小鼠模型在铁代谢研究中的应用

铁代谢在维持生命活动中至关重要,机体铁代谢紊乱会导致贫血和人类遗传性血色病等诸多疾病,对人体健康造成危害。在铁代谢研究领域,小鼠模型具有人群及细胞模型所不具备的优势,可以最准确的表现相应基因及通路在铁代谢调控中的生理作用。利用基因敲除及转基因小鼠模型,许多铁代谢相关的基因及调控通路被发现,有助于深入了解铁稳态调控的分子机制。这些小鼠模型为治疗铁代谢紊乱相关疾病潜在药物的开发和评估提供了理想的平台。     

铁调素调控与铁代谢相关疾病研究进展

铁离子对所有生物来说都是必需元素。人体组织中的铁含量被精确调控,以确保体内铁始终处于正常生理水平。多种疾病可引起人体铁代谢失调,如血色病、慢性丙型肝炎和酒精性肝病等。许多分子参与了铁调控,其中铁调素是机体铁稳态的中心调控分子。研究铁调素有助于加深人们对人体铁失调分子机制的深入认识。初步讨论了铁调素调控与铁代谢相关疾病的关系,为理解铁代谢疾病提供线索和新的临床诊断和治疗依据。     

果蝇模型在研究铁代谢相关神经退行性疾病发病机制中的应用(英文)

铁代谢紊乱一直被视为是许多神经退行性疾病共同的病理特征,如阿尔茨海默氏症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)、帕金森氏病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)以及弗里德赖希共济失调(Friedreich’s ataxia,FRDA)等均与脑铁代谢紊乱密切相关。随着分子生物学的进展,迄今为止也已经发现许多参与铁运输、储存和调控的基因与神经退行性病变的发生和发展有关,然而铁代谢紊乱在疾病发病过程中的致病机制仍不十分清楚。近年来许多研究者利用各种转基因动物模型来研究铁代谢相关神经退行性疾病的发病机制,但是啮齿类动物模型由于模型构建系统周期较长且比较复杂,从而限制了铁相关蛋白在神经退行性疾病中作用机制的研究进展。果蝇具有生活周期短暂、染色体数目少以及表型易于观察等优点,同时果蝇与人在很多基因和通路上都高度保守,且神经系统也可表现出与人相似的复杂的功能,因此被广泛地应用在铁代谢相关神经退行性疾病发病机制的研究中。果蝇还以其独特的分子遗传学优势,更容易构建缺失、插入、敲除或转基因模型,可在不同神经退行性病理情况下进行遗传学筛选铁相关的调控基因,从而为解决铁代谢紊乱在疾病发病过程中的致病机制提供更多的线索。因此在果蝇模型中发现可以中止甚至是逆转神经元退化进程的铁相关基因,以期为神经退行性疾病的研究和治疗提供策略。     

脑铁代谢紊乱为阿尔茨海默病的治疗提供新靶点

脑铁稳态对于维持脑的正常发育和控制细胞氧化应激水平具有重要作用.大量研究已显示,脑铁稳态的失衡与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的发病存在密切关系,但其机理尚需深入研究.本文结合本实验室的研究结果,总结了脑铁代谢失衡参与AD病变的研究进展,重点讨论了脑铁增高与AD症状及细胞损伤的关系,及负责铁摄入、储存、释放和调控的几种铁代谢关键分子在AD中的表达变化,并展望了改善脑铁水平、调节铁代谢相关分子平衡、降低氧化应激等方法作为AD治疗策略的前景.本文旨在为今后深入研究脑铁代谢及相关分子在AD病理过程中的作用,开发预防和治疗AD新药物提供参考.     

脑铁代谢和神经变性性疾病

最近关于脑铁代谢研究的新成果,尤其是与脑铁转运、储存、调节相关的某些突变基因的发现,足以得出以下结论,即异常增高的脑铁至少是部份神经变性疾病的起始原因。研究显示,脑铁过量积聚主要是由于遗传性和非遗传性因素所引起的某些服铁代谢蛋白功能异常或表达失控。正是异常增高的脑铁触发一系列病理反应,最终导致神经为性性疾病病人服神经元死亡。本文简要叙述了目前对服铁分布、功能和脑铁代谢蛋白的认识,讨论了内铁转运机制以及服铁和神经变性性疾病之间的关系研究的新进展。     

跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶6：一种新发现的铁调素调节子

跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶6(TMPRSS6)是最近发现的一种丝氨酸蛋白激酶,它通过调节铁调素(hepcidin)的表达,进而影响生物机体的铁稳态.它的发现,不仅对进一步认识机体铁代谢的调控及其分子机制有重要的理论意义,还为揭示铁代谢相关疾病的病因和探索治疗的相关途径提供了新的思路.     

铁代谢与蛋白质泛素化．降解调控研究进展

铁元素为几乎所有的生命体所必需,维持铁代谢稳态对机体的正常功能至关重要。铁代谢紊乱与人类多种疾病的发生和发展有关。已知铁代谢稳态受到一系列参与铁代谢环节的关键蛋白质,如IRP2等的精确调节。这些重要蛋白质的稳定性、生理活性的动态变化及其协调作用是细胞维持铁代谢平衡的分子基础。除了转录和转录后水平的调控,泛素化等翻译后修饰方式和蛋白质降解是细胞精确调控参与铁代谢的蛋白质的水平及功能普遍而有效的方式之一;同时,细胞的铁代谢状态也影响细胞内参与泛素化等翻译后修饰途径的酶类的活性和稳定性,从而在铁代谢和蛋白质修饰．降解途径之间形成反馈机制,实时和动态地完成对细胞内铁代谢水平的精确调控。就相关领域的最新进展作简要综述。     

铁代谢与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤

铁是神经系统正常发育必不可少的金属元素,受多种因素的调节。近年来的研究表明,铁代谢改变是新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤(hypoxic ischemic brain damage,HIBD)重要的发病机制之一,也是造成新生儿HIBD后永久性神经伤残的重要原因。缺氧缺血后机体铁循环发生改变,并随着病程的发展引发脑内铁代谢紊乱,脑内铁蓄积,后经多种途径参与脑内神经细胞的损伤过程。因此,研究缺氧缺血如何造成机体循环铁与脑内铁代谢的改变以及两者间可能存在的联系,阐明铁代谢紊乱在HIBD发生和发展中的机制,将为HIBD的预防和治疗提供依据。本文综述了HIBD发病过程中铁代谢变化及其影响因素,以及铁代谢紊乱如何参与HIBD的发生和发展。     

脑内的铁,转铁蛋白及转铁蛋白受体

脑铁异常增高可能参与脑神经变性疾病的发生发展。这一发现使得脑铁代谢成为近年广为关注和研究较为广泛的领域。本文综述了这一领域某些方面的目前认识。包括：（１）脑铁分布及功能;（２）铁转铁蛋白及转铁蛋白受体在脑内的合成与分布;（３）脑铁摄取和运输。此外,对铁与某些金属离子,转的蛋白和转铁蛋白受体与脑神经变性疾病的关系,以及转铁蛋白受体内吞在生物大分子跨血脑屏障运输中的作用也作了简要讨论。     

铁代谢紊乱与阿尔茨海默病

很多研究表明脑内铁代谢紊乱与阿尔茨海默病有关,但其机理尚需深入探讨。综述这方面近年来的研究进展,特别是结合本实验室的研究结果,对铁代谢紊乱和氧化应激、β-淀粉样蛋白和金属离子代谢紊乱、转铁蛋白和转铁蛋白受体、铁调节蛋白、二价金属离子转运体,及天然抗氧化剂通过调节金属代谢平衡缓解β-淀粉样蛋白的毒性对细胞损伤的保护作用进行了深入讨论,旨在对今后这方面的研究及预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病有所帮助。     

Brain Iron Toxicity: Differential Responses of Astrocytes,Neurons, and Endothelial Cells

Iron accumulation or iron overload in brain is commonly associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, and also plays a role in cellular damage following hemorrhagic stroke and traumatic brain injury. Despite the brain’s highly regulated system for iron utilization and metabolism, these disorders often present following disruptions within iron metabolic pathways. Such dysregulation allows saturation of proteins involved in iron transport and storage, and may cause an increase in free ferrous iron within brain leading to oxidative damage. Not only do astrocytes, neurons, and brain endothelial cells serve unique purposes within the brain, but their individual cell types are equipped with distinct protective mechanisms against iron-induced injury. This review evaluates iron metabolism within the brain under homeostatic and pathological conditions and focuses on the mechanism(s) of brain cellular iron toxicity and differential responses of astrocytes, neurons, and brain vascular endothelial cells to excessive free iron. Special issue dedicated to Dr. Moussa Youdim. An erratum to this article can be found at     

铁紊乱相关疾病的研究进展

铁作为一种必需的营养元素,在哺乳动物体内的重要作用越来越为人们所重视。动物体内存在着严格的铁代谢调节机制,以确保体内铁始终处于正常生理水平。如果铁代谢失调、体内铁缺乏或过负荷均会导致各种临床疾病。研究发现,肝脏抗菌多肽(hepcidin)很可能是一种控制小肠铁吸收及调节体内铁稳态的关键物质,是一种极为重要的铁调节激素。本文综述了铁的生理作用、铁缺乏引起的疾病(如:缺铁性贫血和儿童神经系统疾病)和铁过负荷引起的疾病(如:肝损伤、心血管疾病、帕金森病和癌症等),并对如何利用现代化技术手段在基因水平开展铁紊乱相关疾病的治疗做了展望。     

Cancer cells with irons in the fire

Iron is essential for the growth and proliferation of cells, as well as for many biological processes that are important for the maintenance and survival of the human body. However, excess iron is associated with the development of cancer and other pathological conditions, due in part to the pro-oxidative nature of iron and its damaging effects on DNA. Current studies suggest that iron depletion may be beneficial for patients that have diseases associated with iron overload or other iron metabolism disorders that may increase the risk for cancer. On the other hand, studies suggest that cancer cells are more vulnerable to the effects of iron depletion and oxidative stress in comparison to normal cells. Therefore, cancer patients might benefit from treatments that alter both iron metabolism and oxidative stress. This review highlights the pro-oxidant effects of iron, the relationship between iron and cancer development, the vulnerabilities of the iron-dependent cancer phenotype, and how these characteristics may be exploited to prevent or treat cancer.     

Iron metabolism in diabetes-induced Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on insulin resistance in the brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by an excessive accumulation of toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and memory dysfunction. The onset of AD is influenced by age, genetic background, and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Several studies have demonstrated that diabetes involving insulin resistance and glucose tolerance could lead to AD, ultimately resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Even though the relationship between diabetes and AD was indicated by significant evidences, the critical mechanisms and metabolic alterations in diabetes induced AD are not clear until now. Recently, iron metabolism has been shown to play multiple roles in the central nervous system (CNS). Iron deficiency and overload are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Iron binds to Aβ and subsequently regulates Aβ toxicity in the CNS. In addition, previous studies have shown that iron is involved in the aggravation of insulin resistance. Considering these effects of iron metabolism in CNS, we expect that iron metabolism may play crucial roles in diabetic AD brain. Thus, we review the recent evidence regarding the relationship between diabetes-induced AD and iron metabolism.     

Iron and mechanisms of emotional behavior

Iron is required for appropriate behavioral organization. Iron deficiency results in poor brain myelination and impaired monoamine metabolism. Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid homeostasis is modified by changes in brain iron status. Such changes produce not only deficits in memory/learning capacity and motor skills, but also emotional and psychological problems. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that both energy metabolism and neurotransmitter homeostasis influence emotional behavior, and both functions are influenced by brain iron status. Like other neurobehavioral aspects, the influence of iron metabolism on mechanisms of emotional behavior is multifactorial: brain region-specific control of behavior, regulation of neurotransmitters and associated proteins, temporal and regional differences in iron requirements, oxidative stress responses to excess iron, sex differences in metabolism, and interactions between iron and other metals. To better understand the role that brain iron plays in emotional behavior and mental health, this review discusses the pathologies associated with anxiety and other emotional disorders with respect to body iron status.     

Brain iron transport

Brain iron is a crucial participant and regulator of normal physiological activity. However, excess iron is involved in the formation of free radicals, and has been associated with oxidative damage to neuronal and other brain cells. Abnormally high brain iron levels have been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases, including neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, the key question of why iron levels increase in the relevant regions of the brain remains to be answered. A full understanding of the homeostatic mechanisms involved in brain iron transport and metabolism is therefore critical not only for elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for excess iron accumulation in the brain but also for developing pharmacological interventions to disrupt the chain of pathological events occurring in these neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted, but to date no effort to synthesize these studies and ideas into a systematic and coherent summary has been made, especially concerning iron transport across the luminal (apical) membrane of the capillary endothelium and the membranes of different brain cell types. Herein, we review key findings on brain iron transport, highlighting the mechanisms involved in iron transport across the luminal (apical) as well as the abluminal (basal) membrane of the blood–brain barrier, the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and iron uptake and release in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia within the brain. We offer suggestions for addressing the many important gaps in our understanding of this important topic, and provide new insights into the potential causes of abnormally increased iron levels in regions of the brain in neurodegenerative disorders.     

乳铁蛋白对铁代谢的影响及其在神经退行性疾病中的应用

乳铁蛋白是一种具有多种生理功能的铁结合性糖蛋白,是铁在机体内代谢及转运关键载体。目前,有关乳铁蛋白对神经退行性疾病的防治作用及应用研究已成为该领域的新热点。本文主要介绍了铁在机体内的代谢;铁转运蛋白-乳铁蛋白转运系统：铁转运主要是由转铁蛋白受体和乳铁蛋白受体介导的,铁转运入脑的途径主要是转铁蛋白-转铁蛋白受体途径,还有乳铁蛋白-乳铁蛋白受体途径及其他途径;铁对脑损伤的作用机制,其中铁参与的氧化应激反应以及铁代谢和铁转运相关基因的突变或缺失可能都是引起脑损伤的原因;最后简述乳铁蛋白在防治神经退行性疾病中最新的进展,乳铁蛋白修饰的纳米粒子可能是目前最有效治疗神经退行性疾病的方法之一。     

Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders

There is increasing evidence that iron is involved in the mechanisms that underlie many neurodegenerative diseases. Conditions such as neuroferritinopathy and Friedreich ataxia are associated with mutations in genes that encode proteins that are involved in iron metabolism, and as the brain ages, iron accumulates in regions that are affected by Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. High concentrations of reactive iron can increase oxidative-stress induced neuronal vulnerability, and iron accumulation might increase the toxicity of environmental or endogenous toxins. By studying the accumulation and cellular distribution of iron during ageing, we should be able to increase our understanding of these neurodegenerative disorders and develop new therapeutic strategies.     

Association of HFE common mutations with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in a Portuguese cohort

Background  

Pathological brain iron deposition has been implicated as a source of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson diseases (PD). Iron metabolism is associated with the gene hemochromatosis (HFE Human genome nomenclature committee ID:4886), and mutations in HFE are a cause of the iron mismetabolism disease, hemochromatosis. Several reports have tested the association of HFE variants with neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD with conflicting results.