湖南烤烟化学成分与土壤有机质含量的关系

以湖南烟区烤烟样品和对应的土壤样品为材料,研究了烤烟化学成分与土壤有机质含量的关系。结果表明,土壤有机质含量总体水平较高,平均为39.06g.kg-1±11.90g.kg-1;烤烟化学成分均存在着不同程度的变异,烟叶总氮和总钾含量较高,烟碱、总糖、氯和还原糖含量适宜;烤烟烟碱与土壤有机质含量的关系符合线性加平台模型,土壤有机质出现平台的转折点为36.25g.kg-1,与之对应的平台阶段的烟碱含量为3.00%;硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量随土壤有机质含量的增加而增加(P<0.01);石油醚提取物含量则有随土壤有机质含量的增加而减少的趋势;土壤有机质含量分组后,多重比较分析表明烟碱、总氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、石油醚提取物、钾、氯离子、总氮/烟碱、还原糖/烟碱、钾/氯在组间差异均达到5%的显著水平,而总糖和还原糖含量在组间差异不显著。     

AM真菌和施磷量对不同叶位烟叶生长和化学成分的交互效应

采用土培试验研究了不同施P水平下接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae)和苏格兰球囊霉（Glomus caledonium)对烤烟不同叶位烟叶生长和化学成分的影响,结果表明,接种AM真菌提高了烟草根系菌根侵染率,增加了烟叶总干重,其中对下位和上位烟叶效果明显,中位叶因菌种而异,接种G.mosseae显著提高了中位叶总糖,烟碱,P,K含量和上位叶K含量,而接种G.caledonium则提高了下位叶总糖和上位叶总糖,还原糖,烟碱含量,促进了上,下位烟叶P含量的增加,烟叶N,Mg,Fe,Zn含量因菌种和施P量不同而变化,施P量为0．056－0．112g/kg^-1土时接种效果最好。     

湖南不同烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的生态原因

于2007年在湖南省3个典型植烟生态区代表地(湘西北桑植县、湘中浏阳市、湘南永州市)分别同时进行大田本土栽培、客土与本土单独盆栽试验,检测烤烟K326收获期各处理中部烟叶杀青样品的烟碱含量,研究湖南不同烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的主要生态原因.结果表明:湖南不同烟区大田本土正常栽培烤烟的平均烟碱含量存在显著差异,其中以桑植烟区所产烟叶烟碱含量最高,其次是浏阳烟区,永州烟区最低.盆栽试验结果表明,气候对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量有显著影响,土壤及其与气候的互作对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量的影响有限.气候、土壤及两者互作对湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量变异的贡献率依次为60.0%、12.8%和27.2%.与湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量关联度较大的主要亚生态因子依次为:成熟期的云量和伸根期的相对湿度、日照时数、昼夜温差、降雨量以及旺长期的平均气温.综合分析表明,气候是导致湖南烟区烤烟烟碱含量差异的主要生态因素.     

丛枝菌根真菌对烟草钾素吸收的研究

在盆栽条件下研究了接种AM真菌Glomus mosseae对烤烟K素吸收的影响。结果表明,施钾量与AM真菌对烤烟K累积量与分配有明显的影响,对烤烟不同时期生长、不同叶位含钾量影响显著(P<0．01)。菌根菌与施钾量二者组合对烤烟烟叶含钾量的提高作用在生长中、后期最为显著,接种AM真菌对烤烟整株烟叶含钾量的影响,主要是提高了上、中、下位叶的含钾量,进而提高了整株烟叶的含钾量;接种AM真菌提高了钾在叶中的分配比例。降低了K在茎中的分配比例,比较而言,在0．75～1．125g·kg^-1施钾(K2O)水平,AM真菌对烤烟K的累积与分配及含钾量的作用效果最佳。     

施用沼肥对烤烟生长发育和生理特性以及烟叶化学成分的影响

通过田间试验和实验室检测研究了沼肥发酵原料配方,并就发酵后的沼肥对烤烟生长发育、生理特性和化学成分的影响进行了探索。结果表明,比较5种沼肥发酵的原料配方以A3处理最适宜沼肥种烟;在烤烟生长过程中施用沼肥,能促进烤烟早生快发,茎干显著变粗,叶面积显著变大,干物质积累也显著增加,同时,沼肥能使烟叶中硝酸还原酶和蔗糖转化酶活性提高,促进烟株的碳氮代谢,从而增加烤烟生产的产量和产值。沼肥对烤后烟叶的化学成分影响也较大,总糖、还原糖和钾等成分含量增加,烟碱含量降低。比较4种沼肥处理对烤烟的影响,B2处理效果最明显。     

不同生态烟区烤烟δ~(13)C值与生理及品质特征的比较研究

以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,在云南、福建和河南三个生态烟区大田种植,自烟叶生理成熟期起至工艺成熟期,分4次采集中部(第11叶位)烟样,对烟叶的δ13 C值、总碳、全氮、光合色素等进行测定,比较不同生态烟区烤烟δ13 C值的分布、生理生态适应性及品质特征。结果表明:(1)三个生态烟区烟叶δ13 C值、总碳、碳氮比、比叶重、叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量均表现为云南福建河南,全氮含量则为河南云南福建,叶绿素b含量为云南河南福建,类胡萝卜素含量为河南福建云南,其中的δ13 C值、总碳、碳氮比、类胡萝卜素含量在福建和云南烟区间较为接近。(2)烟叶δ13 C值与总碳含量在云南呈正相关,在福建、河南呈负相关关系;三个生态烟区烟叶δ13 C值与全氮含量均呈负相关关系;δ13 C值与光合色素含量在云南、河南烟区均呈正相关关系,在福建烟区均呈负相关关系;δ13 C值与烟碱、氮、钾、氯呈负相关关系,与总糖、还原糖呈正相关关系。(3)云南烤烟香韵丰富,刺激性中等,化学成分协调性最好;河南烤烟香气量较高,刺激性较大;福建烤烟在香气量和化学成分协调性方面表现较差。研究发现,烟叶δ13 C值与烟叶的生理特征、品质特征存在紧密联系,用烟叶的δ13 C值、生理指标、化学品质可区分不同生态烟区烤烟香气风格和品质特征。     

不同酶制剂对烤烟上部叶化学成分、游离态和糖苷结合态中性香气成分的影响

为研究酶制剂对烤烟上部叶品质提升的影响,以中烟100为材料,采用烘烤前叶面喷施酶制剂的方法,分析了不同酶制剂对烤烟上部叶化学成分、游离态和糖苷结合态中性香气成分的影响。结果表明：不同酶制剂能不同程度的降低烤烟的蛋白质含量,改善烟叶化学成分,提高游离态和糖苷结合态中性香气成分的含量;喷施酶制剂对烟叶蛋白质、总糖、还原糖、总氮均有显著的影响,而对烤烟钾、氯的影响则未达到显著水平;混和喷施酶制剂相对于单独喷施酶制剂对烟叶品质的影响更显著。     

外源植物生长调节物质对烟叶中腐胺和烟碱含量的影响

水培的烟草打顶和打顶后喷施腐胺（Put）,烟叶中Put和烟碱含量均增加,钾含量下降,Put含量与烟碱含量之间呈显著正相关;打顶喷施吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA3）的烟叶中Put和烟碱含量下降,钾含量上升;喷施茉莉酸（JA）的烟碱含量提高,而Put含量变化不大;喷施脱落酸（ABA）和6-BA的叶中Put含量下降。     

烤烟缓/控释钾肥研究进展

发展烤烟缓/控释钾肥对于保护生态环境及降低农业生产成本具有重要的意义。总结了国内外有关缓/控释钾肥在烤烟上的相关研究和应用进展,介绍了缓/控释钾肥的基本概念,就缓/控释钾肥对烤烟生长发育、烟叶钾含量及品质性状、经济性状、土壤钾含量的影响作了综述,并且提出了当前研究中的一些问题。缓/控释钾肥能够促进烤烟的生长,提高土壤钾含量,进而提高烟叶钾含量,改善烟叶品质,增加产量产值,但也存在控释钾肥包膜材料和机理研究不足、与普通肥配施研究较少等问题,因此有必要就缓/控释钾肥在国内外的发展现状、前景、存在问题及对策予以讨论,以期为我国缓/控释钾肥产业化提供理论依据。     

成熟期光强对烤烟理化特性和致香成分含量的影响

2004、2005年在四川凉山烟科所通过盆栽试验,在烤烟成熟期营造不同的光照强度,研究了成熟期光强不同对烤烟品质的影响。结果表明:成熟期随着光照强度的降低,叶片厚度降低,栅栏组织/海绵组织的比值降低,烤后烟叶单叶重、厚度、叶质重降低,叶片含梗率增加,总糖和还原糖含量降低,总氮和烟碱含量升高,钾和氯含量增加,叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素总量增加,中性致香成分含量呈增加趋势,增加到一定程度开始降低。     

断根结合生长素和钾肥施用对烤烟生长及糖碱比、有机钾指数的影响

河南济源烟区存在着烟叶糖碱比高、有机钾指数较低的生产现状,通过田间试验研究了打顶时断根(C)、打顶时断根结合喷施IAA(C+I)、打顶时断根结合追施钾肥(C+K)、打顶时断根结合喷施IAA并追施钾肥(C+K+I)和对照(CK)5种处理对烤烟生物量及糖碱比、有机钾指数的影响。结果表明:不同调控措施在烟株成熟期较对照均能增加根部、叶片的干重,减少烟碱、总糖在中上部烟叶的累积。断根结合喷施IAA能降低各部位烟叶的糖碱比,且以C+K+I处理的降幅最大,在下、中、上叶位中较对照分别降低了19.12%、15.33%和8.15%。与对照相比,各处理均能提高不同部位烟叶K⁺含量,降低Cl^-和SO₄^2-含量。C+K+I处理能极显著提高各部位烟叶的有机钾指数,且在中上部烟叶中增幅最大,较对照分别提高了125.00%和209.43%。总的看来,打顶时断根结合喷施IAA并追施钾肥能促进烟叶中的干物质积累、降低糖碱比、提高有机钾指数,进而提高烟叶的内在品质。     

气候和土壤及其互作对湖南烤烟还原糖、烟碱和总氮含量的影响

在湖南3大烟区的永州市、浏阳市、桑植县进行盆栽试验,探讨气候、土壤及其互作对湖南烟叶还原糖、烟碱和总氮含量的影响。结果表明:①烟叶还原糖、烟碱和总氮3种化学成分的变异强度中等,且其变异强弱按该顺序递减。②气候、土壤及其互作对烟叶还原糖、烟碱和总氮3种化学成分的影响程度不同,气候对它们均具有强影响效应,土壤对它们无明显影响;气候与土壤的互作对它们的影响效应年际间有差异。气候对还原糖、烟碱和总氮3种化学成分含量变异总的贡献率为51.42%,土壤为19.78%,气候与土壤互作为28.79%。气候是影响这3种烟叶化学成分的主要生态因素。③烟株大田发育不同时期的不同气候因子与烟叶化学成分的相关性不同,其中伸根期的日照时数、昼夜温差与蒸发量,旺长期的相对湿度、平均气温与云量,成熟期的平均气温、昼夜温差与日照时数分别是各时期与烟叶化学成分相关性较大的前3个气候因子。整个大田期以平均气温、相对湿度和昼夜温差3个气候因子与烟叶化学成分的相关性较大。     

有色膜遮光对烤烟生长和光合特性及其初烤品质的影响

以自然光为对照,采用红色、白色、蓝色、黄色4种有色薄膜于2010~2011年从团棵期开始对大田烤烟进行遮光处理,研究不同光质对烤烟生长、光合特性及初烤品质指标的影响。结果显示:(1)红膜处理最大叶长宽比最小、叶面积最大,黄膜处理则相反。(2)红、蓝膜处理烟叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显高于自然光处理,白、黄膜处理略高于对照或与对照持平,且遮膜处理前期红膜高于蓝膜处理,后期蓝膜高于红膜处理。(3)红、蓝膜处理有利于提高倒5叶SPAD值,黄膜处理则相反。(4)红膜处理显著降低了中部叶蛋白质、总氮含量和氮碱比,提高了施木克值,并显著提高了上部叶可溶性糖含量和氮碱比,降低了施木克值;蓝膜处理显著提高了中部叶烟碱和多酚含量,降低了可溶性糖含量、施木克值及氮碱比,并显著提高了上部叶蛋白质、总氮、烟碱和多酚含量,降低了施木克值,提高了氮碱比;黄膜处理显著降低了中上部叶蛋白质、总氮、烟碱和多酚含量,提高了上部叶施木克值、降低了氮碱比。研究表明,红、蓝膜处理更利于烟叶发育和光合特性的提高,初烤烟叶化学成分更协调,利于优质烟叶的形成。     

Investigation of ecological factors controlling quality of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) using classification methods

The growth and quality of tobacco are associated with ecological conditions, such as soil, climate or weather, and geographical attributes. Tobacco, especially flue-cured tobacco, is an important cash crop and widely cultivated in southwestern China. However, knowledge about critical ecological indicators affecting quality of flue-cured tobacco is limited in this region. In the current study, two well-known clustering algorithms, i.e., k-means and classification and regression trees (CART), were applied to investigate the critical ecological indicators controlling quality of flue-cured tobacco. On the basis of six quality indices and Davis–Bouldin index, a total of 142 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples were classified into three groups with low, medium, and high quality using k-means algorithm. The results obtained by CART model showed that geographical attributes (altitude, latitude, and longitude) and weather indicators had high effects on the quality of flue-cured tobacco followed by soil properties and varieties. Flue-cured tobacco plants with high quality preferred to be grown in areas with low values of altitude, rainfall and relative humidity, high values of latitude, longitude, sunshine hours, and temperature-related indices (mean, maximum and minimum temperatures and their difference), and low concentrations of soil nutrients in this study area. Nevertheless, further study should be conducted to understand the interaction among the ecological variables.     

砷对烤烟碳氮代谢及其产量和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,系统地研究了砷对烤烟全生育期的碳氮代谢及其产量和品质的影响。结果表明,砷毒害对烤烟全生育期的碳代谢有显著影响,抑制了碳的同化和转化,降低了整个生育期的叶绿素含量、光合速率,造成了全生育期可溶性糖的积累,导致了生育后期淀粉含量的降低,最终使碳积累减少。砷毒害也改变了烤烟的氮代谢,造成生育前期氮同化能力的降低,表现出硝酸还原酶(NR)活性下降、总氮和蛋白质含量低于CK。砷毒害烤烟的氮转化表现活跃,提高了其中的游离氨基酸含量和谷氨酸-丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)活性,最终导致烤烟生育中后期总氮和蛋白质的积累,但使整个生育期的烟碱含量降低。研究还表明,砷毒害降低了烤烟的产量和经济性状,增加了叶片中砷的积累,可溶性总糖含量的提高和糖氮比的协调虽好,但烟碱含量的降低和总氮、蛋白质含量的增加,以及糖碱比和氮碱比的失调,不利于碳氮代谢有关的化学品质形成。     

氮磷钾配施对填充型烤烟烟碱含量的影响

以东北填充型烤烟品种"龙江911"为试验材料,通过正交回归田间试验,建立了氮、磷、钾肥与烤烟上部叶片烟碱含量的回归效应模型,并对各因子和交互作用进行了分析,模拟计算得出以降低上部叶片烟碱含量为目标的优化施肥方案.对模型解析表明,随施氮量增加,上部叶片烟碱含量呈先上升后下降趋势;随施磷量增加,烟碱含量呈上升趋势;随施钾量增加,烟碱含量呈急剧下降趋势.双因素效应大小依次为:氮钾＞磷钾＞氮磷,在一定范围内,氮磷、磷钾与烟碱含量表现为负相关,存在拮抗作用;而氮钾则相反,存在促进作用.对氮、磷、钾肥与烤烟上部叶片烟碱含量模型的综合分析得出:在植烟土壤为河淤土的生产区,烟田的基础施肥量建议为:氮肥33.5～47.8kg·hm-2,磷肥40.2～63.6 kg·hm-2,钾肥78.0～119.6kg·hm-2.     

Nicotine concentration in leaves of flue-cured tobacco plants as affected by removal of the shoot apex and lateral buds

It is believed that the nicotine concentration in tobacco is closely correlated with the amount of nitrogen (N) supplied.On the other hand,N uptake mainly occurs at the early growth stage,whereas nicotine concentration increases at the late growth stage,especially after removing the shoot apex.To identify the causes of the increased nicotine concentration in tobacco plants,and to compare the effects of different ways of mechanical wounding on nicotine concentration,field experiments were carried out in Fuzhou,Fujian Province in 2003 and 2004.Excision of the shoot apex had almost no influence on N content in the plant;however,it caused dramatic increases in nicotine concentration in leaves,especially in the middle and upper leaves.An additional increase of the nicotine concentration was obtained by removal of axillary buds.The wounding caused by routine leaf harvests,however,did not change the leaf nicotine concentration,and neither did reducing leaf harvest times.The present results revealed no direct relationship between N supply and nicotine concentration in tobacco leaves,and indicate that not all kinds of mechanical wounding were capable of stimulating nicotine synthesis in tobacco plants.Since nicotine production is highly dependent on the removal of apical meristems and hence on the major sources of auxin in the plant,and application of 1-naphthylacetic acid onto the cut surface of the stem after removing the shoot apex markedly decreased the nicotine concentration in different leaves and the total nicotine content in the plant,the results suggest that decreased auxin supply caused by removal of the shoot apex as a kind of mechanical wounding might regulate nicotine synthesis in the roots of tobacco plants.     

Enantiomeric analysis of anatabine, nornicotine and anabasine in commercial tobacco by multi-dimensional gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

A fully automated multi-dimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) system with a megabore precolumn and cyclodextrin-based analytical column was developed to analyze the enantiomeric compositions of anatabine, nornicotine and anabasine in commercial tobacco. The enantiomer abundances of anatabine and nornicotine varied among different tobacco. S-(-)-anatabine, as a proportion of total anatabine, was 86.6% for flue-cured, 86.0% for burley and 77.5% for oriental tobacco. S-(-)-nornicotine, as a proportion of total nornicotine, was 90.8% in oriental tobacco and higher than in burley (69.4%) and flue-cured (58.7%) tobacco. S-(-)-anabasine, as a proportion of total anabasine, was relatively constant for flue-cured (60.1%), burley (65.1%) and oriental (61.7%) tobacco. A simple solvent extraction with dichloromethane followed by derivatisation with trifluoroacetic anhydride gave relative standard deviations of less than 1.5% for the determination of the S-(-)-isomers of all three alkaloids. The study also indicated that, a higher proportion of S-(-)-nornicotine is related to the more active nicotine demethylation in the leaf.     

烟草在PVY~N病毒与烟蚜作用下对高CO_2浓度的响应

以CO2浓度为主处理因子,研究了加倍CO2浓度和对照大气CO2浓度条件下,烟蚜、马铃薯Y病毒N株(PVYN)以及二者共同作用下烟草各指标的响应。结果表明,在当前CO2浓度条件下,PVYN、烟蚜及两者联合作用对烟草生物量影响不显著;而在未来高CO2浓度条件下,PVYN、烟蚜及两者联合作用对烟草生物量影响很大。CO2浓度升高后,PVYN和蚜虫二者联合作用显著降低烟草产量,危害加重,高CO2的"肥料"作用被极大地削弱。在有烟蚜、PVYN以及两者共同作用时烟草的化学物质及主要的次生代谢物烟碱的含量对CO2浓度升高的响应也发生一定的变化,表现在:高CO2浓度条件下,蚜虫、蚜虫与PVYN共同作用显著增加了烟草的含氮量;显著减少了烟叶含糖量;PVYN及其与蚜虫共同作用显著升高叶片可溶性蛋白含量;当高CO2浓度下,各处理的烟草烟碱含量均显著下降,而且PVYN感染的烟叶烟碱含量无论在哪一种CO2浓度条件下,都比无毒无虫的对照烟叶烟碱含量升高。结果显示,烟蚜和马铃薯Y病毒N株(PVYN)对烟草的产量、营养物质及防御物质都有影响;CO2浓度升高对烟草的生长有促进作用,增加了烟草的产量,但蚜虫的危害和PVYN感染使烟草产量下降,在高CO2浓度条件下,烟蚜和PVYN共同作用相对于目前CO2浓度对烟草产量的危害加重。     

Three nicotine demethylase genes mediate nornicotine biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum L.: functional characterization of the CYP82E10 gene

In most tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants, nornicotine is a relatively minor alkaloid, comprising about 2-5% of the total pyridine alkaloid pool in the mature leaf. Changes in gene expression at an unstable locus, however, can give rise to plants that produce high levels of nornicotine, specifically during leaf senescence and curing. Minimizing the nornicotine content in tobacco is highly desirable, because this compound serves as the direct precursor in the synthesis of N'-nitrosonornicotine, a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals. Nornicotine is likely produced almost entirely via the N-demethylation of nicotine, in a process called nicotine conversion that is catalyzed by the enzyme nicotine N-demethylase (NND). Previous studies have identified CYP82E4 as the specific NND gene responsible for the unstable conversion phenomenon, and CYP82E5v2 as a putative minor NND gene. Here, by discovery and characterization of CYP82E10, a tobacco NND gene, is reported. PCR amplification studies showed that CYP82E10 originated from the N. sylvestris ancestral parent of modern tobacco. Using a chemical mutagenesis strategy, knockout mutations were induced and identified in all three tobacco NND genes. By generating a series of mutant NND genotypes, the relative contribution of each NND gene toward the nornicotine content of the plant was assessed. Plants possessing knockout mutations in all three genes displayed nornicotine phenotypes that were much lower (～0.5% of total alkaloid content) than that found in conventional tobacco cultivars. The introduction of these mutations into commercial breeding lines promises to be a viable strategy for reducing the levels of one of the best characterized animal carcinogens found in tobacco products.