蟹味菇与棕灰口蘑氨基酸组分分析

目的:通过对蟹味菇和贵州产野生棕灰口蘑中的氨基酸组分进行分析来探求其在营养方面的价值。方法:采取酸水解法对氨基酸组分进行分析。结果:研究发现,在这两种食用菌中所含的人体必需氨基酸占各自总氨基酸含量的比例为55.44%和39.44%;相同质量的二者相比较,棕灰口蘑中氨基酸总量明显少于蟹味菇的氨基酸总量。结论:这两种食用菌具有一定的营养保健功能和开发应用价值。     

五种野生食用菌干品营养及鲜味成分分析和评价

对野生松蘑、牛肝菌、白蘑、鸡爪蘑、肉蘑五种食用菌子实体中的蛋白质氨基酸、游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸进行测定,采用氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)和等鲜浓度(EUC)评价方法,对五种野生食用菌的营养和鲜味进行评价。结果表明:野生食用菌的AAS、CS、EAAI、EUC存在明显差异。白蘑营养及鲜味最好,其余依次为松蘑、鸡爪蘑、牛肝菌,肉蘑最差。     

五种野生食用菌干品营养及鲜味成分分析和评价北大核心CSCD

对野生松蘑、牛肝菌、白蘑、鸡爪蘑、肉蘑五种食用菌子实体中的蛋白质氨基酸、游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸进行测定,采用氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)和等鲜浓度(EUC)评价方法,对五种野生食用菌的营养和鲜味进行评价。结果表明:野生食用菌的AAS、CS、EAAI、EUC存在明显差异。白蘑营养及鲜味最好,其余依次为松蘑、鸡爪蘑、牛肝菌,肉蘑最差。     

河川沙塘鳢胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中 蛋白质含量及氨基酸库的变化

采用生物化学方法测定和分析了河川沙塘鳢（Odontobutis potamophila）胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中蛋白质含量及氨基酸的组成和含量。结果显示,从受精卵开始到孵出后8 d饥饿仔鱼的整个胚胎和仔鱼发育过程中,其总蛋白和总氨基酸含量均呈下降趋势;总的必需氨基酸含量和总的非必需氨基酸含量也一样都呈现出下降趋势;平均含量最高的氨基酸是亮氨酸Leu、赖氨酸Lys、谷氨酸Glu和天冬氨酸Asp。与总氨基酸库相反,游离氨基酸库却呈现出随着发育的进行而不断增长的趋势,这种增长趋势也反映在游离的必需氨基酸和游离的非必需氨基酸含量的变化上,并且平均含量最高的游离氨基酸是赖氨酸Lys、亮氨酸Leu、脯氨酸Pro和谷氨酸Glu。整个发育过程中,游离氨基酸的含量仅占总氨基酸库的很小一部分（在受精卵,仅占0.16%）。由于总蛋白和总氨基酸含量在发育过程中均呈下降趋势,而游离氨基酸含量呈增长趋势,由此可知,在整个胚胎发生过程中,其卵黄蛋白的水解速度大于胚体同化和异化作用对氨基酸的消耗速度。     

褐飞虱体内类酵母共生菌与氨基酸营养的关系

利用全纯人工饲料饲喂技术,研究了缺失不同氨基酸对高温(35℃)处理后的缺菌褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stål相对生长速度、体内共生菌数量的影响,发现10种必需氨基酸对缺菌褐飞虱生长的影响明显大于10种非必需氨基酸,饲料中必需氨基酸的缺少对褐飞虱（特别是高温处理褐飞虱）体内共生菌数量有一定的刺激作用。分析了缺菌试虫体内氨基酸组成和转氨酶活性的变化规律,发现在摄取的氨基酸营养相同的条件下（用全纯饲料D-97饲养）,高温处理试虫体内蛋白质氨基酸组成无明显变化,而游离氨基酸总量明显上升,且必需氨基酸所占比例显著下降,其中组氨酸（His）、异亮氨酸（Ile）、亮氨酸（Leu）、赖氨酸（Lys）、蛋氨酸（Met）和苯丙氨酸（Phe）摩尔百分含量均显著下降,表明必需氨基酸的相对缺乏可能是体内蛋白质合成受阻的一个重要原因,推测这可能是由于试虫体内共生菌数减少致使所合成的必需氨基酸减少而引起。处理试虫体内谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）活性明显提高,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性显著降低,结合游离氨基酸中谷氨酰胺（Gln）显著增多,推测类酵母共生菌可能利用谷氨酰胺等为原料进行必需氨基酸的合成。     

复方赖氨酸泡腾颗粒剂的研制

<正> 构成蛋白质的L-氨基酸是人和动物生长过程中的重要营养物质。英国学者最近提出的“理想蛋白质”概念,主要是指包含比例平衡的各种必需氨基酸的蛋白质。并特别强调这些必需氨基酸的组成应与赖氨酸成相对比例。当食物中赖氨酸含量不足时,会限制其它氨基酸的利用,而人类食物中赖氨酸又恰恰最易缺乏,故L-赖氨酸被称之为第一限制氨基酸或称最绝对必需氨基酸。婴儿及儿童对赖氨酸的需求比成人高约10—20倍。在儿童食品中强化赖氨酸以提高蛋白质利用率的研究,国内外均有许多报     

基因型和地域分布对小麦籽粒氨基酸含量影响的研究

根据河南省7个试验基点的10个小麦基因型籽粒中17种氨基酸含量的测定结果,对不同基因型氨基酸含量差异及其地域分布进行了研究,结果表明,小麦籽粒氨基酸含量不仅存在基因型的差异,而且在很大程度上受生态环境条件的影响,环境间氨基酸含量的变异明显大于基因型,约为基因型间变异的1．5倍。不同试点所对应的气候分布、土壤类型与氨基酸含量变异有较大的吻合程度,表现出随湿润条件增加,氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸总量逐渐下降,而非必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例呈逐渐上升趋势,与人体代谢关系密切的赖氨酸化学记分较 低,且变异较小。     

乙型脑炎患者脑脊液和血浆氨基酸代谢的变化

本文采用气相色谱法对５７例乙型脑炎患者极期和２１例恢复期患者的脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）和血浆１４种游离氨基酸浓度进行分析。结果表明,乙脑极期ＣＳＦ游离氨基酸浓度除苏氨酸、丝氨酸值低于正常值外,其它氨基酸值均增高,其中谷氨酸、鸟氨酸、赖氨酸、缬氨酸、脯氨酸值上升明显（ａｌｌＰ＜０．０１）,至乙脑恢复期不同幅度下降。乙脑极期血浆游离脯氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、鸟氨酸、谷氨酸浓度高于正常值,而其它８种氨基酸值均下降明显,至乙脑恢复期,多数氨基酸恢复至接近正常水平。实验提示,乙脑病毒能明显影响血浆和ＣＳＦ中氨基酸的含量,而二者具有代谢差异。     

带血与排血梅花鹿茸骨片游离氨基酸含量的比较分析

选用6对带血与排血梅花鹿茸骨片对其游离氨基酸的含量进行了对比测定,结果表明含有7种必需氨基酸,必需氨基酸所占比例约30%,必需与非必需游离氨基酸之比约0.4。对两者进行方差分析,两种样品游离氨基酸总量和必需游离氨基酸总量差异不显著(P(0.05)。     

冬虫夏草鲜品及干品游离氨基酸比较分析

采用异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,测定并比较烘干、晒干所得的冬虫夏草干燥样品及未经处理的鲜冬虫夏草样品的游离氨基酸含量。结果表明:3类样品均含有19种游离氨基酸,其中鲜冬虫夏草的游离氨基酸总量、药效氨基酸、呈味氨基酸及必需氨基酸含量均最高,显著高于晒干和烘干冬虫夏草(P0.01),晒干和烘干冬虫夏草之间无显著差异。冬虫夏草的游离氨基酸在晒干、烘干过程中会造成损失。该研究为冬虫夏草加工工艺的提升提供了科学依据。     

Variations circadiennes des acides aminés libres de l'hemolymphe de Penaeus japonicus

The non-essential free amino acids of Peneaus japonicus hemolymph (asp, ser, glu, pro, gly, tyr, arg, ala, cys, tau) are more common than the essential ones: 750 pmol μl^?1 of hemolymph vs 330 pmol. Under a light-dark (L-D); 12-12 photoperiod, tricircadian variations of males or tetracircadian variations of females are more pronounced for non-essential amino acids then for essential ones. In the first case, free amino acid concentrations of hemolymph can be multiplied by a factor of three, and in the second case by a factor of six; but circadian variations of females are greater than those of males. Differences between the maximum and minimum of essential free amino acid concentrations of male and female hemolymph are more frequent than for non-essential amino acids. A differences of 2 h between the minimum of essential and non-essential amino acid concentrations in males only appeared during the afternoon. The more concentrated free amino acids in P. japnicus hemolymph are glycine, proline, histidine, and alanine; the less concentrated are lysine, cysteine and glutamic acid while others, like leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine can only be estimated at 10.00 and 24.00 h.     

Variation in the free amino acid content of skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus (Bloch)

The skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus contains nine essential free amino acids, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and lysine, and eight non-essential amino acids, alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, proline and serine. Histidine and lysine dominated the free amino acids pool. Seasonal variation was detected in the levels of histidine, arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, glycine, cystine and serine with highest values occurring in April and again in November. Changes were also detected in the concentrations of certain amino acids as the fish grew in size. Levels of free amino acids did not significantly differ between sexes. Factors effecting variation are discussed.     

海洋生物保健制剂中氨基酸的测定及营养评价

本文对以海参、鱼翅、鱼鳔等为主要原料,添加一些具有食疗作用的中药而制成具有不同功效的６种保健制剂,测定了其中的游离氨基酸及１８种常见氨基酸的含量。以ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ的氨基酸模式及化学评分,评价了这些保健制剂的蛋白质营养价值。限制性氨基酸主要是赖氨酸和（或）亮氨酸。这些制剂的氨基酸评分大多数都很高,有４种制剂的化学评分在９０分以上。     

Effects of amino-acid composition of the medium and addition of fatty-acid derivatives on the induction of lipogenic enzymes in cultured hepatocytes

Effects of essential and non-essential amino acids on induction of lipogenic enzymes were investigated in cultured rat hepatocytes. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was markedly induced by the addition of essential amino acids alone to the cultured medium, but was not induced by non-essential amino acids. Fatty-acid synthetase was also markedly induced by a combination of both amino-acid types (more than by either type of amino acid alone). However, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme were slightly induced by the addition of essential and/or non-essential amino acids. When various kinds of fatty acids were individually added to the medium, the lipid-dependent decreases in lipogenic enzyme inductions were in the following order: 18:2 greater than 20:4 greater than 18:1 greater than 16:0. When either linoleic acid, linoleoyl-CoA or trilinolein was added to the medium, linoleic acid was more effective as an inhibitor of the induction, without impairing the viability of cells.     

五种食用菌氨基酸含量的测定及营养评价

研究测定了五种食用菌中氨基酸的含量,并利用五种非生物学指标对蛋白质的营养价值进行评价。五种食用菌氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的百分比分别达到45.94%、37.62%、42.45%、41.54%、35.98%。茶树菇和姬松茸的限制性氨基酸为半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸,鸡腿菇、香菇和黑木耳的限制性氨基酸是缬氨酸。不同的评价指标对蛋白质进行营养评价,评价结果会有所差异。     

Protein,amino acid and mineral composition of some edible insects from Thailand

This paper focuses on the nutritional profiles of four edible insects from Thailand: the Bombay locust, scarab beetle, house cricket, and mulberry silkworm.The insects were ‘high’ in protein ranging from 27 g to 54 g/100 g edible portion in fresh weight basis, however, only the silkworm met the FAO/WHO requirements of 40% essential amino acids and 0.6 ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids. Tryptophan is the limiting amino acid in the locust and cricket, lysine in the scarab beetle, and leucine in the silkworm.The locust is a ‘source’ of iron and is ‘high’ in zinc, while the scarab beetle is a ‘source’ of magnesium and is ‘high’ in iron and zinc. The cricket bought from the street is a ‘source’ of iron and magnesium and is ‘high’ in zinc, while the cricket from the supermarket is a ‘source’ of calcium (the only one among the insect samples) and is ‘high’ in iron, magnesium and zinc. And lastly, the silkworm, regardless of where it was purchased, is a ‘source’ of iron and is ‘high’ in magnesium and zinc. The arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury content of all the insect samples were well below the maximum values and are deemed safe for consumption as either feed material or complete feed.Edible insects can contribute to people's nutrient requirements and should be sustainably utilized. Aside from direct consumption, there is a huge potential for using the insects as raw material and fortificant in food processing.     

甘薯茎尖与常见叶菜类蔬菜氨基酸含量及组成的比较分析

选用叶菜型甘薯茎尖和14种常见叶菜类蔬菜为材料,对比分析了氨基酸含量及组成。结果表明:甘薯茎尖含有18种氨基酸,种类齐全。氨基酸总量、人体必需氨基酸含量和儿童必需氨基酸含量均居第1位。甘薯茎尖的E/T值为39.50%,E/N值为0.65,符合理想蛋白质的要求。茎尖中各种人体必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的比例(Val、Ile、Leu、Phe+Tyr、Lys、Thr)与1973年FAO/WHO修订的人体必需氨基酸含量模式谱基本一致,仅M et+Cys中度缺乏。甘薯茎尖中鲜味类、芳香族、甜味类氨基酸含量居第1位。     

食用菌鲜味物质研究进展

本文介绍了食用菌鲜味物质的研究进展,可以为食用菌调味品的开发提供理论基础和指导。文章主要综述了食用茼鲜味物质氨基酸和核苷酸的组成、呈鲜特点、提取以及食用菌在调味品中的开发现状。食用菌中氨基酸和核苷酸类的含量都比较高,是食用菌重要的鲜味物质。这些鲜味物质的酶法提取比传统方法的效果好、提取率高。当今食用菌调味品生产工艺简单,大多为粗加工品,且食用菌中的鲜味物质和其它的功能性成分没有充分释放出来,需要研发新方法来充分释放其中的鲜味物质及其它的营养成分,并且要加强食用菌抽提物产品研制的新技术。     

诺丽果与热带水果中氨基酸含量及组成对比分析

以诺丽果和16种海南常见热带水果为材料,对比分析了氨基酸含量及组成。结果表明:诺丽果含有18种氨基酸,种类齐全。其氨基酸总量、人体必需氨基酸含量和儿童必需氨基酸含量均居第1位。诺丽果的E/T值为37.13%,E/N值为0.59,符合理想蛋白质的要求。诺丽果中各种人体必需氨基酸,Val、Ile、Leu、Phe+Tyr、M et+Cys、Thr的含量占氨基酸总量的比例,与1973年FAO/WHO修订的人体必需氨基酸含量模式谱基本一致,仅Lys中度缺乏。诺丽果中鲜味类、芳香族、甜味类氨基酸含量居第1位。     

Bitterness Reduction of Citrus Fruits by β-Cyclodextrin

The levels of free amino acid, ammonia nitrogen and guanidino compounds were examined in renal failure rats induced by adenine. Among the essential amino acids in the serum, the marked reduction of lysine, valine, leucine and isoleucine was confirmed in the adenine-fed group as compared with the control group. Tyrosine and ornithine were also significantly reduced in the adenine-fed rats, while glycine, arginine and aspartic acid were significantly elevated. The urinary excretion of leucine, isoleucine and non-essential amino acids (glutamic acid, histidine, aspartic acid, citrulline, tyrosine, ornithine) was found to be high. On the other hand, adenine administered orally caused hyperammonemia. Furthermore, the results of the present study show that intake of adenine increased extraordinarily the level of guanidinosuccinic acid and methylguanidine in the serum, while the value of serum guanidinosuccinic acid and methylguanidine in rats fed on a control diet was not detectable.