night and at a depth of 2–6 m during the day.