温带落叶阔叶林地表鞘翅目成虫小尺度空间格局动态分析

土壤动物空间格局是格局—过程以及生物多样性维持机制研究的重要基础,目前小尺度空间土壤动物空间格局动态特征仍不清楚。基于地统计空间分析方法,以鞘翅目成虫为研究对象,研究帽儿山温带落叶阔叶林小尺度空间(5m)地表鞘翅目成虫群落及类群的空间格局动态特征。结果表明:4次调查共捕获鞘翅目成虫11科、29类、1021只个体,调查月份鞘翅目成虫群落具有较强的时空变异性;Moran'sⅠ系数表明鞘翅目成虫群落和类群具有复杂的正的空间自相关性,其空间异质性可用球状、指数、高斯和线性模型进行拟合。这种空间异质性具有一定的时间变化特征,且这种空间分异是由随机性因素单一调控或结构性因素和随机性因素共同调控的结果;类群之间在多种尺度上表现为复杂的以负相关居多的空间关联性,这种空间关联性的形成主要是结构性因素或随机性因素单一调控的结果。本实验表明地表鞘翅目成虫群落在小尺度空间具有明显的空间异质性特征,这种空间异质性时间变异性较明显。     

丰林典型阔叶红松林地表鞘翅目成虫空间异质性及其与环境因子的空间关联性

土壤动物群落空间异质性及其与环境因子的空间作用关系, 是揭示土壤生态系统格局与过程及生物多样性维持机制的重要基础。作者于2015年生长季节(8月)、寒冷季节(10月)在丰林典型阔叶红松林动态监测样地内, 采用陷阱法调查地表鞘翅目成虫群落, 基于地统计空间分析方法, 揭示步甲科和隐翅虫科群落个体数和物种数及优势种的空间格局, 并分析这些空间格局与土壤含水量和地形因子的空间关联性。两次采样共捕获步甲科成虫26种617只, 隐翅虫科19种222只。8月群落个体数和物种数表现为中等变异, 10月为强变异, 群落组成在两个月间具有显著差异。生长季节(8月)和寒冷季节(10月)步甲科和隐翅虫科群落多表现为中等的空间自相关性, 空间分异由随机性因素和结构性因素共同决定。单个物种的个体数多具有中等的空间异质性特征, 且其空间分异主要由随机性因素和结构性因素共同调控。生长季节群落的个体数、物种数和优势种个体数多形成斑块和孔隙镶嵌分布的空间格局。物种之间及物种与环境因子之间多为复杂的空间关联性, 这些关联性主要受到结构性因素或随机性因素的单一调控。典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)结果表明, 8月土壤含水量对步甲科和隐翅虫科物种分布影响显著, 10月凹凸度对步甲科分布影响显著, 海拔对隐翅虫科分布具有显著影响。本研究表明地表步甲科和隐翅虫科在生长季节形成明显的空间格局而在寒冷季节空间格局不明显, 为不同尺度地表土壤动物空间异质性和生物多样性维持机制研究提供了理论基础。     

三江平原农田地表和地下土壤螨类丰富度与环境因子的空间关联性

地表和地下土壤动物群落空间格局及其与环境因子的空间作用关系,是揭示地表-地下生态系统格局与过程及生物多样性维持机制的重要基础。于2011年在三江平原农田生态系统,在50m×50m的空间尺度内,基于地统计空间分析方法,揭示地表和地下土壤螨群落及不同螨类物种丰富度的空间格局,并分析这种空间格局与土壤含水量、土壤p H值及大豆株高空间格局的空间关联性。半方差函数和普通克里格插值表明,8月份地表、地下和10月份地下螨群落及这些群落内大部分螨类物种在特定空间尺度内形成集群,表现为空间异质性特征,且这种空间分异多由结构性因素或结构性因素和随机性因素共同调控。交叉方差函数表明,土壤螨群落和不同螨类物种的空间格局与环境因子的空间格局在多种尺度上表现出复杂的空间关联性(正的或负的)。但简单Mantel检验仅发现8月份地表中气门亚目未定种1(Mesostigmata unidentified sp.1)和大豆株高存在明显的正的空间关联性。研究结果表明地下螨群落和生长季节的地表螨群落具有明显的空间异质性结构,地表和地下螨群落及大多数螨类物种丰富度与土壤含水量、土壤p H值及大豆株高的空间关联性并不显著。促进地表-地下生态系统土壤动物群落空间格局研究,为地表-地下格局与过程研究奠定基础。     

贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地拟步甲群落小尺度空间格局动态

为探讨贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地拟步甲群落小尺度空间格局动态特征,本研究于2019年5—10月每月采用陷阱法调查200 m×200 m空间尺度的拟步甲昆虫群落,基于地统计分析方法,研究拟步甲昆虫群落的空间格局,并分析空间格局与地形因子的关系。6次调查共捕获拟步甲科成虫7属10种1086只,群落组成具有较明显的空间和时间变异性。其中,拟步甲群落多样性以5月最大,7月最低。Moran I指数表明,拟步甲优势种空间自相关性具有明显的季节波动性,在5月、9月和10月表现为显著空间正相关。拟步甲群落和优势种具有较强的空间异质性,主要由结构性因素决定。普通克里金插值表明,不同季节群落空间格局梯度分布存在明显差异,夏季群落空间格局比较简单。交叉方差函数分析显示,优势种物种间大多表现为正空间关联性,且主要受结构性因素单一调控。典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,坡度和海拔显著影响昆虫分布。本研究揭示了拟步甲昆虫群落小尺度空间异质性具有明显的季节变异,为研究贺兰山冲积扇生境地表甲虫物种多样性空间格局及维持机制奠定基础。     

鹞落坪国家级自然保护区吊罐井物种分布格局与种间关联的多尺度分析

为了探讨群落结构形成机制,采用点格局分析方法,对鹞落坪国家级自然保护区吊罐井核心区1hm2样地内36个优势物种在0~50m尺度上的空间分布格局和种间关联性进行了研究。结果显示,36个物种的空间分布格局在小尺度上主要呈聚集分布,在较大尺度上呈随机分布的物种比例最高;对36个物种种间关联性的分析发现,无关联类型是该样地物种间相互作用的主要表现形式,并且在10m尺度上无关联种对的比例最低,正相关和负相关的种对在所有尺度上的比例均未超过20%。群落结构的次生性、生境异质性和扩散限制性是导致该样地物种分布和种间关系格局的主要原因。本研究结果有助于了解物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制。     

阔叶红松林地表鞘翅目多样性及种间关联性

生物间相互作用被认为是群落构建机制的重要驱动力,然而目前不同空间尺度土壤动物群落物种间相互关联性仍不清楚。为了揭示小尺度空间地表鞘翅目成虫的物种组成、多样性及种间关联性,并验证是否亲缘关系较近的同属(科)物种之间多表现为负关联性,本实验于2015年8月、10月在丰林自然保护区9 hm2阔叶红松林固定监测样地,采用陷阱法捕获地表鞘翅目土壤动物。结果表明:(1)两次实验共捕获地表鞘翅目成虫1394只,隶属9科58种,其中步行虫科和隐翅虫科为优势科。10月捕获的个体数量和物种数相较于8月明显减少,群落多样性在8月和10月间具明显差异。(2)8月份,葬甲科、步行虫科和隐翅虫科群落丰富度均为显著的正关联,不同科地表鞘翅目成虫物种之间空间生态位重叠度较低,种间关系多为随机关系;同科内物种之间大多数为随机关系,极少数物种之间表现为显著的正/负的关联性。本研究表明,小尺度空间地表鞘翅目成虫群落组成和多样性在2个月份间具有明显变化,群落内物种间多为随机性关系,亲缘关系较近的物种间并未表现较多显著的负关联性。     

内蒙古高原针茅草原群落土壤水分和碳、氮分布的小尺度空间异质性

用地统计学的方法,研究比较了内蒙古高原4类地带性针茅草原群落,贝加尔针茅（Stipa baicalensis)群落,大针茅（S.grandis)群落,克氏针茅（S.krylovii)群落和小针茅（S.kelemenzii)群落0-20cm土壤水分和碳,氮的小尺度空间异质性特征,结果表明;4类群落土壤水分,有机碳和全氮均表现出显著的小尺度空间结构特征。自相关尺度为1.91m-10.81m,结构性方差占样本方差的35.31%-99.74%。从贝加尔针茅群落到小针茅群落空间自相关的尺度逐渐增大,纹理有逐渐变粗的趋势,土壤水分,碳和氮的小尺度空间格局共同作用于群落的生态学过程,即土壤水分格局→植物种群格局（基本斑块的大小）→土壤碳空间格局→土壤氮空间格局,同时,由于生态学过程的反馈作用,土壤氮空间格局→种群格局→土壤水分格局,土壤属性空间自相关尺度的改变可能是导致群落演替的驱动力,草原退化可能与土壤异质性尺度的改变相关。     

华北山地典型天然次生林土壤氮素空间异质性对落叶松幼苗更新的影响

在华北山地典型天然次生林中选择研究样地,应用地统计学理论和格局分析方法,定量分析林分土壤氮素空间异质性特征,探测更新幼苗空间格局特征;依据协同变异函数理论模型参数,定量估计土壤氮素营养空间异质性与落叶松更新格局之间的空间关联性,探讨土壤氮素空间变异对落叶松幼苗更新格局的影响程度.研究结果表明:(1)无论是以华北落叶松为优势树种的寒温性针叶林,还是以白桦和山杨为优势树种的山地阔叶林,不同空间样点间土壤氮素总量及速效态氮素均存在很大差异.阔叶林中,硝态氮在整个研究样地尺度(＞70.71m)上表现出很强的空间自相关性(结构因素所占比重为81.5%).针叶林中,硝态氮则在相对小的尺度范围(47.90m)呈现更明显的空间自相关变异.且阔叶林中土壤氮含量显著地高于针叶林.(2)华北落叶松苗更新空间分布格局呈明显的集聚分布.更新的空间格局变异主要由空间自相关因素引起(针叶林为77.4%,阔叶林为85.2%),随机变异占的比例较低(分别为22.6%和14.8%).(3)阔叶林土壤氮含量相对高,更新与氮素的空间关联性不明显,与全氮的协同变异呈随机性(R2=0.078).针叶林土壤氮含量相对低,更新与氮素的空间关联性明显,与全氮的协同变异呈现明显的空间自相关性,氮素空间异质性对更新格局与过程具有更重要的影响.整个研究样地水平上,硝态氮与更新的协同变异呈现明显的空间自相关性(空间结构比为59.4%～77.7%).NO-3-N含量较高或铵、硝态氮的比例较低的土壤环境中,更新苗发生数量较多.     

桂西北喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性分布格局的尺度效应

物种多样性的空间分布格局及其与尺度的关系研究对于了解群落物种多样性形成机制具有重要意义。为了探讨喀斯特地区物种多样性空间分布格局的尺度效应,以喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林25 hm~2样地的(胸径DBH≥1)木本植物为研究对象,分析了6个空间尺度(5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,50 m×50 m,100 m×100 m,250 m×250 m)上的多度、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数的变化规律。结果表明:物种多样性指数的空间分布均表现出较高的空间异质性;物种多样性指数的方差随取样尺度增加呈现单峰分布特征,并且在100 m×100 m尺度上达到最大值;物种多样性指数的变异系数随尺度的增加呈线性下降趋势,其中,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数均在5 m×5 m至20 m×20 m尺度上明显减小;在大于50 m×50 m的尺度上,物种丰富度与多度的正相关性不显著(P0.05)。喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性的空间分布格局与不同空间尺度密切相关,深入解析物种多样性随空间尺度的变化模式,需要在类似的森林生态系统做更多的研究。     

保安湖—湖湾大型水生植物群落格局的研究

用地质统计学中的半方差和双对数半方差图对保安湖-湖湾(黄风口)的大型水生植物群落格局进行了研究,在不同的尺度上对群落及其主要组成种类的空间异质性进行了定量的描述。结果表明:保安湖黄风口大型水生植物群落的双对数半方差图存在线性区域,群落具有分形特征(自相似性).在不同的尺度下,群落和各组成种类空间格局具有不同的分形维数值,异质性程度存在差异。但其异质性程度不高,建议进行群落调查时,样方尺度应取520m;单一种群调查时的样方尺度取380m.       

Variance in composition of inquiline communities in leaves of Sarracenia purpurea L. on multiple spatial scales

A survey of the abundances of species that inhabit the water-bearing leaves of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea was conducted at several different spatial scales in northern Florida. Individual leaves are hosts to communities of inquiline species, including mosquitoes, midges, mites, copepods, cladocerans, and a diverse bacterial assemblage. Inquiline communities were quantified from four pitchers per plant, three plants per subpopulation, two subpopulations per population, and three populations. Species varied in abundance at different spatial scales. Variation in the abundances of mosquitoes and copepods was not significantly associated with any spatial scale. Midges varied in abundance at the level of populations; one population contained significantly more midges than the other two. Cladocerans varied at the level of the subpopulation, whereas mites varied at the level of the individual plants. Bacterial communities were described by means of Biolog plates, which quantify the types of carbon media used by the bacteria in each pitcher. Bacterial communities were found to vary significantly in composition among individual plants but not among populations or subpopulations. These results suggest that independent factors determining the abundances of individual species are important in determining community patterns in pitcher-plant inquilines.     

人工红松林步行虫(Coleoptera:Carabidae)群落物种共存格局动态分析

揭示群落物种共存格局是群落生态学研究的重点内容之一,零模型的应用极大的促进了群落物种共存格局及其调控机制的进展,然而针对地下生物群落共存格局动态特征的研究并不多见。在帽儿山森林生态站的人工红松林内,通过5次调查取样基于零模型模拟分析小尺度空间(20 m×20 m)步行虫群落物种共存格局的动态特征。结果表明:(1)共捕获步行虫20种,2278只个体,其中Carabus billergi maoershanensis为所有调查季节数量最具优势且分布最广泛的物种,步行虫群落结构具明显的时间变异性;(2)2013年6月步行虫群落为集群性共存格局,而2014年8、10月为竞争性共存格局,基于目前的零模型指标和法则难以准确揭示其他月份是集群性还是竞争性的共存格局,但所有季节的群落均表现为明显的非随机性共存格局,这些共存格局的发现并不完全支持Diamond的群落构建机制理论;(3)所有调查季节均发现很少的显著物种对,基于更严格的检验表明群落中集群性物种对多于隔离性物种对,那些表现为显著的非随机性共存关系的物种对往往是群落内数量较大且分布广泛的优势和常见物种。表明非随机性共存格局可能是帽儿山人工红松林小尺度空间步行虫群落的常见格局,这种非随机性格局具一定的短期动态稳定性,但不同季节这种非随机性共存格局类型表现不同,群落内这些较少的显著物种对可能对群落物种共存格局具有一定的贡献。     

吉林蛟河不同演替阶段针阔混交林木本植物幼苗空间分布与年际动态

幼苗的空间分布对群落更新具有重要意义。于2011年夏季在蛟河地区3个不同演替阶段针阔混交林样地内共设置了451个种子雨-幼苗观测样站,并于2012—2014年对幼苗样方内胸径1 cm的木本植物幼苗进行了连续3a的调查。对木本植物幼苗的数量分布以及水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、五角枫(Acer mono)、杉松(Abies holophylla)和东北枫(Acer mandshuricum)4个主要树种幼苗与大树的空间关系及其年际变化进行了分析,并用Syrjala检验分析了样站尺度上幼苗密度、丰富度空间分布在年际间的差异。结果显示:(1)木本植物幼苗的数量分布在不同群落和年际之间都表现出明显的差异,样站尺度上3个样地内的幼苗密度存在着较大的空间变异性,而幼苗丰富度的空间异质性较低。表明幼苗分布的空间异质性对幼苗密度有着重要影响。(2)样站尺度上幼苗数量和物种数的空间分布在不同年份之间是存在差异的。在一定程度上证实了种子产量、扩散方式和群落组成对幼苗空间分布的影响。(3))从死亡幼苗与大树空间关系来看,4个主要树种的死亡幼苗与成树表现出相似的分布格局,这既表明成体植株的空间分布特征也能够影响幼苗的空间分布格局,也从侧面说明了负密度制约效应对幼苗空间分布的影响。     

Fish-habitat associations across multiple spatial scales

Important to the study of reef fish ecology is understanding the degree to which fish community structure varies across space, what factors can account for such variation, and whether these factors are scale dependent. This study examined the structure of reef fish communities across four spatial scales (1, 10 100, and 200 m²) visually censused from seven sites within Tague Bay, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Relative differences in the number of individuals and species among sites indicated a pattern that was consistent across spatial scales. Spearmans rank correlation revealed significant positive correlation in site rankings, in terms of species richness, between 1 and 10 m², and 100 and 200 m²; and for the abundance of individuals between 100 and 200 m². In order to understand the degree to which quantified habitat variables account for patterns in the abundance of individuals and species, and whether these fish-habitat relationships were consistent regardless of spatial scale, separate canonical correlation analyses were conducted at each scale. Independent of scale, the total number of individuals and species were correlated with specific habitat variables, either negatively (with areas of pavement, sand, no algae, and low structural complexity) or positively (with areas of Amphiroa rigida, Halimeda incrassata, high structural complexity, and diverse algae/seagrass communities). These habitat variables explained 31–81% (at scales of 1–200 m²) of the variation in the number of individuals and species. Similar analyses were also performed on the abundances of the nine most common species, and whether their specific habitat associations were independent of scale. Results indicated that habitat variables explained 19–73% (at scales of 1–200 m²) of the variation in abundances of each species. Unique fish-habitat relationships were observed for each species, and most such relationships were consistent across spatial scales. The structure of reef fish communities of Tague Bay was explained in large part by the composition of coral and algae communities present. Both the spatial variation in community structure and the fish-habitat relationships, at the community and population level, appeared to be largely independent of the spatial scale examined. This suggests that generalizations across Tague Bay are possible. Similar habitat associations reported in the literature are discussed with regard to the possibility for generalizations across regions.     

北京山区栓皮栎林优势种群点格局分析

采用点格局分析方法对北京山区栓皮栎林主要种群和不同发育阶段种群的空间分布格局及相互关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)群落物种组成简单,栓皮栎和油松是群落的优势种群,优势种群以中径木为主,缺乏可供更新的幼苗,种群呈现出衰退趋势;(2)在研究尺度内,栓皮栎、油松单种的空间分布格局以聚集型分布为主,随着尺度的增大呈现出随机分布和均匀分布的趋势;栓皮栎和油松呈现显著负相关;(3)优势种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局与研究尺度紧密相关,栓皮栎小树和中树以聚集型分布为主、大树呈随机分布,而油松不同发育阶段均以随机分布为主;(4)栓皮栎、油松种群不同发育阶段之间的空间关联主要发生在小尺度范围内,小树和中树以正关联为主,而中树和大树、小树和大树以负关联为主;随着研究尺度的增大趋于无关联。     

Role of topography and soils in grassland structuring at the landscape and community scales

The relative importance of abiotic factors in community assembly is debated and thought to be dependent on the scale. I investigated the relative role of topography and soils as structuring agents at the landscape and the community scales in 126 subalpine calcareous grasslands in the Pyrenees, in terms of species composition and abundance. I wished to know: (1) the role of abiotic factors in the organization of plant communities across the landscape; (2) how much of the variation in community distribution was accounted for by abiotic factors; and (3) how well their role applied to the distribution of dominant species at the landscape and the community scales. The hypothesis was: abiotic factors play an important role in community distribution in the landscape, but species interactions are more important within communities. Multivariate methods generated four communities, organized in two contrasting groups along the main vegetation axis, which explained 13% of the variation: mesic grasslands (Nardus stricta and Festuca nigrescens communities) and xeric grasslands (Carex humilis and Festuca gautieri communities). Mesic communities were more acidic and fertile than xeric communities. Changes in the abiotic environment, accounting for up to 80% of the variation in the vegetation, were smooth, while the transition between xeric and mesic grasslands was sharp in terms of species composition. The distribution in the landscape of the first main species from each community was closely related to abiotic factors, which modeled poorly the abundance of the main species at smaller scales. At the within-community scale, the explanatory power of biotic relationships was community dependent, producing the most significant models for plants highly dominant within their communities, such as N. stricta and F. gautieri. Contrary to current hypothesis, there was a shift from mainly positive relationships among dominant species in fertile mesic communities to mainly negative in infertile xeric ones.     

Neighboring plant influences on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition as assessed by T-RFLP analysis

Controls on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) include host nutrient status, identity of symbionts and soil physico-chemical properties. Here we show, in the field, that the subset of the AMF community colonizing the roots of a common grass species, Dactylis glomerata, was strongly controlled by neighboring roots of a different plant species, Centaurea maculosa, an invasive forb, thus adding a biological spatial component to controls on root colonization. Using an AMF-specific, 18s rDNA-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis method, significant differences were found between AMF community fingerprints of samples derived from roots of grasses with (G_Cm) and without (G₀) neighboring C. maculosa. There were also significant differences between samples derived from C. maculosa roots (C_mac) and both G_Cm and G₀ roots. Sample ordination indicated three generally distinct groups consisting of C_mac, G_Cm and G₀, with G_Cm samples being of intermediate distance between G₀and C_mac. Our results indicate that, with the presence of C. maculosa, AMF communities of D. glomerata shift to reflect community composition associated with C. maculosa roots. These results highlight the importance of complex spatial distributions of AMF communities at the scale of a root system. An additional dimension to our study is that C. maculosa is an aggressively invasive plant in the intermountain West. Viewed in this light, these results suggest that pervasive influences of this plant on AMF communities, specifically in roots of its competitors, may represent a mechanism contributing to its invasive success. However, further work is clearly required to determine the extent to which AMF genotypic alteration by neighboring plants influences competitive relationships.     

巴丹吉林沙漠东缘天然梭梭种群空间分布异质性

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge)是生长于沙漠地区的一种特有灌木,在维持荒漠生态系统平衡和地区经济发展中发挥着不可替代的作用。为掌握天然梭梭种群空间分布规律,以巴丹吉林沙漠东缘塔木素地区的"野生肉苁蓉及梭梭产籽基地"为试验区,采用样线法测定梭梭株高、冠幅直径,统计梭梭分布密度,分析梭梭种群数量特征空间分布特征及其与生境之间的关系。结果表明:梭梭林密度、株高、冠幅直径均符合正态分布,表现为强度变异;株高、密度、冠幅直径的半方差函数理论模型均为高斯理论模型,其相应的变程为1249、909、1035 m;空间自相关比例均超过70%,受随机因素影响较小,保持着较好的天然分布和生长状态。梭梭种群数量特征的分形维数均大于1.5,空间依赖性强,空间结构性好。长期风蚀作用,小地形海拔高度体现为不同沙层厚度,梭梭株高、冠幅直径和密度在空间上的分布呈西高东低,北高南低的趋势,与海拔高度存在极显著相关;梭梭群落的空间异质性表现出一定的适度沙埋效应。