木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒基因重组和缺失产生DNAβ相关的新型小分子

【目的】棉花曲叶病是棉花生产上的一种重要的病毒病害,在巴基斯坦和印度等国家地区大面积流行,造成严重的经济损失。近年在中国广西南宁的棉花田间发现了棉花曲叶病害,在广西的黄秋葵中也发生了曲叶病,二者的病原均为木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Virus,CLCuMV),为了对这2个病害有更深的了解,本文对该双生病毒伴随的DNA小分子进行测序分析。【方法】分别从广西南宁地区感染CLCuMV的3棵棉花和3棵黄秋葵中提取总DNA,用CLCuMV DNAβ的特异引物进行PCR扩增,将产物分离纯化并克隆测序,进行序列比对分析。【结果】从棉花曲叶病害中分离得到了1384 nt的新型重组DNA分子,以及从黄秋葵曲叶病害中分离得到了754 nt的新型缺失型DNA分子。研究结果表明1384 nt重组分子是由CLCuMV GX1的DNA-A和DNAβ重组而成。重组分子大部分来源于CLCuMV的DNA-A,包含基因间隔区,附近的部分AV2和AC1基因,以及反向互补的部分AC3基因。其余部分来源于伴随的DNAβ,包含A-rich区域。分析拼接片段的附近序列,发现接头部分含有2-3个共同碱基,推测为重组作用发生的位点。与以前报道的在实验室中产生的CLCuMV重组分子进行比较显示,DNA-A的基因间隔区和DNAβ的A-rich区在重组过程中非常保守。另外,754 nt的重组小分子是由CLCuMV Okra1 DNAβ缺失突变产生,缺失了大部分的编码C1蛋白开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)以及小部分的A-rich区。【结论】本研究在自然条件下分离到了来源于CLCuMV和卫星DNAβ的重组分子,以及DNAβ缺陷型分子。这2种重组小分子以前未见报道,这也是在中国发现的棉花曲叶病毒中首次发现重组分子。这种基因组变异现象在棉花曲叶病毒的进化和寄主适应过程中可能有重要的意义。     

烟粉虱体内木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒的LAMP快速检测技术

木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton leaf curl Multan virus,CLCu Mu V)是引起世界范围内棉花曲叶病流行的主要病原之一,目前已入侵我国广东、广西、海南、福建、云南等地区。该病害由烟粉虱传播,随着烟粉虱扩散范围增加、危害不断加重,棉花曲叶病对我国棉花生产的潜在危害也日益增加。加强该病毒传播介体携带病毒的快速、特异性检测技术研发,对该病害的有效检疫与防控具有重要意义。本研究基于木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCu Mu V)的基因序列设计出LAMP检测4条特异性引物,建立LAMP扩增体系并优化扩增条件,扩增试验证明引物组合的特异性高,LAMP检测所需时间短,仅29 min即可定性检测CLCu Mu V扩增产物;该方法较普通PCR的扩增灵敏度高,可用于检测1头烟粉虱体内是否携带CLCu Mu V,简便易行,只通过颜色变绿或浊度变浑浊即可定性判断。建立的LAMP检测技术可被用于苗木上烟粉虱携带CLCu Mu V的早期检测,为介体昆虫带毒的检疫监测提供一种快速、准确和易操作的新技术。     

棉花粉蚧对木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒的获取、存留和传播风险

为明确棉花粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis对扶桑Hibiscus rosa-sinensis感染的木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuMV)的传播风险,本文应用PCR方法研究了棉花粉蚧获取、存留和传播CLCuMV的规律和能力。结果表明棉花粉蚧各取食危害虫期均可获取、携带CLCuMV,获取病毒所需时间为2-48 h,虫体内病毒最多可存留312 h;但是,粉蚧体内病毒无法侵染健康扶桑,亦不会经卵或者交配进行垂直和水平传播。本研究证明了棉花粉蚧不能传播CLCuMV,为防治该虫、该病毒病提供了依据。     

侵染朱槿的木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒及其卫星DNA全基因组结构特征

从广州朱槿上分离到病毒分离物G6,全序列测定结果表明,G6 DNA-A全长为2 737个核苷酸.序列比较显示,G6 DNA-A与木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuMV)各分离物的同源率均大于89%,其中与CLCuMV-[62]的同源率最高(96.1%),与拉贾斯坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuRV)的同源率87.1%～89.8%,而与其他菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒同源率均在87%以下.DNA-A系统进化关系分析显示,G6与CLCuMV各分离物的亲缘关系最近,聚在一起形成一个分支,而与其他几种双生病毒的亲缘关系相对较远.利用DNAβ特异引物β01和β02,从G6中扩增到卫星DNA分子(DNAβ).序列分析结果表明,G6 DNAβ全长1 346个核苷酸,推导其互补链上编码一个ORF(C1).序列比较结果表明,G6 DNAβ与CLCuMV DNAβ的同源率最高(92.1%),与CLCuRV DNAβ的同源率为88.7%,而与其他已报道的DNAβ的同源率均在80%以下.DNAβ系统进化关系分析显示,G6 DNAβ与CLCuMV DNAβ形成一个独立的分支,再与CLCuRV及MYVV-[Y47]的DNAβ形成一个较大分支.从上述研究结果可以得出,侵染广东朱槿的病毒分离物G6应该是CLCuMV一个分离物.     

番茄曲叶病及其血清学和PCR测定

我国曾报道的番茄病毒病有多种,其中最常见的是黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)和烟草花叶病毒(TMV)引起的花叶病。柯冲等(1964)在大陆首次报道烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)传播的番茄病毒病——番茄黄顶病,此病在50～60年代曾在广州市郊流行,造成大面积减产。Green等(1984)报道台湾发生番茄黄曲叶病,此病与日本的番茄黄矮病(Tomato yellow dwarf)相似,并且与烟草曲叶病毒(TLCV)有血清学关系。印度、委内瑞拉等国也曾报道发生由烟粉虱传播的番茄曲叶病和番茄黄曲叶病。1991和1992年秋,在广西南宁市郊发现一种症状表现为植株矮缩,叶片向上向内卷曲,叶背面产生耳状或杯状增生物,对光看有时可见叶脉呈墨绿色,不结果或少结果的番茄病害。1992年秋广西农业科学院的番茄试验地发病率高达6.8％,对当地秋番茄生产构成了威胁。作者对病害症状、传播、血清学反应及PCR分析等方面与烟草曲叶病毒进行了比较研究,证实了该病的病原与烟草曲叶病毒有很高的同源性。现将研究结果简报如下。     

威胁棉花生产的外来入侵新害虫——扶桑绵粉蚧

2008年8月,在广东省广州市发现一种严重危害扶桑的害虫,经鉴定确认为扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley。2008年12月16日调查发现,在广州市的扶桑上多点发生。扶桑绵粉蚧原产美洲,最近几年入侵印度和巴基斯坦,严重危害棉花,其暴发危害已经造成了重大损失,成为威胁世界棉花安全的重大入侵害虫。文章提供扶桑绵粉蚧的形态特征、寄主、分布、危害等情况,并对其检疫与防控措施等提出建议。     

烟草曲茎病毒Y128分离物及伴随卫星的分子鉴定

从云南保山田问表现曲叶症状的烟草植株上分离到病毒分离物Y128,病株在实验室可经烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）传播到健康烟草上。分别用针对烟草曲茎病毒（TbCSV）、云南烟草曲叶病毒（TLCYNV）、中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCCNV）及泰国番茄黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCTHV）等田间常复合侵染的云南粉虱传双生病毒的特异性引物对Y128 DNA-A进行PCR扩增,结果表明Y128是烟草曲茎病毒（TbCSV）的1个分离物。利用DNAβ的特异性引物1301和1302,在Y128中扩增到卫星DNA分子（Y128β）。对Y128进行DNAβ全序列测定及分析表明,Y128β拿长1350个核苷酸,其互补链上编码1个有功能的ORF（βC1）。Y128β的全序列与TbCSV各个分离物的卫星分子（Y2β、Y35β和Y115β）的同源性最高,分别为85．2％、94．3％和88％;与其它已报道的卫星DNAβ的同源性均低于56．1％。     

烟草曲茎病毒Y128分离物及伴随卫星的分子鉴定*

从云南保山田间表现曲叶症状的烟草植株上分离到病毒分离物Y128,病株在实验室可经烟粉虱(Bemisiatabaci)传播到健康烟草上。分别用针对烟草曲茎病毒(TbCSV)、云南烟草曲叶病毒(TLCYNV)、中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCCNV)及泰国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCTHV)等田间常复合侵染的云南粉虱传双生病毒的特异性引物对Y128DNA-A进行PCR扩增,结果表明Y128是烟草曲茎病毒(TbCSV)的1个分离物。利用DNAβ的特异性引物β01和β02,在Y128中扩增到卫星DNA分     

中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒DNAβ缺失突变体与异源病毒的互作研究

与一些单组份双生病毒伴随的卫星DNAβ是辅助病毒在自然寄主上引起典型症状所必需的致病相关分子。迄今发现的所有DNAβ分子在互补链上都含有一个位置和大小保守的βC1基因。对中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒的缺失βC1基因的DNAβ突变体(DNAΔC1β)与异源病毒接种后的致病性及稳定性进行了研究。PCR和Southern杂交证实该突变体能利用赛葵黄脉病毒、烟草曲茎病毒、中国胜红蓟黄脉病毒、假马鞭曲叶病毒等多种异源双生病毒复制并系统侵染本氏烟。接种后65 d内的PCR检测和序列分析显示,该突变体与其它辅助双生病毒接种后在寄主细胞中的复制是稳定的。     

植物黄化病害中发现的一类新病原——类菌质体

在植物病害的研究中,有一类属于典型黄化的病害,病征特点:植株黄化、侧枝丛生、矮化、萎缩、花器变叶等。例如桑树萎缩病、枣疯病、泡桐丛枝病、柑桔黄龙病、翠菊黄化病、三叶草变叶病等均属黄化型病害。这类病害,最早认为是生理病害所致,后来有许多工作者又认为是病毒病害,因为在这类病株中未发现有真菌、细菌、线虫等病原,它们又能用人工嫁接方法感染或通过叶蝉、木虱以及菟丝子等媒介传播。但长期以来对这类病害未能采用通常分离病毒的方法分离出病毒粒子,电子显微镜观察也未能见到分离的病毒粒子。许多人把未能分离到病毒的原因归于病毒不稳定或含量过低。最近     

Host range, vector relationships and sequence comparison of a begomovirus infecting hibiscus in India

Hibiscus leaf curl disease (HLCuD) occurs widely in India. Infected hibiscus plants show vein thickening, upward curling of leaves and enations on the abaxial leaf surface, reduction in leaf size and stunting. The commonly‐occurring weeds (Ageratum conyzoides, Croton bonplandianum and Euphorbia geniculata), Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana glutinosa and Nicotiana tabacum (var. Samsun, Xanthi), cotton and tomato were shown to be susceptible to HLCuD. One of the four species of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis) and 75 of the 101 commercial hybrids/varieties grown in the Bangalore area of southern India were also susceptible. Two virus isolates associated with HLCuD from Bangalore, South India (Ban), and Bhubaneswar, North India (Bhu), were detected serologically and by PCR‐mediated amplification of virus genomes. The isolates were characterised by sequencing a fragment of DNA‐A component (1288 nucleotides) and an associated satellite DNA molecule of 682 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses of these DNA‐A sequences clustered them with Old World cotton‐infecting begomoviruses and closest to Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV) at 95–97% DNA‐A nucleotide identities. The 682‐nucleotide satellite DNA molecules associated with the HLCuD samples Ban and Bhu shared 96.9% sequence identity with each other and maximum identity (93.1–93.9% over positions 158–682) with ～1350‐nucleotide DNA‐β satellite molecules associated with cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan and India (accession nos AJ298903, AJ316038). HLCuD in India, therefore, appears to be associated with strains of CLCuMV, a cotton‐infecting begomovirus from Pakistan, which is transmitted in a persistent manner by Bemisia tabaci.     

Suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by the components of the cotton leaf curl begomovirus-betasatellite complex

Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are single-stranded DNA viruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Many economically important diseases in crops are caused by begomoviruses, particularly in tropical and subtropical environments. These include the betasatellite-associated begomoviruses causing cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) that causes significant losses to a mainstay of the economy of Pakistan, cotton. RNA interference (RNAi) or gene silencing is a natural defense response of plants against invading viruses. In counter-defense, viruses encode suppressors of gene silencing that allow them to effectively invade plants. Here, we have analyzed the ability of the begomovirus Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV) and its associated betasatellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan β-satellite (CLCuMB) which, together, cause CLCuD, and the nonessential alphasatellite (Cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite [CLCuMA]) for their ability to suppress gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results showed that CLCuMV by itself was unable to efficiently block silencing. However, in the presence of the betasatellite, gene silencing was entirely suppressed. Silencing was not affected in any way when infections included CLCuMA, although the alphasatellite was, for the first time, shown to be a target of RNA silencing, inducing the production in planta of specific small interfering RNAs, the effectors of silencing. Subsequently, using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and Northern blot analysis, the ability of all proteins encoded by CLCuMV and CLCuMB were assessed for their ability to suppress RNAi and the relative strengths of their suppression activity were compared. The analysis showed that the V2, C2, C4, and βC1 proteins exhibited suppressor activity, with the V2 showing the strongest activity. In addition, V2, C4, and βC1 were examined for their ability to bind RNA and shown to have distinct specificities. Although each of these proteins has, for other begomoviruses or betasatellites, been previously shown to have suppressor activity, this is the first time all proteins encoded by a geminiviruses (or begomovirus-betasatellite complex) have been examined and also the first for which four separate suppressors have been identified.     

Recombination Among Begomoviruses on Malvaceous Plants Leads to the Evolution of Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus in Pakistan

Whitefly transmitted begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are the major reason for significant yield losses of dicotyledonous crops in tropics and subtropics. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is one of the important vegetable crops, and leaf curl disease caused by geminiviruses is the most important limiting factor for its production in Pakistan. Here, we report a new species of okra‐infecting begomovirus in south‐eastern region of Pakistan and the name Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV) complex is proposed. This okra enation leaf curl disease complex (OELCuD) in Pakistan is found to be associated with Ageratum conyzoides symptomless alphasatellite (AConSLA). All efforts to clone the betasatellite were unsuccessful. Comprehensive sequence analyses suggest that intermalvaceous recombination between okra and cotton‐infecting begomoviruses resulted in the evolution of the new species. Surprisingly, Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) which has not been reported previously from Pakistan is the major parent while Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV) acts as a distant parent of the virus. Comparative recombination analysis also reveals that okra‐infecting begomoviruses from south and north‐western India is causing OELCuD in the Pakistan by recombining with CLCuMV at the Rep (1964–1513 nts). Recombination is common among geminiviruses and recombining of BYVMV and CLCuMV resulted in a new species: OELCuV. To the best of our knowledge, this evolution of a new species of okra‐infecting begomovirus is the first report of intermalvaceous recombination where Rep acts as the target region.     

Detection and relationships of cotton leaf curl virus and allied whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses occurring in Pakistan

A stock culture of cotton leaf curl virus from Pakistan (CLCuV-PK), was transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) to seven plant species, including French bean, okra, tobacco and tomato, and caused vein thickening and leaf curl symptoms. It was readily detected in triple antibody sandwich ELISA (TAS-ELIS A) by 11 out of 31 monoclonal antibodies raised against the particles of three other geminiviruses: African cassava mosaic, Indian cassava mosaic and okra leaf curl viruses. Reaction strength was enhanced when the tissue extraction fluid contained sodium sulphite. Minor variations in epitope profile were found among virus isolates from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) collected from different districts in Pakistan over a 5-year period. These epitope profiles were distinguishable from that of cotton leaf curl virus from G. barbadense in southern India but indistinguishable from the profiles of viruses causing yellow vein disease of okra in India or Pakistan, or leaf curl of okra {Abelmoschus esculentus), Hibiscus tiliaceus, radish or sunflower in Pakistan, suggesting that these plants are putative natural hosts of CLCuV-PK. The viruses in cotton, and in okra with leaf curl or yellow vein symptoms, were also detected by PCR with three pairs of CLCuV-PK-specific primers. Five additional whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses were found among isolates from 11 other naturally-infected species in Pakistan, and were distinguished by their epitope profiles. These viruses were associated, respectively, with tobacco leaf curl, squash yellow blotch, tomato yellow leaf curl, watermelon leaf crinkle and soybean yellow mosaic diseases. The first four of these viruses were detected readily by PCR with geminivirus general primers but only weakly, if at all, with two pairs of CLCuV-PK-specific primers. Pakistani crops are infected with a range of distinguishable but relatively closely related whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses, some of which resemble those found in India.     

The merging of two dynasties--identification of an African cotton leaf curl disease-associated begomovirus with cotton in Pakistan

Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a severe disease of cotton that occurs in Africa and Pakistan/northwestern India. The disease is caused by begomoviruses in association with specific betasatellites that differ between Africa and Asia. During survey of symptomatic cotton in Sindh (southern Pakistan) Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGV), the begomovirus associated with CLCuD in Africa, was identified. However, the cognate African betasatellite (Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite) was not found. Instead, two Asian betasatellites, the CLCuD-associated Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) and Chilli leaf curl betasatellite (ChLCB) were identified. Inoculation of the experimental plant species Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CLCuGV was competent to maintain both CLCuMB and ChLCB. Interestingly, the enations typical of CLCuD were only induced by CLCuGV in the presence of CLCuMB. Also in infections involving both CLCuMB and ChLCB the enations typical of CLCuMB were less evident. This is the first time an African begomovirus has been identified on the Indian sub-continent, highlight the growing threat of begomoviruses and particularly the threat of CLCuD causing viruses to cotton cultivation in the rest of the world.     

A melting pot of old world begomoviruses and their satellites infecting a collection of gossypium species in pakistan

CLCuD in southern Asia is caused by a complex of multiple begomoviruses (whitefly transmitted, single-stranded [ss]DNA viruses) in association with a specific ssDNA satellite; Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). A further single ssDNA molecule, for which the collective name alphasatellites has been proposed, is also frequently associated with begomovirus-betasatellite complexes. Multan is in the center of the cotton growing area of Pakistan and has seen some of the worst problems caused by CLCuD. An exhaustive analysis of the diversity of begomoviruses and their satellites occurring in 15 Gossypium species (including G. hirsutum, the mainstay of Pakistan's cotton production) that are maintained in an orchard in the vicinity of Multan has been conducted using φ29 DNA polymerase-mediated rolling-circle amplification, cloning and sequence analysis. The non-cultivated Gossypium species, including non-symptomatic plants, were found to harbor a much greater diversity of begomoviruses and satellites than found in the cultivated G. hirsutum. Furthermore an African cassava mosaic virus (a virus previously only identified in Africa) DNA-A component and a Jatropha curcas mosaic virus (a virus occurring only in southern India) DNA-B component were identified. Consistent with earlier studies of cotton in southern Asia, only a single species of betasatellite, CLCuMuB, was identified. The diversity of alphasatellites was much greater, with many previously unknown species, in the non-cultivated cotton species than in G. hirsutum. Inoculation of newly identified components showed them to be competent for symptomatic infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The significance of the findings with respect to our understanding of the role of host selection in virus diversity in crops and the geographical spread of viruses by human activity are discussed.     

Evidence of Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus Variant and its Associate Betasatellite Causing Yellow Mosaic of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) in Pakistan

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) plants with severe leaf mosaic and mottling were found in a kitchen garden near cotton fields in Pakistan. Rolling Circle Amplification products from six of the naturally infected eggplant plants, subjected to PCR, successfully amplified expected products of 2.8 and 1.4 kb using begomovirus and betasatellite‐specific primers, respectively. Based on 99% nucleotide sequence identity, the virus was identified as a variant of Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) (GenBank Accession No. HG428709). Likewise, the sequenced betasatellite with a maximum of 97% nucleotide sequence identity was recognized as a new variant of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB^Mul) (GenBank Accession No. HG428708). The symptomatic induction of Cotton leaf curl disease in CLCuBuV susceptible cotton genotype CIM‐496 by back‐indexing further confirmed the presence of CLCuBuV in eggplant. This is the first report of CLCuBuV and its associate betasatellite in naturally infected plants of eggplant.     

广东番茄曲叶病毒G2分离物基因组DNA-A的分子特征

从采集于广东的番茄曲叶病病株上分离到病毒分离物G2 ,序列分析结果表明 ,其DNA_A为单链环状 ,全长2 74 4nt,共有 6个ORF ,其中病毒链上编码AV1(CP)、AV2 ,互补链上编码AC1、AC2、AC3和AC4。BLAST结果显示 ,与G2基因组有同源关系的病毒均属双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属。序列比较结果显示 ,G2与菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的DNA_A序列同源率均不超过 83% ,其中同源率最高的是PaLCuCNV_[G10 ](82 8% )。进一步比较发现 ,它们的基因间隔区 (IR)变异最大 (同源率为 30 9%～ 81 8% ) ;CP氨基酸序列的同源率较高 (77 6 %～ 99 2 % ) ,AC4蛋白氨基酸序列的同源率较低 (4 3 5 %～ 78 8% )。系统进化关系分析结果也显示 ,G2与已报道的菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的亲缘关系均较远。因此 ,G2可能是双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属中一个未报道的新种 ,命名为广东番茄曲叶病毒 (TomatoleafcurlGuangdongVirus ,ToLCGDV)     

Begomovirus and Associated Satellite Components Infecting Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in Pakistan

Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is a legume that is grown widely on the Indian subcontinent. Leaf curl symptoms of cluster bean plants collected in the Punjab, Pakistan, were shown to be associated with the begomovirus Papaya leaf curl virus; the first time this virus has been identified infecting cluster bean in Pakistan. The virus was shown to be associated with Tomato leaf curl betasatellite. Additionally, some cluster bean plants were shown to also harbour Cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite. The significance of these findings is discussed.