吉林蛟河针阔混交林树木生长的空间关联格局

以吉林蛟河21.12hm2(660m×320m)针阔混交林样地为对象,利用2009年和2014年森林生长观测数据,研究树木生长的空间自相关格局及其生境影响机制。在样地生境型划分结果的基础上,采用Ripley's L(r)函数分析不同生境型中树木种群空间分布特征;利用标记相关函数分析不同生境型中树木生长特征的空间关联格局。研究结果表明:(1)红松(生境型3:1—5m)、蒙古栎(生境型3:1—3m)、胡桃楸(生境型2:1—2m;生境型3:1—7m)、黄檗(生境型2:1—3m;生境型4:1—5m)、水曲柳(生境型3:1—2m;生境型4:1—2m)、瘤枝卫矛(生境型2:1—15m)在特定生境和空间尺度上呈随机分布,但空间格局仍以聚集性分布为主;其余10个物种则在全部0—30m尺度上呈聚集分布。(2)标记相关函数分析显示春榆、毛榛、色木槭、瘤枝卫矛和千金榆的径向生长至少在一个生境中表现出正相关格局;暴马丁香、胡桃楸、裂叶榆、瘤枝卫矛、水曲柳、紫椴、糠椴、毛榛、色木槭和白牛槭的径向生长至少在一个生境中表现出负相关格局;红松、黄檗、蒙古栎和簇毛槭的径向生长在全部尺度上均未检测到显著的空间关联格局。因此,不同树种径向生长的空间自相关特征不同,树种生长特征的空间关联格局具有明显的生境依赖性。     

秦岭落叶阔叶林不同空间尺度下土壤微生物特征

在秦岭佛坪国家级自然保护区内的固定样地,设置3种不同空间尺度(大:20 m×20 m,中:5 m×5 m,小:1.25 m×1.25 m)的样方,采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对固定样地土壤微生物特征及其环境因子进行研究,探讨不同空间尺度下土壤微生物特征(磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物量、土壤微生物群落结构和基础土壤呼吸)对环境因子的响应。结果显示,土壤全磷、溶解性有机碳和溶解性总氮含量在3种空间尺度间有显著差异(P 0.05)。对微生物PLFAs生物量的研究显示,放线菌生物量在小空间尺度下显著低于大、中空间尺度(P 0.05),其他微生物PLFAs生物量都没有显著差异。支链/单不饱和PLFAs的比值在大空间尺度下显著高于中、小空间尺度(P 0.05),其他微生物群落结构特征都没有显著差异。基础土壤呼吸在大空间尺度和小空间尺度间的差异显著(P 0.05);单位PLFAs的基础土壤呼吸则表现出中、小空间尺度显著高于大空间尺度(P 0.05)。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,不同空间尺度下,环境因子对微生物特征的解释度也存在明显差异。大空间尺度下,解释度最高的环境因子是土壤有机碳、含水率和溶解性氮;中空间尺度下,解释度最高的是含水率、土壤有机氮和溶解性有机碳;小空间尺度下,解释度最高的是p H、全磷含量和土壤有机氮。本研究结果表明由于尺度效应的存在,导致随着取样尺度的缩小,环境因子的交互作用增强和空间自相关程度增大,从而表现出在不同空间尺度下环境因子对土壤微生物的影响存在差异。     

桥山林区麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间格局及关联性

为探究麻栎种群不同发育阶段的空间分布特征及关联性,以黄土高原南部桥山林区麻栎天然次生林为研究对象,用L(r)函数对麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间分布特征及关联性进行分析。结果表明:(1)样地内麻栎种群各发育阶段数量结构均为不规则倒"J"型,种群结构稳定,能实现持续更新。(2)麻栎种群总体的空间分布特征受生境异质性影响较大,纯林样地中,种群在0—10 m尺度上表现为高强度聚集分布,5—35 m尺度表现为低强度聚集;混交林样地中,0—5 m尺度上表现为高强度聚集分布,5—35 m尺度上则表现为低强度聚集分布。(3)随着种群的发育及尺度的增大,麻栎种群空间聚集强度减弱,纯林样地内,麻栎幼苗在0—6 m的小尺度表现为聚集分布,6—12 m尺度上表现为随机分布;幼树在各尺度上均表现为聚集分布;中龄树与成龄树在各尺度上均表现为随机分布。混交林样地中,仅幼苗在0—6 m尺度上表现为聚集分布,其余各阶段在各尺度下均趋于随机分布。(4)种群不同发育阶段不同尺度空间关联性不同,纯林样地中,幼苗与幼树在1—2 m小尺度上呈负相关,幼树与中龄树在8 m尺度呈正相关,其余各生长阶段之间在任意尺度上均无关联性;混交林样地中,幼树与中龄树在2—12 m尺度上表现为正相关,其余各生长阶段之间在各尺度上均无关联。在未来的森林经营中,应对不同发育阶段、不同生境的种群进行不同抚育措施,促进种群良性发育。     

不同空间尺度西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉群落谱系结构特征

基于西藏色季拉山4 hm²亚高山暗针叶林固定样地调查数据,分析了急尖长苞冷杉群落内6个径级(1～2、2～4、4～7、7～11、11～16、>16 cm)的植物在5个空间尺度(5 m×5 m、10 m×10 m、20 m×20 m、50 m×50 m、100 m×100 m)上的谱系结构。结果表明: 不同空间尺度上,该群落的净谱系亲缘关系指数(NRI)和净最近种间亲缘关系指数(NTI)值均大于零,整体上表现为谱系聚集。在小空间尺度(5 m×5 m)上,谱系结构聚集强度最大。在所有空间尺度上,群落内小径级个体表现为谱系聚集,随着径级的增大(DBH>7 cm),逐渐表现为谱系发散,且发散程度随径级增加而增大。小径级个体的谱系聚集强度随空间尺度而增大;而大径级个体(DBH>7 cm)的谱系发散程度随空间尺度增加而增大。小径级群落的生境过滤和大径级群落的竞争排斥作用可能是驱动该区域急尖长苞冷杉群落构建的主要生态学过程。     

不同尺度下红树景观格局与叶面积指数的空间分异及表征关系

以2010 年SPOT5(空间分辨率为2.5 m)遥感图像为信息源, 提取红树林群落的空间分布范围及叶面积指数(LAI), 在ArcGIS10.0 软件及fragstats4.0 软件平台的支持下, 分别以100 m、300 m、500 m、700 m、900 m 为网格单元大小计算景观格局指数及LAI 指数, 分析不同尺度下红树林景观格局与叶面积指数的空间分异及表征关系。结果表明: (1)红树林群落叶面积指数(LAI)均呈现较为明显的空间分异特征。随着尺度的增大, 各网格单元的LAI 平均值先减小后增大; (2)斑块数量(NP)及平均斑块面积(MPS)呈现出东南地区高于西北地区的特点, 随着尺度的增大而增大。平均形状指数(MSI)随着尺度的增大逐渐增大。面积周长比均值(MPAR)的空间分异特征不明显; (3)红树林群落叶面积指数与群落景观指数在部分尺度下(500 m、700 m)存在明显的表征关系。(4)700 m 尺度是本研究分析的最佳尺度。     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林不同空间尺度和径级水平的物种丰富度与个体密度关联

以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林为研究对象, 基于尖峰岭原始林60 hm²大样地, 分析了7个不同空间尺度(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m、60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m)、3个不同径级(胸径(DBH) ≥ 1.0 cm、DBH ≥ 2.5 cm、DBH ≥ 7.5 cm)物种丰富度与个体密度之间的关联性, 以期为负密度制约效应等研究的尺度选择提供参考依据。研究结果表明, 物种丰富度和个体密度之间的关联性是基于空间尺度存在的, 并受分析植株径级大小的影响。DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时, 在4个空间尺度下(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m), 物种丰富度随个体密度增加而增加, 但物种丰富度和个体密度两者间的相关性随取样空间尺度的增大而逐渐下降; 在其他3个空间尺度下(60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m), 两者间没有显著相关性。当DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 物种丰富度和个体密度间的相关性随空间尺度变化的趋势也与上述结果基本一致; 在60 m × 60 m的空间尺度上, DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时物种丰富度和个体密度相关性不显著, DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm两个径级的物种丰富度和个体密度表现出弱相关性。DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 各空间尺度下物种丰富度和个体密度之间的决定系数几乎一致, 但高于DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时两者之间的决定系数, 说明大径级植株的个体密度和物种丰富度之间有更强的关联性, 负密度制约效应和自疏效应可能是产生这种现象的主要原因。     

不同尺度流域日径流分形特征

基于分形理论和实测流域日径流长序列资料,研究了中尺度流域（武水流域）和小尺度流域（贞福流域和双溪流域）日径流的分形特征.结果表明：相同时间尺度和不同日径流门限值条件下,相同空间尺度流域间和不同空间尺度流域间日径流均具有显著的分形特征,具有自相似性.随着门限值的增大,不同空间尺度流域间日径流的分形盒维数均逐步减小;当时间尺度在120～150 d时,不同空间尺度流域日径流的分形维数点集均逐渐趋向饱和,当时间尺度大于该值时,就有出现一定门限值径流的可能性.     

东北地区植被NDVI对不同时间尺度SPEI的响应

植被在陆地生态系统中起至关重要的作用。近年来干旱频率逐渐增加,对植被的生长发育产生严重的影响。本研究基于1982—2015年的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和不同时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数(standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index,SPEI)的相关性来评估东北地区植被生长状况对干旱的响应。结果表明:年尺度和季尺度内NDVI和SPEI的最大相关系数值在研究区内西部内蒙古草原地区最大,东部长白山脉地区次之,中东部东北平原地区最小,且NDVI与SPEI的相关系数在12个月以上的时间尺度较大;生长季(4—10月)和夏季(6—8月)的NDVI对SPEI响应最为敏感,春季(4—5月)、秋季(9—10月)响应依次减弱;其中,5—7月的NDVI与SPEI-24的显著相关像元比例较高,而8—10月的NDVI则与SPEI-06的显著相关像元比例较高;不同的植被类型对干旱响应不同,森林NDVI在不同月份与不同尺度的SPEI大体上呈负相关,草原和农作物则主要以正相关为主。     

祁连山地甘肃臭草斑块土壤水分的空间自相关分析

用传统统计学方法探讨土壤水分空间分布的前提条件是用于研究的数据在统计上必须独立且均匀分布,但土壤水分在空间上一般存在空间自相关,这些空间自相关包含一些有用信息。本文利用Moran I系数研究了祁连山北坡甘肃臭草(Melica przewalskyi)单优种群斑块浅层剖面(0~30 cm)土壤水分空间自相关关系、空间相关尺度,建立了各层土壤水分影响因子的线性回归模型和空间自回归模型,并比较了2种模型的分析结果。结果表明:各层土壤水分均具有空间正相关性与空间集聚特征,10~20 cm层土壤水分的空间集聚特征较0~10 cm和20~30 cm土层更为明显;土壤水分的Moran I系数随着分析间隔距离的增大而减小,在4 m的范围内各层土壤水分均存在正的空间自相关关系。影响甘肃臭草浅层剖面土壤水分空间分布的因素在不同土层不尽相同;空间自回归模型的LIK值和R2的值比线性回归模型的值要大,从而显示出空间自回归模型的解释能力要优于经典线性回归模型。     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林物种多样性空间分布格局的尺度效应

物种多样性的空间分布格局和维持机制是群落生态学的基本问题。为了探讨海南尖峰岭地区物种多样性空间分布格局的尺度效应, 以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林60 hm²样地为研究对象, 分析了物种丰富度、物种多度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数随6个空间取样尺度(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m、100 m ×100 m、200 m × 200 m)的变化。结果表明: 相比Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数, 物种丰富度、多度以及Shannon-Wiener指数具有更为明显的空间尺度效应; 物种丰富度的方差随取样尺度增加呈现单峰分布特征, 并且在20 m × 20 m尺度上达到最大值, 而物种多度的方差随取样尺度的增加而增大; 物种丰富度和多度的正相关性随着取样尺度的增加逐渐减小甚至消失, 这可能与随取样尺度增加生境异质性增加有关; 取样尺度对3个物种多样性指数空间分布的影响可能与研究区域内稀有种的组成有关。     

Topologies and measurements of turbulent flow in vertical slot fishways

Several vertical slot fishways have been built in France over the last 20 years. This type of pool fish pass is generally very effective in ensuring passage of the target species, particularly diadromous species. However, visual observations have shown that certain small species may be trapped in the large recirculation zones and seem to have difficulty in rapidly passing through very large pools. An experimental study was undertaken to characterize the turbulent flow for various configurations of vertical slot fishways and to determine how they might be modified to facilitate the passage of small species. The characteristics of mean flow and turbulence were studied by particle image velocimetry (PIV) for three slopes (I = 5%, 10%, 15%), three flow discharges (Q = 576, 736, 864 L/s) and four pool widths (B = 1.7, 2, 2.3, 2.7 m). The results showed that the flow pattern always follows one of two topological models depending on the length/width ratio of the pool. A strong link was found between the calculated volumetric dissipated power and the mean kinetic energy of velocity fluctuations measured in the pools. In order to study the extent to which the dimensions of recirculation zones can be reduced, the effect of the insertion of vertical cylinders within the pools was displayed by laser tomography.

Effects of turbulence on the feeding rate of a pelagic predator: The planktonic hydroid Clytia gracilis

Relatively little is known about the role of turbulence in a predator-prey system where the predator is a passive, pelagic forager. The Campanulariid hydroid Clytia gracilis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) is unusual because it occurs as planktonic colonies and is reported to forage passively in the water column on Georges Bank, Massachusetts, USA. In this study, we investigated the role of various turbulence conditions on the feeding rate of C. gracilis colonies in laboratory experiments. We found a positive relationship between turbulence velocities and feeding rates up to a turbulent energy dissipation rate of ca. 1 cm² s^− 3. Beyond this threshold feeding rate decreased slightly, indicating a dome-shaped relationship. Additionally, a negative relationship was found between feeding efficiency and hydroid colony size under lower turbulent velocities, but this trend was not significant under higher turbulence regimes.     

Dynamics of body kinematics of freely flying houseflies responding to air turbulence

From the world's tiny flying bugs to gigantic dobsonflies, inflight locomotion of a flying creature requires complex biomechanical strategies to cope with air turbulence. These unpredictable changes in ambient airflow strength and direction may destabilize body posture and orientation. To record this behaviour in further detail, we scientifically examined how houseflies (Musca domestica) respond to air turbulence. We then, three-dimensionally reconstructed body and wings motion of continuously perturbated houseflies using high-speed videography under laboratory condition. The findings confirmed that houseflies, in general, do not initiate flight when average ambient air speed exceeds ~0.63 ms^?1 at approximately ~2% of relative turbulent intensity. This finding contrasts with flies which immediately take-off after being released. During mild turbulent conditions, flies performed take-off but with severe and active modulation of body postures. In addition, the body roll angle fluctuates more severely (18.5-fold increase) compared to yaw (7-fold of increment) and pitch (6.4-fold of increment) during turbulence, highlighting that body roll stability is highly sensitive. This research extends our current knowledge on flies' behaviours during turbulence and how insects achieve their superior flight performance.     

The effects of suspended sediment concentration on turbulence in an annular flume

The effect of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) on fluid turbulence in an annular flume was investigated. Flow speed was held constant at 0.57 m s⁻¹, and the resulting turbulent conditions were recorded using a 3-D Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) at height (z) of 8.5 cm above the bed. The suspended material was composed of a natural glacial clay made up of particles smaller than 6 μm. The SSC in the flume were increased from clear water to 4800 mg l⁻¹ in nine discrete increments; temporal variations of SSC were monitored using three optical backscatter sensors (OBS) mounted in the flume wall at heights of 0.03, 0.10 and 0.20 m above the flume base. The results showed that turbulent intensity ( ) and energy dissipation rate (ɛ) did not change significantly between clear water and 200 mg l⁻¹, but decreased by nearly 30% in the SSC range between 200 and 2400 mg l⁻¹. Above 2400 mg l⁻¹, no further decrease was observed. Analyses of the velocity variances over narrow frequency bands (0.2 Hz wide) from 0 to 12.5 Hz showed that most of the flow turbulent energy (~70–80%) was contained within the lower frequencies i.e. larger eddies, and that these eddies experienced the greatest decrease in energy due to turbidity. It is proposed that these patterns are the consequence of the increase in suspended sediment concentrations and of the vertical stratification of sediments for SSC >200 mg l⁻¹.     

An assessment of the ship drag penalty arising from light calcareous tubeworm fouling

A test coupon coated with light calcareous tubeworm fouling was scanned, scaled and reproduced for wind-tunnel testing to determine the equivalent sand grain roughness k_s. It was found that this surface had a k_s = 0.325 mm, substantially less than the previously reported values for light calcareous fouling. This result was used to predict the drag on a fouled full scale ship. To achieve this, a modified method for predicting the total drag of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer (TBL), such as that on the hull of a ship, is presented. The method numerically integrates the skin friction over the length of the boundary layer, assuming an analytical form for the mean velocity profile of the TBL. The velocity profile contains the roughness (fouling) information, such that the prediction requires only an input of k_s, the free-stream velocity (ship speed), the kinematic viscosity and the length of the boundary layer (the hull length). Using the equivalent sandgrain roughness height determined from experiments, a FFG-7 Oliver Perry class frigate is predicted to experience a 23% increase in total resistance at cruise, if its hull is coated in light calcareous tubeworm fouling. A similarly fouled very large crude carrier would experience a 34% increase in total resistance at cruise.     

Effects of small-scale turbulence on two species of Dinophysis

Dinoflagellate species of Dinophysis, in particular D. acuminata and D. acuta, produce lipophilic toxins that pose a threat to human health when concentrated in shellfish and jeopardize shellfish exploitations in western Europe. In northwestern Iberia, D. acuminata has a long growing season, from spring to early autumn, and populations develop as soon as shallow stratification forms when the upwelling season begins. In contrast, D. acuta blooms in late summer, when the depth of the pycnocline is maximal and upwelling pulses are moderate. In situ observations on the hydrodynamic regimes during the two windows of opportunity for Dinophysis species led us to hypothesize that D. acuta should be more sensitive to turbulence than D. acuminata.To test this hypothesis, we studied the response of D. acuminata and D. acuta to three realistic turbulence levels low (LT), ε ≈ 10⁻⁶ m² s^-3; medium (MT), ε ≈ 10^-5 m² s^-3 and high (HT), ε ≈ 10^-4 m² s^-3 generated by Turbogen, a highly reproducible, computer-controlled system. Cells of both species exposed to LT and MT grew at rates similar to the controls. Marked differences were found in the response to HT: D. acuminata grew slowly after an initial lag phase, whereas D. acuta cell numbers declined. Results from this study support the hypothesis that turbulence may play a role in shaping the spatio-temporal distribution of individual species of Dinophysis. We also hypothesize that, in addition to cell disturbance affecting division, sustained high shear generated by microturbulence may cause a decline in Dinophysis numbers due to decreased densities of ciliate prey.     

杉木人工林蒸散规律的研究及乱流扩散法应用的探讨

 本文根据乱流扩散法原理,利用实验集水区连续6年实测数据,对杉木人工林蒸散规律进行了探讨。结果表明：杉木人工林年平均蒸散量875.45mm,占年降雨量的82.2%。其中,林冠蒸散量781.77mm,林地93.68mm,分别为总蒸散量的89.3%和10.7%。与水量平衡法的结果比较,为水量平衡法的101.2%。在研究蒸散规律的同时,对乱流扩散法的应用及参数的估算也进行了较详细的分析。     

Particle deposition in a CT-scanned human lung airway

The particle deposition in a computerized tomography (CT)-scanned human lung was numerically investigated. The five-generation airway is extracted from the trachea to segmental bronchi of a 60-year-old Chinese male patient. Computations were carried out in the flow rate range of 210–630 ml/s (Reynolds number range of 1000–3000) and particle size of 2–10 μm (Stokes number range of 0.0007–0.049). To count the effect of laryngeal jet on trachea inlet, the trachea was extended and modified to simulate the larynx, consequently the inlet velocity profile is biased towards the rear wall. The laryngeal jet-induced turbulence was simulated using low Reynolds number (LRN) κ–ω turbulent model. Particle deposition patterns, deposition efficiency and deposition factor were studied in detail. The turbulent flow has significant effect on the particle deposition, and the present deposition factor is compared well with the available data.     

Micrometeorological conditions and canopy energy exchanges of a neotropical rain forest (Surumoni-Crane Project,Venezuela)

Vertical profiles of air temperature, humidity, wind speed and photosynthetically active radiation were examined systematically within and above a primary Amazonian rain forest in Southern Venezuela. During daylight hours the observed gradients of temperature and humidity suggest that turbulent mixing between vegetation and the atmosphere is reasonably efficient in the top two-thirds of the forest, whereas the understorey remains partially isolated. At night, however, the canopy exhibits a significant decoupling from the overlying atmospheric layer due to substantial radiative cooling, causing a stable density stratification above. It is fairly clear that these variations in microclimate produce a spectrum of different living conditions for the flora and fauna.In addition, the collected data provide important information concerning the turbulent exchanges of heat and water vapour. Actual evapotranspiration loss from the forest was estimated using a single-layer version of the Penman-Monteith equation including a submodel of canopy conductance. The values computed for hourly and daily periods were found to agree well with the simultaneously recorded xylem sap flow of several tree species. Thus they prove that this application is suitable to describe the environmental impact of micrometeorological and physiological factors on the complex process of evapotranspiration.     

Quantitative determination of a novel dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonist using on-line turbulent flow extraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Turbulent flow chromatograph (TFC) is a technique for the direct and efficient analysis of drugs and metabolites in biological matrices. We report here TFC on-line with an HPLC-MS/MS assay for the determination of 5-[2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methoxy-N-[[(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide (I, MK-0767, KRP297, Fig. 1) in plasma. Samples were transferred using an automated system followed by the addition of internal standard (II), prepared in 0.1 M ammonium acetate (pH 4.0). The plasma samples were directly injected onto a C18 turbulent flow column on-line with an HPLC-MS/MS system, and the analytical column used was a ThermoHypersil Keystone C18. Detection was achieved by MS/MS, using positive ionization on a TurboIonSpray probe, operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The linear range was 4-2000 ng/mL for I when using 50 microL of plasma. The method exhibited good linearity and reproducibility. The method also showed good selectivity and ruggedness when applied to clinical samples, and was successfully cross-validated with a conventional off-line SPE, LC-MS/MS method.