小麦族中间鹅观草不同居群的形态多样性分析

小麦族（Triticeae）植物的野外调查、收集通常是以形态学为依据的。为了探讨小麦族植物在野外调查、收集的科学取样策略,本项研究以小麦族具有自花授粉习性的3个中间鹅观草（Roegneria sinica. var. media Keng）居群、每个居群30个单株为材料,对11个形态学性状的多样性进行了分析。结果表明,3个居群的总遗传多样性指数为1.991,遗传多样性主要集中于居群内（91.76%）,而居群间的遗传变异（8.24%）相对较小;不同取样梯度下的遗传多样性指数随单株取样数目的增加呈现增大趋势,但当取样数目达到18株时,遗传多样性指数达到最高值。上述结果说明,对于小麦族自花授粉植物野外调查、收集时,应以居群为单位,而且每一居群至少应调查、收集18个单株,才能代表居群的遗传多样性。以形态学为依据的取样策略的建立,对于指导野外调查、收集具有现实意义。     

云南西双版纳地区羽叶金合欢的遗传多样性研究

羽叶金合欢（Acacia pennata）是一种重要的经济植物。本研究使用微卫星（SSR）分子标记技术对分布于云南西双版纳地区的7个羽叶金合欢自然居群进行了遗传多样性和居群遗传结构的研究,旨在从分子水平探讨其自然居群的遗传多样性,制定科学的保护策略,为今后的持续利用提供科学依据。我们用筛选出的6对SSR引物对采自7个自然居群的124个个体进行了扩增,共检测到23个等位基因。平均观察等位基因数（Na）为3．381,有效等位基因数（Ne）为2．460,平均期望杂合度（He）为0．573,Nei’s多样性指数（h）为0．567。其中景洪居群具有较高的遗传多样性,曼腊居群遗传多样性相对较低。遗传分化系数FST仅为0．113。结果表明羽叶金合欢的自然居群具有较高的遗传多样性水平,居群间分化较小,遗传变异主要来源于居群内。羽叶金合欢为多年生植物,分布范围广泛,这可能是其具有较高水平遗传多样性的原因;同时其繁育系统可能为异交,种子可远距离传播,这些特性也可能导致其较高的遗传多样性水平和较低的居群遗传分化。我们建议在对羽叶金合欢进行迁地保护时,要在遗传多样性较高的居群内进行大量取样,同时也要对不同居群进行取样。     

近缘物种的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系的取样策略研究

取样策略的问题目前大多停留于对单一物种的种质资源研究.然而,对野生近缘植物取样策略的研究,不仅有利于准确快捷地阐明物种间的系统发育关系,而且对于了解遗传多样性分布状况,制定野外考察、材料收集取样及保护策略均有重要的理论指导意义.以巴山松及其近缘种为例,利用cpSSR(叶绿体微卫星)和AFLP2种分子标记对其取样策略和统计方法进行分析,揭示居群取样个体数和基因位点数与遗传多样性的关系以及基因(引物)和系统树构建方法对亲缘关系确定的影响.研究表明:(1)居群取样个体数和基因位点数差异对遗传多样性影响并不显著,但当居群取样个体数为30个左右,单引物基因位点数为60个以上,总位点数为480个以上时,所得遗传多样性及亲缘关系较为准确可靠.(2)较多数目的基因(引物)对于得到较为准确可靠的亲缘关系分析是十分必要的.(3)系统树构建方法对近缘种亲缘关系的确定有一定的影响.     

陕西、宁夏部分地区小麦族植物资源调查、收集与分类鉴定

2002年8月对陕西、宁夏部分地区分布的小麦族(Triticeae)植物进行了调查与收集,共收集小麦族植物6属、16种、145个居群,并对每一物种及其居群的分布区、生境、海拔、2n染色体数目等进行了分析。同时,对所收集材料的可利用性、调查收集的基本单元以及小麦族植物的保护进行了讨论。     

蒙古冰草遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对蒙古冰草（Agropyron mongolicum Keng)6个天然居群和2个栽培品种（系）的45个个体进行了遗传多样性检测。17个引物共检测到101个位点,其中多态位点81个,占80.2%,相对于其它小麦族植物,显示出了较高的遗传多样性,多样性指数（DC）分析的结果表明,遗传多样性在居群内和居群间的分布存在不均衡现象,但总体来看,居群内的遗传变异高于居群间,这是由蒙古冰草异花,风媒传粉的外繁育系统所决定的,在天然居群与栽培品种（系）间,前者的DC值为0.250,后者的DC值为0.181,而且前者的平均遗传距离（0.290)也高于后者（0.213),表明天然居群间的遗传分化大于栽培品种（系）,这与天然居群间环境的异质性密切相关,同时也反映了栽培品种（系）间较近的亲缘关系,UPG-MA聚类分析的结果表明,8个居群基本上可被分为与其生境特点及生长条件相适应的3个类群,反映了自然选择及人工选择对居群间遗传分化的巨大影响。     

西双版纳地区流苏石斛遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对西双版纳分布的兰科濒危植物流苏石斛（Dendrobium fimbriatum）5个居群共114个个体的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100条引物中筛选出了12条用于扩增,共检测到117个位点,其中105个为多态位点。分析结果表明,流苏石斛居群水平遗传多样性较低。在物种水平上,流苏石斛多态位点百分率PPB为89．74％,Nei’s基因多样性指数日为0．3227,Shannon’s多样性信息指数见。为0．4779;在居群水平上,各个居群的多态位点百分率PPB差异较大（6．84％～39．32％）,平均值为23．93％,Nei’s基因多样性指数H为0．0871,各个居群的Shannon’s多样性信息指数见平均为0．1290。AMOVA分析的结果显示,流苏石斛的遗传变异大多数存在于居群间,占总遗传变异的74．79％。基于Nei’s遗传多样性分析得出的居群间遗传分化系数Gst=0．7443。各居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度（I）范围为0．5882～0．8331。Mantel检测发现,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间无显著的正相关关系（r=0．2419,P=0．2416）。鉴于流苏石斛的遗传多样性现状和居群遗传结构,我们建议对流苏石斛居群所有个体实施及时的就地保护,同时建立迁地保护居群,促进基因交流。     

中国木棉居群的遗传多样性

采用ISSR分子标记技术研究了干热河谷地区（云南的元江、元谋、巧家、保山4个居群）、干热地区（广西、海南2个居群）和湿热地区（西双版纳1个居群）木棉（Bombax malabaricum）居群的遗传多样性。用筛选出的10条引物,对110个个体进行了扩增,共检测到142个位点,多态位点百分率PPB=90.14%,Nei′s基因多样性指数H=0.2530,Shannon′s信息指数I为0.3864;居群间的遗传分化系数GST=0.1870,用AMOVA分析得出的Фst=0.177;研究结果表明木棉具有较高水平的遗传多样性,而居群间的遗传分化较低。我们推断木棉丰富的遗传多样性和有效的基因流是其较好适应性的重要因素。此外,我们建议在干热河谷地区对木棉进行引种时,要在居群内大量取样,并尽可能对不同居群进行取样。     

普通野生稻保护和未保护居群遗传多样性的比较

为了评价普通野生稻自然居群遗传多样性,用24对SSR引物对5个保护居群（江西东乡庵家山JXD、湖南茶陵HNC、湖南江永HNJ、广东高州大岭GDD、海南儋州HND）和3个未保护居群（广西武宣GXW、广西来宾GXL、广东高州朋山GDP）,共计356个单株进行了遗传多样性分析。24个位点均表现为多态,其中18个位点表现杂合子不足,RM339位点观察杂合度最高,RM336位点预期杂合度最高。SSR分析结果表明,8个居群的遗传多样性都较高,其中5个保护居群的Ae变幅为1．780（JXD）～2．504（HNJ）,肌变幅为0．397（JXD）～0．555（HNJ）;3个未保护居群Ae变幅为2、153（GDP）～3．226（GXL）．He变幅为0．492（GDP）～0．640（GXL）。5个保护居群与3个未保护居群之间的遗传距离较大（0．6585）。这说明虽然有些居群得到了保护,但未保护居群的保护、收集价值仍然很大。居群间遗传分化明显（Fst=0．399）,居群间遗传距离最小的HNJ居群与GXL居群的相似系数也只有0．43。F一统计显示所用居群都偏离了Hardy—Weinbery平衡（Fis=0．147）,其中GDD、GDP、HND居群Fis〈0,表现为杂合子过剩;居群JXD的Fis为0．109,表现轻微的杂合子缺乏;HNC、HNJ、GXW、GXL的F括〉0,Fis值变幅为0．315（GXW）～0．473（HNJ）,说明这4个居群中杂合子不足,可能与这些居群自交比例高有关。     

雌雄异株稀有植物伞花木(Eurycorymbus caraleriei)自然居群的等位酶遗传多样性研究

伞花木（Eurycorymbus caraleriei）为中国特有的第三纪孑遗单种属植物,雌雄异株。采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对其5个自然居群和1个人工迁地保护居群的等位酶变异进行了初步研究。对7个酶系统中14个位点的等位酶居群遗传多样性及遗传结构分析结果表明：伞花木具有较高水平的遗传多样性,其每位点平均等位基因数A=1．6,平均多态位点比率P=42．9％,平均预期遗传杂合度Hr=0．216;各居群的遗传多样性无显著性差异,但都表现为严重偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡的杂合子过量;其遗传变异主要发生在居群内（93．1％）,居群间分化较小（Gst=0．069）,居群问遗传一致度较高（I=0．965～1．000）。推断这可能是由于其古老孑遗性、雌雄异株、混和传粉方式的生物学特性以及其长寿命的生活史等原因所导致;同时,居群间的较高基因流（Nm=3．128）也可能起到很大的作用。还使用UPGMA聚类方法推断了武汉植物园迁地保护的野外居群来源,在对迁地保护居群的评价中发现迁地保护居群仅保存了该物种基因型多样性的16％,在此基础上提出了今后进一步的保育策略。     

遗传多样性的取样策略

合理取样是生物多样性有效保护、利用和研究所面临的最基本问题 ,它在很大程度上受到植物自身的生物学特性、环境条件和取样目的的影响。遗传多样性的取样策略是指对一定地理分布范围内的生物个体取样时 ,使样本具有代表性和包含尽可能多的遗传变异的最佳取样方法 ,包括了取样数目 (一个给定区域的居群数和一个居群的个体数 )以及取样方式。包括“哈迪 温伯格平衡 (Hardy WeinbergEquilibrium)”定律在内的居群遗传学基本原理是研究取样策略的理论基础 ,在此基础上可以对居群内的取样个体数及应获取的居群数进行理论计算 ,同时还可以根据物种居群的遗传结构特点和环境条件的异质性来决定取样的方式。因此 ,应该依据研究对象本身的特点和取样的目的来确定某一特定区域的居群取样数 ,以及某一居群内的样本数及取样方式。     

小麦族遗传资源的多样性及其保护

禾木科小麦族中包含了三种世界最重要的粮食作物,即：小麦、大麦和黑麦以及许多具有重要经济价值的牧草种类。小麦族植物种类繁多、分布广泛、生态多样,具有极其丰富的形态和遗传变异类型。作为巨大的基因资源库,小麦族植物在通过现代生物技术而导入外源有益基因的麦类作物育种程序中,具有重要和特殊的价值。然而对于小麦族植物的生物多样性的研究和了解还远远不足。同时在全球环境的不断改变和遭到破坏的今天,一些小麦族的物种已处于濒危的状态而面临灭绝,因此对于小麦族丰富的遗传多样性制定有效的措施进行保护是摆在我们面前亟待解决的课题。     

Genetic diversity and population structure in Tunisian Lavandula stoechas L. and Lavandula multifida L. (Lamiaceae)

The genetic diversity and population structure of 20 Tunisian Lavandula stoechas L. and Lavandula multifida L. populations, from different bioclimates, were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis using seven isozymes. The genetic diversity within populations varied according to species. Variation in L. multifida was higher than that observed for L. stoechas, and exclusive alleles were detected for taxa.

A high differentiation among populations, for each species, estimated by Wright's F-statistics was revealed. The genetic structure of populations from the same bioclimate was substantial. Nei's, R. [1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89, 583–590] genetic distance among pairs of populations was low. The UPGMA cluster analysis of genetic distance values revealed that populations for each species were not strictly clustered together according to bioclimate or geographic proximity.

For each species, the low genetic divergence among populations and their substantial structure indicate their recent fragmentation due to anthropic pressures. The dendrogram generated from pairwise genetic distance among all populations showed two distinct clusters each corresponding to one species. The high genetic divergence between the two species, based on isozymes, corroborates their taxonomic status, as previously reported using morphological traits. The strategy for the management and conservation of populations should be made for each taxa according to its level of diversity and bioclimate.     

Sampling strategy for wild soybean (Glycine soja) populations based on their genetic diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure

A total of 892 individuals sampled from a wild soybean population in a natural reserve near the Yellow River estuary located in Kenli of Shandong Province (China) were investigated.Seventeen SSR (simple sequence repeat) primer pairs from cultivated soybeans were used to estimate the genetic diversity of the population and its variation pattern versus changes of the sample size (sub-samples),in addition to investigating the fine-scale spatial genetic structure within the population.The results showed relatively high genetic diversity of the population with the mean value of allele number (A) being 2.88,expected heterozygosity (He) 0.431,Shannon diversity index (/) 0.699,and percentage of polymorphic loci (P) 100%.Sub-samples of different sizes (ten groups) were randomly drawn from the population and their genetic diversity was calculated by computer simulation.The regression model of the four diversity indexes with the change of sample sizes was computed.As a result,27-52 individuals can reach 95% of total genetic variability of the population.Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the genetic patch size of this wild soybean population is about 18 m.The study provided a scientific basis for the sampling strategy of wild soybean populations.     

栽培植物野生近缘种的保护与利用

栽培植物是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。全球人口与人均需求量的持续增长导致对植物资源的需求与日俱增。栽培植物较低的遗传多样性是限制其产量增长和质量提高的主要因素。栽培植物野生近缘种在自然环境中积累了丰富的遗传变异, 并在应对环境变化的过程中产生了很多新的适应性状, 是栽培植物种质创新和品种改良的重要遗传资源。然而, 栽培植物野生近缘种的存续和自然进化因生境破坏以及全球气候变化等正面临严重威胁, 需要采取有效的措施进行保护。本文总结了国内外对栽培植物野生近缘种进行原生境保护与迁地保护所取得的进展, 并基于我国实际情况提出了栽培植物野生近缘种的保护建议。此外, 本文还对栽培植物野生近缘种利用技术进行了梳理, 探讨了栽培植物野生近缘种遗传资源可持续利用的新思路。最后, 我们以长江流域几种代表性栽培植物为例, 对主要作物类型的保护与利用情况进行了讨论。     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Development of a Core Collection of Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) Populations in China

Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), the progenitor of Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa L.), is endangered due to habitat loss. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the genetic diversity of wild rice species in isolated populations and to develop a core collection of representative genotypes for ex situ conservation. We collected 885 wild rice accessions from eight geographically distinct regions and transplanted these accessions in a protected conservation garden over a period of almost two decades. We evaluated these accessions for 13 morphological or phenological traits and genotyped them for 36 DNA markers evenly distributed on the 12 chromosomes. The coefficient of variation of quantitative traits was 0.56 and ranged from 0.37 to 1.06. SSR markers detected 206 different alleles with an average of 6 alleles per locus. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.64 in all populations, indicating that the marker loci have a high level of polymorphism and genetic diversity in all populations. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data revealed remarkable differences in the genetic diversity of common wild rice populations. The results showed that the Zengcheng, Gaozhou, and Suixi populations possess higher levels of genetic diversity, whereas the Huilai and Boluo populations have lower levels of genetic diversity than do the other populations. Based on their genetic distance, 130 accessions were selected as a core collection that retained over 90% of the alleles at the 36 marker loci. This genetically diverse core collection will be a useful resource for genomic studies of rice and for initiatives aimed at developing rice with improved agronomic traits.     

Morphological variation in natural populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lotus corniculatus</Emphasis> in association to geographical parameters of collecting sites

Phenotypic variation and association between morphologic traits and geographic characteristics (latitude, longitude and elevation) were investigated for fifteen wild birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) populations collected from diverse natural stands in Slovakia. Considerable variation between populations was observed for morphological characteristics. According to principal component analysis, the attributes that appeared to be the major sources of diversity between these populations were growth habit, number of internodes, stem length, stem thickness, number of stems per plant and leaf length. The populations were classified into five morphologic cluster groups, corresponding to collecting sites with similar geographic characteristics. This study showed that most populations from locations with lower elevation tended to produce semi-prostrate plants with high number of long stems and with later flowering. The number of stems, number of internodes and stem length increased as the population collecting-site location moved west and south. The results may be useful for planning more effective collection and utilization of several wild populations.     

利用ISSR标记研究野大豆居群内遗传变异及其取样策略

为了有效地保护野大豆(Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.)并制定合理的居群取样策略,对上海江湾机场的一个天然野大豆居群进行了100个单株(个体)的随机取样,并用ISSR分子标记对其进行了遗传多样性分析。利用筛选出的15条ISSR引物在这个居群中检测到较高的遗传变异,样本内个体间的相似系数变化在0．17～0．89之间。居群内平均每个位点的平均预期杂合度(He)为0．1714,香农指数(I)为0．2714。PCA分析显示,江湾野大豆居群内的遗传变异不是呈均匀分布,而是呈丛状分布。该野大豆居群遗传多样性和样本内个体数量间的相关性分析显示：在个体数少于40的情况下,遗传多样性随个体数的增加而迅速增加：当样本中的个体数大于40时,遗传多样性的增加减慢并很快趋于饱和。研究表明：对野大豆居群进行异地保护时,对各居群的采样植株数不应当低于35～45;在居群内采样时,所采集的个体之间最好相隔一定的空间距离。     

Isozymes and DNA markers in gene conservation of forest trees

For long-lived plants that have to cope with high temporal and spatial environmental heterogeneity, genetic diversity is of prime importance for species persistence. Detrimental anthropogenic impact on the gene pool of forest trees calls for conservation of genetic resources. Potentials and limitations of isozymes and DNA markers in forest genetic conservation are reviewed. These markers can contribute to conservation with respect to the delimitations of species and hybrid zones, as well as the assessment of genetic diversity within and among populations. Markers are valuable to identify resource populations, since today‘s genetic diversity in forest trees is predominantly the result of plant history (e.g. glacial refuges, migration). Several suggestions have been put forward to optimize sampling of in situ or ex situ populations on the grounds of marker data. Restraint in this area is recommended. Different types of genetic markers (terpenes, isozymes, nuclear and extrachromosomal DNA polymorphisms) and quantitative traits yield different information about genetic diversity and population differentiation. Hence identification of resource populations should not solely be based upon a certain marker type or on quantitative traits alone. The capability of available markers to predict or assess adaptive potentials in forest tree populations is still very limited. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.