中国汉族男性腰椎的身高推断

本文研究了中国汉族男性腰椎的测量及腰椎推断身高的方法。测量指标有 :椎体前高、椎体后高、椎体上矢径、椎体下矢径、椎体上横径、椎体下横径、椎体中部横径、椎孔矢状径、椎孔横径、左侧椎弓根厚度。将各腰椎的测量数据与身高进行了相关分析并建立了中国汉族男性腰椎推断身高的回归方程。本研究所建立的方程 ,可以用于中国汉族男性腰椎的身高推断。     

太行山猕猴寰椎和枢椎的初步研究

对成年太行山猕猴寰椎和枢椎变量进行了测量;以肱骨最大长为参照,对其变量进行了异速生长分析。结果表明：寰椎全宽及枢椎椎孔横径接近等速生长,其余变量均为负异速生长。     

修枝对辣木株高-地径异速生长关系的影响

株高-地径异速生长关系反映了不同环境压力下树木在垂直和水平生长之间的权衡,了解修枝对株高-地径异速生长关系的影响,有利于探索环境压力对树木资源分配的作用机制。本文以辣木(Moringa oleifera)为对象,研究了修枝对辣木生长以及株高-地径异速生长关系的影响。结果表明:修枝50%、修枝100%以及修枝100%+去顶对辣木株高和地径生长有显著抑制作用(P0.05)。但测定后期(12和16周)修枝50%和对照处理的株高差异不显著(P0.05),修枝50%和修枝100%的地径生长速率高于对照处理,表明辣木在修枝后可能存在生长补偿机制。一般线性模型(GLMs)和标准化主轴法模型(SMA)对株高-地径拟合的决定系数相同,但是前者计算出的异速生长系数低于后者(前者为后者的84.9%~91.9%)。辣木异速生长系数随着修枝程度加大而升高,去顶处理降低了系数,表明修枝会促进辣木将更多的资源分配到株高生长,而地径增粗受到限制,去顶则相反。生产中,推荐采用修枝50%的方式对辣木进行田间管理。     

红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼异速生长

运用生态学和传统理论生物学的研究方法,对孵化后红鳍笛鲷（Lutjanus erythropterus）仔、稚鱼在早期生存和环境适应上的异速生长及器官优先发育生态学意义进行了研究,以期为红鳍笛鲷人工繁殖、育苗提供参考资料。以17日龄为红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼的区分时期,结果表明,红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸摄食和游泳等器官快速分化,均存在异速生长现象。在头部器官中,吻长、口宽、眼径和头高在仔鱼期均为正异速生长,稚鱼期吻长为等速生长,口宽、眼径和头高为负异速生长。在身体各部位中,仔鱼期头长和体高为正异速生长,躯干部和尾长为负异速生长;稚鱼期体高和躯干长为正异速生长,头长和尾长为等速生长;在游泳器官中,仔鱼期红鳍笛鲷背鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍为正异速生长,胸鳍为等速生长,稚鱼期臀鳍为正异速生长,腹鳍、胸鳍和尾鳍为等速生长,背鳍为负异速生长。红鳍笛鲷这些关键器官的快速发育,使外源性营养开始后以最小的代谢损耗获得了生存能力的显著提升,对挑战和适应纷繁变换的外界压力具有重要的生态学意义。     

快速扩弓前方牵引矫治替牙期骨性反合效果的CT观察

目的:应用CBCT观察快速扩弓前方牵引矫治替牙期骨性安氏Ⅲ类错合对上气道的影响。方法:选取替牙期骨性安氏Ⅲ类错合患者22例,采用上颌快速扩弓前方牵引治疗,应用CBCT评估矫治前后上气道的大小和形态的变化。结果:替牙期骨性安氏Ⅲ类错合患者矫治后上气道的总体积、腭咽、舌咽、喉咽及口咽体积显著增大(P0.05);软腭尖、会厌顶平面上气道的截面积及口咽段最小截面积、软腭尖平面矢状径、横径与会厌顶平面横径均显著增大(P0.05);硬腭平面的截面积、横径与矢状径及会厌平面的矢状径无显著变化(P0.05)。软腭尖平面上气道的矢横径比显著增大,会厌顶平面的矢横径比显著减小(P0.05)。结论:快速扩弓前方牵引矫治替牙期骨性安氏Ⅲ类错合患者后上气道变大。     

大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼异速生长及其生态学意义

运用实验生态学的方法, 对大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum)卵黄囊期仔鱼的异速生长及器官优先发育在早期生存和环境适应上的生态学意义进行了研究。结果表明, 大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼的感觉、摄食, 呼吸和游泳等器官快速分化, 许多关键器官均存在异速生长现象。在身体各部分中, 头部和尾部为正异速生长, 躯干部为负异速生长, 体高有先增大后减小的趋势; 在头部器官中, 眼径、口宽、吻长和眼后头长均为正异速生长; 在游泳器官中, 胸鳍、腹鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、背鳍基、臀鳍基和尾鳍均为正异速生长, 脂鳍为负异速生长, 其中, 腹鳍在全长25.31 mm、12日龄出现生长拐点, 但拐点前后均为正异速生长。大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼感觉、摄食, 呼吸和游泳等器官的快速发育, 使出膜后的仔鱼在最短的时间内获得了与早期生存密切相关的各种能力, 对适应复杂多变的外界环境具有重要的生态学意义。       

水分驱动下茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris Thunb.)地上生物量模型与异速生长特征

构建生物量预估模型,探究生物量在各器官中的分配策略和异速生长关系及其对环境因子的响应,对理解植物群落结构、功能、碳储存和分配机制具有重要意义。本研究以内蒙古荒漠草原常见种茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris Thunb.)为对象,在不同水分处理下,利用易测指标,如株高、基径、分枝数、冠幅和生物量等参数建立生物量模型,采用标准化主轴分析法分析其异速生长关系。结果表明:在不同水分处理下,茵陈蒿的最佳生物量预估模型的变量选择不同;不同水分处理下茵陈蒿各器官间、各器官与地上生物量间的异速生长关系不同,但相对于自然降水量,增水和减水50%下均为等速生长,这说明在不同水分条件下茵陈蒿对各器官间的资源配置存在权衡策略,符合最优分配假说;而在极端气候条件下,各器官对资源的竞争会变弱;在荒漠草原中,对草本植物进行生物量模拟,选择预测变量和方程模型时,应考虑生长季降水量。本研究可为荒漠草原草本植物生物量预估模型的建立和异速生长关系对环境因子适应的理解等提供方法支持及理论依据。     

胫骨中段横断面与年龄变化的研究

本文对218例1—94岁中国汉族人胫骨中段横断面的矢状径、横径、髓腔矢、横径及骨密质前、内、外缘,内、外、后面厚度等10项指标进行了测量分析。结果表明,胫骨中段矢状径、横径及骨密质相对厚度在1—30岁年龄阶段与年龄具有高度正相关性。髓腔平均直径在1—25岁年龄阶段亦呈规律性变化。     

西安地区现代人胫骨的人类学研究

本文对西安地区现代成人胫骨100副(男50,女50)进行了人类学的研究。按马丁方法测量了胫骨全长、髁踝长,上下段宽,上内侧和上外侧关节面的矢径,下段矢径,滋养孔平面最大横径和矢径,体最小周径和胫骨扭转角。计算出胫骨指数,长厚指数和胫股指数。并对一些数据进行了种族和地区的对比。     

眼斑双锯鱼仔稚鱼发育异速生长

运用生态学和传统理论生物学的研究方法, 对孵化后眼斑双锯(Amphiprion ocellaris)仔、稚鱼在早期生存和环境适应上的异速生长及器官优先发育生态学意义进行了研究, 以期为眼斑双锯鱼人工繁殖和育苗提供参考资料。以11日龄为眼斑双锯鱼仔、稚鱼的区分时期, 结果表明, 眼斑双锯鱼仔、稚鱼的感觉、摄食和游泳等器官快速分化, 均存在异速生长现象。在头部器官中, 吻长、眼间距、口宽和头高在仔鱼期均为正异速生长, 吻至鳃裂前缘长和眼径为负异速生长。在身体各部位中, 仔鱼期体高、躯干长、尾长、尾柄长、尾柄高和体厚均为正异速生长, 仅头长为负异速生长; 在游泳器官中, 仔鱼期眼斑双锯鱼尾鳍、背鳍、胸鳍、腹鳍和臀鳍均为正异速生长。稚鱼期眼斑双锯鱼头部、躯干及游泳等各器官均为负异速生长。眼斑双锯鱼这些关键器官的异速发育, 对适应环境因子变化具有重要的生态学意义。     

Modes of ontogenetic allometric shifts in crocodylian vertebrae

During postnatal ontogeny of vertebrates, allometric trends in certain morphological units or dimensions can shift drastically among isometry, positive allometry, and negative allometry. However, detailed patterns of allometric transitions in certain timings have not been explored well. Identifying the presence and nature of allometric shifts is essential for understanding the patterns of changes in relative size and shape and the proximal factors that are controlling these changes mechanistically. Allometric trends in 10 selected vertebrae (cervical 2–caudal 2) from hatchlings to very mature individuals of Alligator mississippiensis (Archosauria, Crocodylia) are reported in the present study. Allometric coefficients in 12 vertebral dimensions are calculated and compared relative to total body length, including centrum, neural spine, transverse process, zygapophysis, and neural pedicle. During the postnatal growth, positive allometry is the most common type of relative change (10 of the 12 dimensions), although the diameter of the neural canal shows a negative allometric trend. However, when using spurious breaks (i.e. allometric trends subdivided into growth stages using certain growth events, and key body sizes and/or ages), vertebral parts exhibit various pathways of allometric shifts. Based on allometric trends in three spurious breaks, separated by the end of endochondral ossification (body length: approximnately 0.9 m), sexual maturity (1.8 m), and the stoppage of body size increase (2.8 m), six types of ontogenetic allometric shifts are established. Allometric shifts exhibit a wide range from positive allometry restricted only in the early postnatal stage (Type I) to life‐long positive allometry (Type VI). This model of ontogenetic allometric shifts is then applied to interpret potential mechanisms (causes) of allometric changes, such as (1) growth itself (when allometric trend gradually decreases to isometric or negative allometric change: Type II–IV allometric shift); (2) developmental constraint (when positive allometry is limited only in the early growth stage: Type I allometric shift); and (3) functional or biomechanical drive (when positive allometry continues throughout ontogeny: Type VI allometric shift).     

Morphometric variations of the lumbar vertebrae between Chinese and Indian adults.

A morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae of 126 adult skeletons, 90 Chinese and 36 Indian, of both sexes without marginal osteophytes were performed. In each lumbar vertebra, the cephalad and caudad midsagittal diameters, the interpedicular diameter of the spinal canal as well as the midsagittal and transverse diameters and the height of the vertebral body were measured. The results showed that the midsagittal and transverse diameters, the heights of the lumbar vertebral bodies and the interpedicular diameters of the lumbar spinal canals increased progressively from L1 to L5, while the midsagittal diameters of the lumbar spinal canals decreased progressively from L1 to L5 in both Chinese and Indian adult skeletons. The lowest mean values of the cephalad and caudad midsagittal and the interpedicular diameters of the spinal canals in Chinese were found to be 5.04 +/- 0.15 mm at L5, 4.67 +/- 0.09 mm at L5 and 25.92 +/- 0.20 mm at L2, respectively, while in Indians they were found to be 4.54 +/- 0.18 mm at L5, 4.25 +/- 0.10 mm at L5 and 25.42 +/- 0.22 mm at L1, respectively. In addition, the mean diameters of the spinal canal and the vertebral body (except the height of the vertebral body) were significantly greater in the Chinese than in the Indian skeletons. The above findings indicate that the mean diameters of both the lumbar spinal canal and the vertebral body vary greatly between Chinese and Indian adults, i.e. there are no mean values of the vertebral dimensions that are valid for all populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Patterns of growth in the presacral vertebral column of the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)

Postnatal growth patterns within the vertebral column may be informative about body proportions and regionalization. We measured femur length, lengths of all pre‐sacral vertebrae, and lengths of intervertebral spaces, from radiographs of a series of 21 Eublepharis macularius, raised under standard conditions and covering most of the ontogenetic body size range. Vertebrae were grouped into cervical, sternal, and dorsal compartments, and lengths of adjacent pairs of vertebrae were summed before analysis. Femur length was included as an index of body size. Principal component analysis of the variance‐covariance matrix of these data was used to investigate scaling among them. PC1 explained 94.19% of total variance, interpreted as the variance due to body size. PC1 differed significantly from the hypothetical isometric vector, indicating overall allometry. The atlas and axis vertebrae displayed strong negative allometry; the remainder of the vertebral pairs exhibited weak negative allometry, isometry or positive allometry. PC1 explained a markedly smaller amount of variance for the vertebral pairs of the cervical compartment than for the remainder of the vertebral pairs, with the exception of the final pair. The relative standard deviations of the eigenvalues from the PCAs of the three vertebral compartments indicated that the vertebrae of the cervical compartment were less strongly integrated by scaling than were the sternal or dorsal vertebrae, which did not differ greatly between themselves in their strong integration, suggesting that the growth of the cervical vertebrae is constrained by the mechanical requirements of the head. Regionalization of the remainder of the vertebral column is less clearly defined but may be associated with wave form propagation incident upon locomotion, and by locomotory changes occasioned by tail autotomy and regeneration. Femur length exhibits negative allometry relative to individual vertebral pairs and to vertebral column length, suggesting a change in locomotor requirements over the ontogenetic size range.     

Predictable changes in aboveground allometry of trees along gradients of temperature,aridity and competition

Aim Trees are often observed to get shorter and more narrowly crowned in dry regions and at high elevations. We explore how this pattern is driven by two opposing factors: competition for light makes it advantageous to extend branches to their biomechanical limit, whereas under cold or arid conditions it is advantageous to have shorter branches, thereby reducing the length of the hydraulic transport system and embolism risk. Using data from 700,000 trees of 26 species, we quantify how environmental conditions influence the scaling of height and crown diameter (CD) with stem diameter (d.b.h.). We compare our predictions with those of metabolic scaling theory (MST), which suggests that allometry is invariant of environment. Location 48,000 inventory plots that systematically sample mainland Spain, a region in which climate varies strongly. Methods We fit d.b.h.–height and d.b.h.–CD functions using Bayesian methods, allowing comparison of within‐ and across‐species trends in allometry along gradients of temperature, precipitation, drought and competition for light (i.e. the basal area of taller trees). Results The competitive environment had a strong influence on aboveground allometry, but all trees were far shorter than predicted by biomechanical models, suggesting that factors other than biomechanics are important. Species that dominate in arid and cold habitats were much shorter (for a given diameter) than those from benign conditions; but within‐species heights did not vary strongly across climatic gradients. Main conclusions Our results do not support the MST prediction that d.b.h.–height and d.b.h.–CD allometries are invariant, or that biomechanical constraints determine height allometry. Rather, we highlight the role of hydraulic limitations in this region. The fact that intra‐specific adjustment in d.b.h.–CD – height allometry along environmental gradients was far weaker than across‐species changes may indicate genetic constraints on allometry which might contribute to niche differentiation among species.     

Some aspects of aging in the lumbar spine

I measured the bodies of vertebrae L3 and L4 of 338 skeletons from the Terry collection in the Smithsonian Institution, including Blacks and Whites, males and females, aged from 20 to 90 years. Transverse breadths of the upper and lower endplates (excluding osteophytes) and minimum transverse breadths all increase with age. In general, the greater broadening occurs in the endplates, but the middle of the body also broadens to such a degree that there is no demonstrable increase in vertebral “flaring” with age. In males, posterior body height decreases relative to anterior height, so that the lumbar bodies become more wedge-shaped with age, but females show essentially no change. Anterior height decreases in proportion to minimum breadth, so that the lumbar bodies become relatively lower and broader, and this change is significantly correlated with age in all groups. Midbody height decreases relative to anterior height, so that Nordin's biconcavity index is reduced with age. The increase in biconcavity remains evident even when average anterior-posterior height is used to calculate the index. At all age levels a high percentage of individuals have biconcavity indices of 80% or less, indicating that Nordin's standard of normality for this index, established from measurement on radiographs of the living, should be revised downward for use in evaluating osteoporosis in skeletal populations.     

A study of nasolacrimal canal in crania from Uttar Pradesh (India)

The length of the nasolacrimal canal and the diameter of its superior aperture were measured in 200 adult skulls from Uttar Pradesh (India). The mean length of the right and left canals were 2.15 cm and 2.39 cm, respectively. The antero-posterior diameter of the superior aperture is more than that of the transverse diameter in both the sides. The right canal has got a larger transverse diameter. But its antero-posterior diameter is less than that of the left side. The correlations between the various measurements were calculated. A positive correlation between the canal length and the nose length has been observed.     

Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. I. The postembryonic development of the skeleton in Cyrtodactylus pubisulcus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)

The study of ossification during postembryonic development of the lizard Cyrtodactylus pubisulcus reveals consistent patterns in the skeleton of the body axis and of the limbs. The vertebral column shows a distinct antero-posterior gradient in ossification; the serial homology of sacral ribs and caudal transverse processes with dorsal ribs requires further scrutiny. The sequence of ossification of carpal and tarsal elements is constant, yet different from the pattern of chondrification as described in the literature. The homology of a separate 'intermedium' in the ossified lizard carpus requires further discussion. The development of the lizard astragalus is discussed in detail, as is the ossification of epiphyses in the limbs.     

中国人与澳大利亚人的颏孔高度

吴新智在1961年研究山顶洞人头骨时曾指出,下颌骨颏孔的相对高度在人类进化上有着一定的意义。尼人的这一指数比新人的低,新人化石的则比现代中国人的低。现代人这一方面的种族间比较则未见报道。本文提供资料以填补这方面的空缺。 本文所用材料是收藏于南京铁道医学院解剖教研室的,出自华东的现代中国人下颌骨和收藏于澳大利亚国立大学的采自木莱河流域的澳大利亚土著人下颌骨。中国标本的性别系根据同一个体的骨盆来判断;澳大利亚标本则由澳大利亚国立大学的人类学家桑恩博士参考同一个体的头骨来判断,作者在此表示感谢。