Evaluation of yellow sticky traps for monitoring the population of thrips (Thysanoptera) in a mango orchard

Populations of several thrips species were estimated using yellow sticky traps in an orchard planted with mango, Mangifera indica L. during the dry and wet seasons beginning in late 2008-2009 on Penang Island, Malaysia. To determine the efficacy of using sticky traps to monitor thrips populations, we compared weekly population estimates on yellow sticky traps with thrips population sizes that were determined (using a CO(2) method) directly from mango panicles. Dispersal distance and direction of thrips movement out of the orchard also were studied using yellow sticky traps placed at three distances from the edge of the orchard in four cardinal directions facing into the orchard. The number of thrips associated with the mango panicles was found to be correlated with the number of thrips collected using the sticky trap method. The number of thrips captured by the traps decreased with increasing distance from the mango orchard in all directions. Density of thrips leaving the orchard was related to the surrounding vegetation. Our results demonstrate that sticky traps have the potential to satisfactorily estimate thrips populations in mango orchards and thus they can be effectively employed as a useful tactic for sampling thrips.     

Species composition and population dynamics of thrips (Thysanoptera) in mango orchards of northern peninsular Malaysia

Thrips are key pests of mango, Mangifera indica (L.), in Malaysia, including the Northern Peninsular. As Penang has year-round equatorial climate and high of rainfall, the populations of thrips may be subject to variations in composition and size. With a goal of developing an appropriate control strategy, a survey was conducted in Penang to determine species composition and abundance in relation to some environmental factors. Sprayed and unsprayed orchards were sampled on weekly basis through two flowering seasons of 2009 using CO(2) collection technique. Larval population falling into the ground to pupate and adults emerging from the soil were investigated in both orchards. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) and Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) were the most prevalent species in the sprayed and the unsprayed orchards, respectively. The abundance of thrips was high during the flowering period of the dry season and decreased during the flowering period of the rainy season. This latter period coincided with decreased temperature and increased relative humidity. Percentage of adult emergence from the soil was lower in the rainy season than recorded in the dry season in both orchards. Taken together, these observations suggest that T. hawaiiensis and S. dorsalis are the main thrips species pests of mango panicles in Penang. Direct control with insecticides focusing on these two species may help to reduce cosmetic injuries and other damages on mango fruits.     

The coincidence of thrips and dispersed pollen in PNRSV-infected stonefruit orchards – a precondition for thrips-mediated transmission via infected pollen

Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) (family Bromoviridae) can be readily transmitted when thrips and virus‐bearing pollen are placed together on to test plants. For this transmission mechanism to result in stonefruit tree infection in the field, PNRSVbearing pollen must be deposited onto surfaces of stonefruit trees on which thrips also occur. In a previous paper, we demonstrated that almost all pollen in a PNRSV‐infected Japanese plum orchard in southeastern Queensland was deposited onto flowers, whereas few grains occurred on leaves and none on stems. Here, we present results of our investigation of thrips species composition, distribution and abundance on stonefruit trees in the same study area as our previous pollen deposition study. We collected a total of 2010 adult thrips from 13 orchards during the 1989, 1991 and 1992 flowering seasons of which all but 14 were in the suborder Terebrantia. Most (97.4%) terebrantian thrips were of three species, Thrips imaginis, Thrips australis and Thrips tabaci. Thrips tabaci as well as species mixtures that included T. imaginis, T. australis and T. tabaci have been shown to transmit PNRSV via infected pollen in laboratory tests. Adult thrips were frequently collected from flowers but rarely from leaves and never from stems. Large and significant differences in numbers of T. imaginis, T. australis and T. tabaci adults in flowers occurred among orchards and between seasons. No factor was conclusively related to thrips numbers but flowers of late‐flowering stonefruit varieties tended to hold more thrips than those of early‐flowering varieties. Our results indicate that the common thrips species present on stonefruit trees in the Granite Belt are also ones previously shown to transmit PNRSV via infected pollen in the laboratory and that these thrips are concentrated in tonefruit flowers where most stonefruit pollen is deposited. These results contribute to mounting circumstantial evidence that stonefruit flowers may be inoculated with PNRSV via an interaction of thrips with virus‐bearing pollen and that this transmission mechanism may be an important cause of new tree infections in the field     

Spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia

Thrips were sampled from six nectarine orchards in the Dry Central Interior, British Columbia, Canada, between April and June 1993 using yellow sticky cards on posts spaced around the perimeter of each orchard. Although 12 identified species of thrips were captured, >90% of individuals were the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). The flight patterns and abundances of western flower thrips were compared between orchards located in two differently oriented valleys (N-S and E-W) and between orchards located close to or far from areas of wild land. Results indicate that densities of western flower thrips entering orchards, and their direction of movement, were related more to the external vegetation than either location within the two different valleys or general wind flow patterns. Western flower thrips tended to move into orchards close to ground level in early spring (late April and early May) but flew higher as ground cover grew taller and temperatures increased. Densities of western flower thrips at ground level were highest in an orchard with the densest dandelion ground cover. We conclude that the location of nectarine orchards in relation to wild areas is a major determinate of western flower thrips densities.     

Evaluation of sampling methodology for determining the phenology, relative density, and dispersion of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in nectarine orchards

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), cause serious economic damage to nectarines in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys, British Columbia, Canada. We evaluated several sampling methods for western flower thrips for their precision and ability to predict general population trends. Beating of branches, flicking of buds, and visual estimation methods were not accurate for estimating numbers of thrips in nectarine buds. Thrips caught on sticky cards indicated general population trends, but were less efficient than collecting nectarine buds and counting thrips. Searching for thrips from buds in the field underestimated the density of both adults and larvae, and for adults, underestimated the proportion of the pale morph of western flower thrips. Dispersion patterns of thrips populations among orchards were either random or aggregated dependent on the development stage of the nectarine buds.     

Propagation of tomato spotted wilt virus in Frankliniella occidentalis does neither result in pathological effects nor in transovarial passage of the virus

The effect of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) on Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera; Thripidae) following a 6-hour acquisition access period on infected plants was investigated. No statistically significant differences were observed among viruliferous, non-viruliferous and control thrips with respect to developmental time, reproduction rate and survival. Thrips larvae, exposed or non-exposed to TSWV, developed from egg to adult in 13.1 and 13.2 days, respectively. Exposed females produced an average of 28.3 larvae whereas control thrips produced 22.3 larvae and longevity was 13.4 and 12.5 days, respectively. None of these values were significantly different. Population reproductive statistics, net reproductive rate (R ₀), mean generation time (T) and intrinsic rate of increase (r _m) were calculated from the life fertility tables. R ₀ and r _m were higher for viruliferous thrips as compared to non-viruliferous and non-exposed thrips. Virus transmission studies revealed that viruliferous thrips were able to transmit virus until death and that TSWV was not transovarially transmitted.     

Winter and spring abundance of Frankliniella spp. and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysan., Thripidae) on weed host plants in Turkey

Abstract:  The species composition of thrips and abundance of three pestiferous thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Thrips tabaci Lindeman and Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysan., Thripidae) on weed species during winter and spring time were studied in vegetable production and polycultured areas in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in years 2002 and 2003. Of a total of 61 543 thrips extracted from 8933 samples collected, 77% were adults. F. occidentalis was collected from all of 49 weed species sampled and F. intonsa was detected on 18 plant species between May and June. T. tabaci was collected from 42 of a total of 49 weed species. Immature thrips were extracted from 42 of a total of 49 weed species. Four weed species of a total 35 weed species sampled between April and May in the sampling areas hosted 63% of larvae and approximately 50% of F. occidentalis collected. A total of 23 thrips species was recorded from weeds sampled in this study. F. occidentalis accounted for 83% of a total 47 640 adult thrips collected and followed by low rates of T. tabaci and F. intonsa (9 and 1%, respectively). Melanthrips spp. accounted for 3.54% of total numbers of adult thrips. Flower-inhabiting thrips species and T. tabaci were most abundant on weeds between April and May when the number of weed species in bloom was greatest, then decreased to low levels after May. Most pestiferous thrips on weeds species were collected from vegetable production areas. F. occidentalis was the predominant thrips comprising over 80% in most months in the vegetable grown area. In polycultured area, the composition of adult thrips shifted monthly. While Melanthrips was the more prevailing thrips by rates 53% in February and 81% in March, F. occidentalis was the predominant thrips with 60 to 62% in spring, respectively.     

Evaluation of an improved method for mass-rearing of thrips and a thrips parasitoid

Improved laboratory methods are described in detail for mass rearing of various thrips species, such as Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and a thrips parasitoid, Ceranisus menes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), using various foods. In one method, plant pollen and honey solution are used as food sources. In a second method, germinated broad bean seeds are used. Eggs, produced in large numbers in water, are collected by a suction funnel onto a filter paper and incubated in a Petri dish. Large numbers of larvae that hatch are collected by using food traps (plant pollen). Larvae can be reared on pollen or on germinated broad bean seeds until adult emergence without additional water and food. This method has been found useful for producing even-aged thrips at different densities (up to 500 larvae in a cage of 80 mm diameter) with relatively low mortality rates. Evaluation of this rearing method for F. intonsa, shows that during 2 weeks at 20 °C per 100 females more than 4000 females could be produced in the next generation. About 5 min per day is required to achieve this productivity of mass production. The method is also suitable for producing large numbers of the solitary endoparasitoid of thrips larvae, C. menes.     

香蕉园黄胸蓟马成虫种群的活动节律、消长规律与空间分布

为系统明确黄胸蓟马在香蕉园的活动节律、消长规律与空间分布。采用蓝色诱虫板诱集法和田间踏查法,在2016—2018年期间调查了香蕉园黄胸蓟马成虫的活动高度情况、日间节律、以及不同香蕉品种(南天黄、巴西蕉与皇帝蕉)与不同地区(海南澄迈、广西玉林与云南景洪)的种群消长规律,同时分析了其空间分布格局与性比。结果显示:高度与蓟马种群数量密切相关,2—6 m是香蕉园黄胸蓟马的主要活动高度范围;蓟马种群的活动节律在晴、阴与雨天基本一致,日活动高峰时段为12:00—16:00时,夜间和阴雨天均活动少;黄胸蓟马的种群动态不受香蕉作物品种和地理区域的影响,但与香蕉作物的生长期密切相关;年度消长规律呈现单峰型,香蕉进入花蕾期时,蓟马种群数量快速增长,盛花期时达到高峰,其余时期少有发生。聚集指标与Taylor回归法分析共同表明黄胸蓟马成虫在香蕉园的空间分布型为聚集式分布。性比调查发现黄胸蓟马在香蕉花蕾内的雌虫比例约为70%,表明该虫是一个雌性为主的种群。为揭示黄胸蓟马的灾变规律提供了基础数据,同时可为香蕉蓟马的适时与精准化监测预报及防治提供指导依据。     

Comparing Behavioural Patterns of Thrips tabaci Lindeman on Leek and Cucumber

This study documents the behavioural repertoire of Thrips tabaci. Seventeen behavioural elements shown by adult females were videotaped, described and classified into seven behavioural categories. The comparison of thrips behaviour on leek and cucumber over 24 h (L:D = 16:8) revealed that on cucumber thrips spent significantly less time being inactive, but significantly more time with feeding resulting in significantly higher feeding damage compared to leek. Oviposition behaviour incidence and oviposition rate were somewhat, but not significantly lower on cucumber compared to leek. Sequences of leaf surface exploration lasted significantly longer on cucumber than on leek. Thrips females were as active during light as during dark periods. Our results show that T. tabaci females spend different amounts of time with resting, feeding and explorative behaviours on leek and cucumber, thus indicating differences in host use on these two crops.     

Biological Control of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mango Orchards through Augmentative Releases of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) parasitoids were released by air on a weekly basis over 1600 ha of commercial mango orchards, backyard orchards, and patches of native vegetation, at a density of ca. 940 parasitoids/ha. Releases were made during 2 consecutive years, beginning at flower onset and lasting until the end of the production cycle. Two areas, 7 km apart, were compared. In one area parasitoids were released, whereas the other area was used as a control. During the 2nd year treatments were reversed. Fruit was sampled in commercial mango orchards and in backyard orchards to assess levels of parasitism in fruit fly larvae. Highly significant differences in percentage parasitism were found in release and control zones in backyard orchards. Furthermore, trapping results indicated that D. longicaudata releases were associated with ca. 2.7-fold suppression of Anastrepha spp. populations in backyard orchards. Results suggest that suppression might be affected by environmental conditions and by the parasitoid:fly ratio achieved. Anastrepha obliqua McQuart populations were suppressed more effectively by use of parasitoids than those of Anastrepha ludens Loew, perhaps due to the type of host fruits used by each species. Augmentative parasitoid releases in marginal areas surrounding commercial orchards (backyard orchards, wild vegetation) can substantially suppress fly populations. Through this approach, the number of flies that later move into commercial orchards can be significantly reduced. Such a strategy, when combined with sound orchard management schemes, can allow growers to produce clean fruit without the need to resort to the widespread use of insecticides.     

Genetic variation in chrysanthemum for resistance toFrankliniella occidentalis

In a choice-experiment, 42 chrysanthemum cultivars were screened for resistance toFrankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Oviposition preference, two types of feeding damage and thrips numbers per flower were recorded as measures of resistance. A large genetic variation in thrips resistance was found among the cultivars screened. The amount of feeding damage was strongly determined by oviposition preference. Besides, a positive correlation was found between the oviposition preference in non-flowering chrysanthemums (number of eggs) and flowering chrysanthemums (number of thrips per flower). Thrips feeding on young, developing tissues, causes growth damage because affected cells are unable to expand and leaves become distorted. Thrips feeding on older, expanded leaves causes cells to become filled with air, resulting in ‘silver’ damage. The amounts of growth-and ‘silver’ damage were negatively correlated suggesting that thrips chose either young or older leaves to feed on. The order of resistance among cultivars did not change during the experiment. In order to get more insight in resistance mechanisms the influence of some plant- and flower characters on resistance was examined. The plant characters height, number of leaves, flower production and flower weight were all negatively correlated with resistance. It is suggested that tall chrysanthemum cultivars with many and large flowers may invest less in defence than smaller cultivars, and therefore are more damaged by thrips.     

Effects of undersown clover on host-plant selection by Thrips tabaci adults in leek

The suppressive effects of undersown clover on Thrips tabaci Lindeman infestation in leek is known but not the stages in thrips population dynamics that are affected by intercropping and the mechanisms involved. Colonization or settling of adult onion thrips (T. tabaci) in monocropped leek (Allium porrum L.) and in leek intercropped with strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) was studied in two potted plant experiments. Potted leek plants with and without undersown clover were placed for a short period (2 and 5 days) in monocropped or intercropped field plots when high thrips infestation was expected. Thrips adults were counted on all leaves and in the shaft during this observation period. Thrips populations were monitored weekly in the field plots throughout the entire growing season.In both potted plant experiments, there were consistently fewer thrips adults on intercropped leek plants than on monocropped plants. The plant growth parameters – number of leaves and stem diameter – were similar in all treatments and thus did not explain differences in thrips adults. Natural enemies were absent on both leek and clover, and thus cannot explain the differences in adult thrips numbers. Furthermore, no adults of T. tabaci were found on the clover in the potted plant experiment and only very few in the field experiment. Thus it was concluded that strawberry clover was not an effective trap crop for thrips.In the second potted plant experiment, clover was removed just before the leek plants were introduced to the field, thus eliminating direct physical, visual and olfactory interference by clover. After the undersown clover was removed, the leek plants harboured only one-third of the number of thrips adults, as compared to the monocropped plants. This study supports the notion that there are subtle links between intercropping and plant quality, and indicates that host-plant quality is an underlying cause of the reduction in adult thrips numbers in leek/clover intercropping.     

Control of Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) with acephate to exclude a biological control agent of Schinus terebinthifolia

Post-release monitoring of biological control agents to determine impact on the target weed has recently received increased priority. Several methods are available to measure the impact of a biological control agent by manipulating the agent population while measuring fitness of the weed. Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia is one of the most damaging weeds in subtropical areas of Florida and Hawaii. A biological control agent, the thrips, Pseudophilothrips ichini is a sap-feeder that shows high levels of specificity and causes severe distortion of leaf tips of the weed. Thrips populations of this species and a generalist thrips, the red banded thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus were experimentally manipulated by applications of the systemic insecticide acephate by both foliar applications and by an inserted encapsulated formulation. Foliar applications protected plants against red banded thrips for 29 days and against the biological control thrips, P. ichini for 22 days after treatment. Control with inserts were initially low but was achieved after 60 days and this control continued for 182 days after treatment. Manipulation of these biological control thrips populations with foliar or inserted formulations will assist in the determination of biological control agent impact.     

Control ofThrips tabaci [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on glasshouse cucumber using large introductions of predatory mitesAmblyseius barkeri [Acarina: Phytoseiidae]

The phytoseiid miteAmblyseius barkeri (Hughes) (=Amblyseius mckenziei Sch. & Pr.) was used for biological control ofThrips tabaci Lind. in 7 commercial glasshouses with cucumber (a total of 5780 m²). Predatory mites were introduced 3–4 times in densities ranging from 40 to 300/m² at each release. In 6 of the 7 glasshouses, control of thrips was satisfactory throughout the growing season. Thrips densities were kept below 15 individuals per leaf. In 1 glasshouse, thrips damage was seen on the fruits at densities of 25 thrips per leaf, but the thrips population was quickly reduced and remained at low densities for the next 3 months.      

Population density of the predatory mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Typhlodromus pyri</Emphasis> (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on various pear cultivars in organic and integrated orchards

During an experiment carried out in 2009–2010 we observed different population densities of Typhlodromus pyri in three monitored pear cultivars in Organic Pest Management (OPM) as well as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) orchards. In both years the population density of T. pyri was the highest in the cultivar Conference (organic orchard). The lowest population density was found in 2009 on the cultivar Dicolor (IPM orchard) and in 2010 on the cultivar Bohemica. Factors involved are discussed.     

The occurrence and species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera) on onion

The aim of the present research work was to investigate the population density and species composition of thrips infesting crops of onion in South Poland. The flight activity of thrips was monitored using blue sticky traps and plant samples were taken to record the number of adult and Larvae of thrips on onion. In 2004 the thrips were caught into blue sticky traps from the start of June to the end of the first decade of September. The peak flight activity was noticed in the middle of July. In 2004 the significant growth of the numerousness of adult thrips on onion grown from seeds was recorded in the middle and in the third decade of August, whereas on onion grown from sets in the first decade of August. Thrips larvae were not observed during the whole vegetation season. In 2005, the thrips were caught into blue sticky traps form the half of June to the first decade of September. The peak flight activity was noticed in the first decade of August. In 2005 the rapid growth of the numerousness of adult thrips on onion grown from seeds was recorded in the third decade of July. The highest number of adult thrips on onion grown from sets was noticed at the beginning of August. Thrips larvae were observed on onion grown from seeds in the third decade of July and at the end of the second decade of August. In both years of observations the most numerous species was Frankliniella intonsa Tryb. The second most numerous species was Thrips tabaci Lindeman. In 2004, the most numerous species was predacious Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall.     

Temporal and spatial dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus and its vector in a potato crop in Argentina

The nature of spatial and temporal dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and its vector in a potato crop cv. Innovator without insecticide application is analysed. Seed tuber was analysed for the presence of TSWV as a source of initial inoculum. The presence of plants with symptoms of TSWV was evaluated by visual observation and DAS‐ELISA analysis to confirm the virus infection. Thrips species were collected from leaves and inflorescences and identified under stereomicroscope. The distribution of symptomatic plants and thrips species was recorded five times at 14 days intervals. The initial seed tuber infection was of 1.1%. Disease incidence was 0% at 29 days after planting (DAP), 0.2% at 43 DAP, 2.2% at 56 DAP, 11.6% at 70 DAP and 14.6% at 84 DAP. The progress of the disease was adequately described by a Logistic model [y = 0.15/(1 + 1205372.93 × exp (?0.22 × DAP))]. Thrips vector species identified as resident in the crop during the whole cycle were Thrips tabaci (n = 423), Frankliniella occidentalis (n = 141) and as occasional species, F. schultzei (n = 34) and F. gemina (n = 5) were found. At 43 and 56 DAP a random distribution pattern was observed and the thrips species found were T. tabaci (n = 188) and F. occidentalis (n = 105). An aggregated pattern was determined at 70 and 84 DAP. Spatial patterns of the disease spread suggest a polycyclic epidemic with TSWV secondary spread in the potato crop. Multiple control measures were deduced from these epidemiological results like virus testing in tubers, removal of external virus infection sources and thrips control.     

Effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on searching,feeding and predation by Orius albidipennis (Hem., Anthocoridae) on Thrips tabaci (Thy., Thripidae) larvae

The generalist predator Orius albidipennis Reut. (Hem., Anthocoridae) and entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) are important biocontrol agents of Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thys., Thripidae) in most greenhouses. In this study, we estimated searching time, feeding time and predation rate in O. albidipennis feeding on untreated and treated thrips larvae which had been inoculated with three concentrations of M. anisopliae V275 at four time intervals; 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after infestation. Applied concentrations were 1×10³, 2×10⁴ and 2×10⁵ conidia/mL which roughly correspond to the LC₂₅, LC₅₀ and LC₇₅ for second instar-larvae. O. albidipennis responded to the presence of the M. anisopliae on the treated hosts by increasing the searching time and decreasing feeding time and predation rate levels. It was also able to detect and avoid treated patches.     

Studies on host preference and its biological effects on the red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in Egypt The fruit trees

A comparative bioassay (choice or non-choice) was developed to evaluate the efficacy of different species of fruit trees as alternative host plants on the morphological and biological aspects of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and also the latent effect of feeding the larvae on pupal and adult stages. Highly significant differences exist between averages of larval body weight of R. ferrugineus larvae fed on fruit trees. The lowest average of larval weight occurred in the larvae fed on the pieces of sour orange, mandarin followed by olive and lime trees. A small increase in body weight appeared in larvae fed on mango, fig and guava in comparison with those fed on date palm trees (control). The larval mortality reached the highest percentages (100%) by obligatory feeding of R. ferrugineus insects on olive, lime, sour orange and mandarin followed by mango (97%) and guava (96%) compared with control (0%), respectively. The latent effect of obligatory feeding on the larvae of R. ferrugineus was highly decreased during pupation (4%, 4% and 8%) when the insect fed on mango, guava and fig, compared with 100% pupation in the case of larvae fed on ornamental palm or date palm, respectively. Most pupae resulting from the treated larvae by R. ferrugineus failed in adult emergence especially those insects fed on olive, lime, sour orange and mandarin trees compared to untreated insects (95.6–96.2%), respectively. Data also proved that if an insect is forced to feed on a non-preferred host plant, this results in death of the insect often during the larval stage, a decrease of pupation or failure of adult emergence. These results led to the conclusion that mango, fig, and guava trees are believed to be vulnerable hosts for red weevil attack. The lowest percentage of food consumption appeared in those larvae fed on mandarin, sour orange, lime and olive trees compared with those fed on palm. The present results emphasise the need to test the efficiency of the compounds extracted from these host plants if it is considered as an insecticide or an alternative host protectant for management of the red palm weevil R. ferrugineus.