去甲肾上腺素对蟾蜍背根神经节细胞α-肾上腺素能受体的作用

在蟾蜍离体灌流背根神经节(DRG)标本上,用微电极进行细胞内记录。在51个细胞中A型神经元为46个,C型5个。此两类细胞的静息膜电位为60.06±1.34mV(x±SE)。当灌流液中滴加10~(-4)-10~(-3)mol/L去甲肾上腺素(NA)引起如下的膜电位改变:(1)超极化:幅值8.38±1.12mV(x±SE)(20/48);(2)去极化:幅值9.39±1.24mV(x±SE)(23/48);(3)无反应(5/48)。上述膜电位改变既不能由灌流液中滴加异丙基肾上腺素所拟似,也不能为心得安所阻断,因而排除了β-肾上腺能受体介导的可能性。加苯肾上腺素及可乐宁于灌流液,分别产生膜的去极化和超极化,而应用哌唑唪及育亨宾灌流,则分别阻断NA引起的膜去极化和超极化。因此认为:NA引起的DRG神经元的去极化和超极化反应分别是由胞体膜上之α_1-及α_2-肾上腺素能受体所介导的。     

去甲肾上腺素引起蟾蜍背根神经节神经细胞膜电位变化的离子机制

本文应用细胞内记录方法,对去甲肾上腺素(NA)引起蟾蜍背根神经节(DRG)神经细胞膜电位去极化或超极化反应时的膜电导及翻转电位值进行了测量,并观察了钾和钙离子通道阻断剂灌流DRG对NA引起膜电位反应的影响。当NA引起去极化反应时,15个细胞的膜电导减小32.6％。少数细胞膜电导开始增加,继而减小(n=4)。NA超极化反应时膜电导增加13.2％(n=8)。NA去极化反应的翻转电位值为-88.5±0.9mV((?)±SE,n=4),NA超极化反应在膜电位处于-89至-92mV时消失。 钾通道阻断剂四乙铵可使NA去极化幅值增加73.7±11.9％((?)±SE,n=7),并使NA超极化幅值减小40.5％(n=4)。细胞内注入氯化铯使苯肾上腺素去极化幅值增加34.5％(n=4)。钙通道阻断剂氯化锰使NA去极化及超极化反应分别减小50.5±9.9％((?)±SE,n=10)和89.5±4.9％((?)±SE,n=7)。结果提示,NA引起DRG神经细胞膜电位的去极化或超极化反应,可能与膜的钾及钙通道活动的改变有关。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ、心房钠尿肽和血管升压素对大鼠脑片穹窿下器神经元活动的影响

在31个脑片观察了血管紧张素Ⅱ(AGⅡ)、心房钠尿肽(ANP)和血管升压素(AVP)三种多肽对87个穹窿下器(SFO)神经元单位电活动的影响。脑片灌流AGⅡ(10~(-7)mol/L,3min)后,40/55个单应(72.73％)放电频率明显增加,3/55个单位(5.45％)放电频率降低,12/55个单位(21.82％)无明显反应。AGⅡ对SFO放电单位的兴奋作用可被AGⅡ受体阻断剂saralasin(10~(-6)mol/L)完全阻断。脑片灌流心房肽Ⅲ(APⅢ)(10~(-7)mol/L,3min)后,7/17个单位(41.18％)放电频率明显降低,2/17个单位(11.76％)放电频率增加,8/17个单位(47.06％)无明显反应。脑片灌流AVP(10~(-7)mol/L,3min)后,8/15个单位(53.33％)放电频率明显增加,3/15个单位(20.00％)放电频率降低,4/15个单位(26.67％)无明显反应。在观察这三种多肽对同一SFO神经元的作用时,1个单位对AGⅡ和AVP均产生兴奋反应;3个单位对AGⅡ呈兴奋和被APⅢ所抑制;1个单位对AVP呈兴奋,而对APⅢ为抑制,未见到既对AGⅡ和AVP呈兴奋,又为APⅢ所抑制的单位。结果提示:AGⅡ,ANP和AVP三种多肽都能影响SFO神经元的自发电活动,SFO可能也是三者调节机体水盐平衡和血压的中枢部位之一。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ、心房钠尿肽Ⅲ和血管升压素对大鼠脑片室旁核神经元放电活动的影响

在28个脑片观察了血管紧张素Ⅱ(AGⅡ)、心房钠尿肽Ⅲ(ANPⅢ)和血管升压素(AVP)三种多肽对101个下丘脑室旁核(PVN)神经元单位电活动的影响。脑片灌流AGⅡ(10~(-7)mol/L,3 min)后,28/50个单位(56.0％)放电频率明显增加,5/50个单位(10.0％)放电频率降低,17/50个单位(34.0％)无明显反应。AGⅡ对PVN放电单位的兴奋和抑制作用均可为AGⅡ受体阻断剂saralasin(10~(-6)mol/L)所阻断。脑片灌流ANPⅢ(10~(-7)mol/L,3 min)后,16/26个单位(61.5％)放电频率明显降低,1/26个单位(3.9％)放电频率增加,9/26个单位(34.6％)无明显反应。脑片灌流AVP,(10~(-7)mol/L,3min)后,19/25个单位(76.0％)放电频率明显增加,1/25个单位(4.0％)放电频率降低,5/25个单位(20,0％)无明显反应。在观察这三种多肽对同一PVN神经元的作用时,4个单位对AGⅡ和AVP均产生兴奋反应;2个单位对AGⅡ呈兴奋和被ANPⅢ所抑制;7个单位对AVP呈兴奋,而对ANPⅢ为抑制,未见到既对AGⅡ和AVP呈兴奋,又为ANPⅢ所抑制的单位。结果提示:AGⅡ,ANP和AVP三种多肽都能影响PVN神经元的自发电活动,PVN可能是神经内分泌和植物性功能调节的中枢整合部位之一。     

乙酰胆碱对蟾蜍背根神经节神经元膜电位的影响及离子机制

在离体灌流的蟾蜍背根神经节(DRG)标本上,用微电极进行胞内记录。在73个神经元中,依神经纤维的传导速度将神经元分为 A 型及 C 型,其中 A 型细胞67个,C 型6个,静息膜电位为-67.5±1.3mV((?)±SE)。当加4×10~(-4)—6×10~(-4)mol/L 乙酰胆碱(ACh),可观察到如下四种膜电位变化:1.超极化:幅值9.1±3.0mV((?)±SE,n=23);(2)去极化:幅值12.9±2.2mV((?)+SE,n=20);(3)双相反应(n=24):先超极化,后去极化,超极化幅值8.0±2.4mV((?)+SE),去极化幅值10.9±3.1mV((?)±SE);(4)无反应(n=6)。用阿托品(1.3×10~(-5)mol/L,n=23),或同时应用筒箭毒与六甲双铵(浓度均为1.4×10~(-5)mol/L,n=8)灌流,能分别阻断 ACh 引起的膜的超极化或去极化。ACh 引起超极化反应时膜电导平均增加13.8%,翻转电位值大约-96mV。四乙铵(TEA,20mmol/L)能使 ACh 的去极化幅值增加48.2±3.2%((?)±SE,n=6),超极化幅值减小79.4±4.3%((?)±SE,n=8)。MnCl_2(4mmol/L)使 ACh 的去极化及超极化幅值分别减小54.2±7.2%((?)±SE,n=5)及69.2±6.4%((?)±SE,n=14)。以上结果提示:ACh 引起的 DRG 神经细胞膜去极化反应由 N 型乙酰胆碱受体介导,而超极化反应由 Μ 型乙酰胆碱受体介导,前者可能包含了多种离子电导的改变,后者则可能与钾电导增加有关。     

GABA_A和GABA_B受体介导的蟾蜍背根神经节神经元胞体膜反应

实验在蟾蜍离体背根神经节(DRG)标本进行细胞内记录。浴槽滴加10~(-4)-10~(-3)mol/LGABA引起膜电位改变如下:(1)去极化(79/100);(2)双相反应;先为去极化,继后为超极化(10/100);(3)无反应(11/100)。以上去极化反应均可为荷包牡丹碱所阻断。GABA-去极化时膜电导增加,逆转电位值为-15——25mV。低Cl~-和高Cl~-任氏液分别使GABA-去极化反应增大和减小。10~(-4)mol/Lbaclofen不引起膜电位改变。在GABA-去极化期间,观察到大部分细胞的动作电位时程(ApD)缩短。ApD的此种变化可为baclofen所模拟,但不为荷包牡丹碱所阻断。结果提示:蟾蜍DRG神经元胞体膜有GABA_A和GABA_B受体共存,前者介导膜电位的改变,后者介导ApD的缩短。本文并联系到初级传入终末的突触前抑制的产生机制进行了讨论。     

一氧化氮对大鼠背根神经节神经元膜电位的作用

目的：观察一氧化氮对大鼠背根神经节神经元的作用及有关离子机制,并探讨一氧化氮在痛觉信息传递过程中的作用。方法：在分离的大鼠背根神经节标本上,应用细胞内记录技术,给予灌流一氧化氮供体硝普钠,观察硝普钠诱导的神经元膜反应。结果：大部分神经元对硝普钠敏感（79／102,77．45％）,滴加硝普钠（10～100mmol／L）后可引起浓度依赖性的超极化反应,剩余神经元没有反应。硝普钠（100mmol／L）可使神经元膜电导由（21．06±1．94）nS增加到（23．08±0．92）nS。L-NAME（非选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂,1mmol／L）、CdCl2（非选择性钙通道阻断剂,0．1mmol／L）、无Na^＋平衡盐液对硝普钠引起超极化反应无明显影响。四乙基碘化铵（非选择性钾通道阻断剂,10mmol／L）明显抑制硝普钠引起的超极化反应。结论：硝普钠在大鼠背根神经节神经元上可引起浓度依赖的超极化反应,且此超极化反应是钾电导介导的。     

神经降压素对迷走运动背核神经元兴奋作用的离体研究

用细胞内微电极记录方法在大鼠离体脑片中研究了神经降压素(NT)对迷走运动背核(DMV)神经元的作用机制。滴注或灌流NT使88％DMV神经元产生剂量依赖性去极化反应,并伴有膜阻抗的增加。去极化反应的翻转电位约-82mV,反应幅度受灌流液中钾离子浓度的影响。用高镁无钙液或含河豚毒素的灌流液阻断突触传递后,去极化反应仍然存在。研究结果提示NT通过突触后机制直接兴奋DMV神经元,此去极化兴奋作用可能与钾通道的关闭有关。     

糖皮质激素引起哺乳类神经元超极化反应的离子机制

在豚鼠腹腔神经节上对383个神经元作细胞内记录,给予1μmol／L半琥珀酸皮质醇灌流,38个神经元膜电位发生超极化反应,幅度变化为2～12mV（6．3±0.1mV）,伴有膜电阻的降低,反应呈剂量效应关系。9个神经元呈去极化反应,其余336个神经元不反应。用单电极间断电压箝方法记录43个神经元在糖皮质激素作用下膜电流的变化,其中5个神经元出现外向电流,膜电导增加;1个神经元为内向电流。用低钙高镁液阻断突触传递和蛋白质合成抑制剂放线菌素D后,超极化反应仍然存在。皮质醇超极化反应的翻转电位为-79.0±4.3mV（n=5）。皮质醇超极化反应和GABA去极化反应可在同一神经元上出现,印防己毒素可拮抗GABA的去极化反应,但不能拮抗皮质醇的超极化反应。钾离子通道阻断剂四乙基铵（TEA）和4-氨基吡啶（4-AP）能拮抗皮质醇的超极化反应。我们推断皮质醇的超极化反应是细胞膜钾离子通道介导的。     

精氨酸加压素对大鼠背根神经节神经元GABA激活电流的增强作用（英文）

越来越多的研究表明,精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)在痛觉调制中具有镇痛作用。已报道的研究专注于AVP镇痛的中枢作用机制,而本研究旨在研究AVP镇痛的的外周作用机制。应用全细胞膜片钳技术,在急性分离的大鼠背根神经节(DRG)神经元上,观察AVP对GABA激活电流(IGABA)的增强作用以及AVP对GABAA受体功能的影响。结果显示,AVP(1×10-10~1×10-5 mol/L)预处理后,IGABA增大,GABA剂量效应曲线上移,IGABA的最大值较之对照增加约49.1%;而EC50值几乎不变,表示此种加强为非竞争性的,而且AVP对GABA电流的作用可能是电压非依赖性的。AVP对IGABA的加强作用几乎完全被V1a受体的拮抗剂SR49059(3×10-6 mol/L)阻断。二次钳压技术胞内透析非水解GDP类似物GDP-β-S(5×10-4 mol/L)或PKC抑制剂GF109203X(2×10-6 mol/L)也可以阻断AVP对IGABA的加强作用。以上结果提示,AVP经由G蛋白耦联受体以及PKC信号通路上调DRG神经元GABAA受体的功能,可能是其诱导镇痛作用的基础。     

Inositol tetrakisphosphate isomers and elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in vasopressin-stimulated insulin-secreting RINm5F cells.

Signal generation during the stimulation of insulin secretion by arginine vasopressin (AVP) was investigated in RINm5F cells. AVP (0.1 microM) caused a biphasic cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) rise, namely a rapid transient marked elevation after stimulation followed by a series of oscillations. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the sustained oscillations were abolished, while the initial [Ca2+]i transient was only partly decreased, indicating that the former are due to Ca2+ influx and the latter due mainly to mobilization from internal Ca2+ stores. AVP also evoked a transient depolarization of the average membrane potential. AVP-induced Ca2+ influx during the sustained phase, which was strictly dependent on receptor occupancy, was attenuated by membrane hyperpolarization with diazoxide. However, blockade of Ca2+ channels of the L- or T-type was ineffective. AVP stimulated production of diacylglycerol and inositol phosphates; for the latter both [3H] inositol labeling and mass determinations were performed. A transient increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 was followed by a marked enhancement of Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 (8-fold) peaking at 15 s and gradually returning to basal values. Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 and Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 exhibited the most long-lasting augmentation (4- and 1.7-fold, respectively), and therefore correlated best with the period of sustained [Ca2+]i oscillations. InsP5 and InsP6 were not elevated. The effects of AVP, including the stimulation of insulin secretion from perifused cells, were obliterated by a V1 receptor antagonist. In conclusion, AVP induces protracted [Ca2+]i elevation in RINm5F cells which is associated with long-lasting increases in InsP4 isomers. The accumulation of InsP4 isomers reflects receptor occupancy and accelerated metabolism of the inositol phosphates. Activation of second messenger-operated Ca2+ channels is not necessarily implicated because of the attenuating effect of membrane hyperpolarization.     

Arginine vasopressin does not mediate heat loss in the tail of the rat

It has been reported that hypothermia induced by arginine vasopressin (AVP) is brought about by a coordinated response of reduced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and increased heat loss through the tail of rats. However, it is well known that AVP is one of the strongest peripheral vasoconstrictors. Whether the AVP-induced hypothermia is associated with an increase in heat loss through the tail is questionable. Therefore, the present study assessed the relationship between the effects of AVP on tail skin temperature and the induced hypothermic response, and to determine if peripheral AVP administration increases heat loss from the tail. Core, BAT and tail skin temperature were monitored by telemetry in male Sprague–Dawley rats before and after intraperitoneal administration of AVP or vasopressin receptor antagonist. We also analyzed simultaneously of the time-course of AVP-induced hypothermic response and its relationship with changes in BAT temperature, and effect of AVP on grooming behavior. The key observations in this study were: (1) rats dosed with AVP induced a decrease in heat production (i.e., a reduction of BAT thermogenesis) and an increase of saliva spreading for evaporative heat loss (i.e., grooming behavior); (2) AVP caused a marked decrease in tail skin temperature and this effect was prevented by the peripheral administration of the vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, suggesting that exogenous AVP does not increase heat loss in the tail of rats; (3) the vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist could elevate core temperature without affecting tail skin temperature, suggesting that endogenous AVP is involved in suppression of thermogenesis, but not mediates heat loss in the tail of rats. Overall, the present study does not support the conclusion of previous reports that AVP increased tail heat loss in rats, because AVP-induced hypothermia in the rat is accompanied by a decrease in tail skin temperature. The data indicate that exogenous AVP-induced hypothermia attributed to the suppression of thermoregulatory heat production and the increase of saliva spreading for evaporative heat loss.     

Immediate prostaglandin E2 synthesis in rat 3Y1 fibroblasts following vasopressin V1a receptor stimulation

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) induces immediate prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in rat 3Y1 fibroblasts. Judging from effects of several inhibitors, cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) were mainly involved in this reaction. The antagonist of vasopressin receptor V1a, and not that of V2, inhibited the AVP-induced PGE(2) synthesis, indicating that AVP activates cPLA(2)alpha through V1a receptor. Treatment of 3Y1 cells with AVP resulted in transient activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cPLA(2)alpha, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor blocked not only AVP-induced PGE(2) synthesis but also MAPK activation, suggesting that PI3K is involved in the AVP-induced MAPK and cPLA(2)alpha activation, which initiates the production of PGE(2). These results suggest that PGE(2) generated by the stimulation of AVP probably modulates the physiological effects of AVP.     

Arginine vasopressin increases glutamate release and intracellular Ca2+ concentration in hippocampal and cortical astrocytes through two distinct receptors

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), released from the CNS, plays an important role in regulating several aspects of CNS functions including aggression, anxiety, and cognition. In this study, we report a novel finding that AVP induces glutamate release from astrocytes isolated from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. We also investigated the types of AVP receptors involved in the AVP-induced increase in glutamate release from astrocytes isolated from the hippocampus and cortex of neonatal rats. We showed that the AVP (0.1-1000 nmol/L) induced increase in glutamate release and [Ca(2+)](i) is brought about by two distinct subtypes of V(1) receptors (V(1a) and V(1b)). Our results suggested that V(1b) receptors are predominantly expressed in astrocytes isolated from the hippocampus and V(1a) receptors are solely expressed in astrocytes isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats. The results of the western blot analyses confirmed these pharmacological data. In addition, the AVP-induced increase in glutamate did not contribute to an increase in [Ca(2+)](i), as blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors did not alter the AVP-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i). In addition, the administration of a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor failed to alter AVP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase suggesting the lack of involvement of this enzyme.     

Vasopressin phosphorylates HSP27 in aortic smooth muscle cells

Administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) time-dependently induced the phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) at Ser-15 and Ser-85 in smooth muscle of aorta in vivo. The AVP-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 at Ser-15 and Ser-85 was inhibited by a V1a receptor antagonist but not by a V2 receptor antagonist. In cultured aortic smooth muscle A10 cells, AVP markedly stimulated the phosphorylation of HSP27 at Ser-15 and Ser-85. The AVP-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 was attenuated by SB203580 and PD169316, inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, but not by PD98059, a MEK inhibitor. These results strongly suggest that AVP phosphorylates HSP27 via p38 MAP kinase in aortic smooth muscle cells.     

精氨酸加压素对大鼠抗体产生和淋巴细胞增殖的上调作用

大鼠侧脑室注射１００ｎｇ精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）,用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测血中对鸡卵白 白抗原产生的ＩｇＧ抗体水平。结果显示,ＩｇＧ水平高于对照,而ＡＶＰ的Ｖ１受体阻断剂ＤＰＡＶＰ则可阻断此作用;ｉｃｖ８００ｎｇＡＶＰ,大鼠的ＳＲＢＣ溶血素 水平高于对照;ｉｃｖ１００ｎｇ、８００ｎｇＡＶＰ２ｈ后,脾淋巴细胞对ＭＴＴ产生的颜色反应均比对照增加,而ＤＰＡＶＰ可阻断之;ｉｃｖ８００ＡＶＰ２ｈ后,脾淋巴细胞对ＭＴ     

Analysis of the dual mechanism of ACTH release by arginine vasopressin and its analogs in conscious rats

Plasma ACTH and/or corticosterone levels were measured in conscious rats 30 min after subcutaneous administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT) and various analogs with a large range of activity on the vasopressor (V1), antidiuretic (V2) or oxytocic receptors. The comparison of their dose-response curves indicated that two different mechanisms are involved in the release of ACTH by neurohypophysial peptides and their analogs. AVP itself and a specific vasopressor agonist (Phe2, Orn8, OT) displayed a similar, high slope dose-response curve. Non-vasopressor analogs, such as dDAVP were characterized by a low slope dose-response curve. Furthermore, dDAVP potentiated CRF and neither its own ACTH-releasing action nor its potentiation of CRF were sensitive to previous VI- or V2-receptor blockade. These results, together with other available data, are interpreted as indicative of the existence of two mechanisms of action for ACTH release by AVP and its analogs in vivo: an indirect action via endogenous CRF release, mediated by a VI receptor mechanism, and a direct action on the pituitary, shared by dDAVP and other non-vasopressor analogs, with receptor characteristics different to both the V1 and the V2 classical types.     

氧化震颤素在精氨酸加压素引起大鼠低温中的作用与对行为性体温调节反应的影响

目的:研究氧化震颤素在精氨酸加压素(AVP)引起低温中的作用及其对行为性体温调节反应的影响。方法:无线遥控测温技术记录成年雌性SD大鼠体核温度(Tc)、棕色脂肪组织(BAT)温度和活动的变化。用无线遥测温度梯度仪记录大鼠行为性体温调节反应。分别观察AVP(10μg/kg)和氧化震颤素(0.25 mg/kg)对大鼠Tc、活动、BAT温度(TBAT)、理毛活动和行为性体温调节反应的影响。结果:AVP和氧化震颤素均能引起Tc和TBAT降低,理毛活动增加,引起低温反应的同时动物选择较低环境温度。氧化震颤素能使AVP引起的Tc和TBAT降低,以及理毛活动的增加更明显,并持续更长时间。注射氧化震颤素后立即注射AVP动物亦选择较低环境温度,但与AVP比较无明显差异。结论:AVP引起的低温与体温调定点下移、抑制BAT产热和增加理毛活动有关。氧化震颤素可能通过影响BAT产热和行为性体温调节参与外周给AVP引起的低温过程。     

Effect of YM471, a nonpeptide AVP receptor antagonist,on human coronary artery smooth muscle cells

The antagonistic properties of YM471, a potent nonpeptide vasopressin (AVP) V(1A) and V(2) receptor antagonist, were characterized using human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC). YM471 potently inhibited specific binding of 3H-AVP to V(1A) receptors on human CASMC, exhibiting a K(i) value of 0.49 nM. Furthermore, YM471 inhibited the AVP-induced increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration with an IC(50) value of 1.42 nM, but exerted no agonistic activity on CASMC. Additionally, while AVP concentration-dependently induced hyperplasia and hypertrophy in CASMC, YM471 prevented these AVP-induced growth effects, exhibiting IC(50) values of 0.93 and 2.64 nM, respectively. These results indicate that YM471 has high affinity for V(1A) receptors on, and high potency in inhibiting AVP-induced physiologic responses of, human CASMC.