侵袭性和非侵袭性肺炎链球菌耐药率的比较分析

目的研究侵袭性和非侵袭性肺炎链球菌的耐药谱的差异,指导合理应用抗生素及感染管理。方法回顾性统计分析2009至2011年来天台县人民医院就诊患者分离肺炎链球菌的标本来源及耐药性,比较侵袭性和非侵袭性肺炎链球菌耐药率之间的差异。结果共分离出肺炎链球菌642株,痰液中分离出584株,非痰液中分离出58株,其中血液中分离出32株,脑脊液中分离出20株,其他分离出6株,所有肺炎链球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺均敏感,对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素及复方新诺明耐药严重,对左氧氟沙星、氯霉素比较敏感;侵袭性分离株对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、四环素及氯霉素的耐药率显著高于非侵袭性肺炎链球菌。结论该院分离的肺炎链球菌主要来自痰液标本,耐青霉素肺炎链球菌的检出率高,大环内酯类耐药严重,存在一定比例的侵袭性感染,非侵袭菌株与侵袭性菌株耐药谱之间存在一定差异,临床治疗应该区别对待,系统的监测细菌耐药性,合理选择抗菌药物。     

近12年下呼吸道感染病原菌变迁及耐药性分析

目的:了解1996-2007年湘雅医院呼吸科下呼吸道感染住院患者病原茵变迁及耐药性情况.方法:对呼吸病房下呼吸道感染住院患者痰菌(或支纤镜吸取分泌物)培养阳性标本结果进行回顾性统计分析.结果:分离出细菌2966株,其中革兰阴性杆菌占86.9%,病原菌主要为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、副流感嗜血杆菌、大肠埃希菌和流感嗜血杆菌;革兰阳性球菌占13.1%,主要病原菌为金葡菌和肺炎链球菌.近四年革兰阴性杆菌有所增加,而革兰阳性球菌有所减少.革兰阴性杆菌中,副流感嗜血杆菌和流感嗜血杆菌的比例明显升高;革兰阳性球菌中,金黄色葡萄球茵比例降低、肺炎链球菌比例升高.药敏试验结果提示主要革兰阴性杆菌对美洛培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星均较敏感.铜绿假单胞菌还对头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨曲南敏感性高,对头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟耐药率增高.鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦敏感性较好,但耐药率有增高趋势,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、环丙沙星耐药率明显增高.肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率增高;但二者对头孢他啶仍然保持相对敏感,耐药率为25.3%和27.6%.嗜血杆菌属中,流感嗜血杆菌与副流感嗜血杆菌的敏感抗生素谱相似,均对强力霉素、壮观霉素、头孢类抗生素耐药性低,而对喹诺酮类和青霉素敏感性差.主要革兰阳性球菌对阿奇霉素、克林霉素、红霉素及青霉素耐药率均较高;二者对红霉素耐药率明显增高.其中金葡菌对万古霉素均敏感,对左氟沙星、苯唑青霉素、头孢唑啉、美洛培南、强力霉素耐药率均明显增高.肺炎链球菌还对美洛培南、左氟沙星耐药率低,耐药率无明显增高.结论:近年下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主;主要病原菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率有逐渐增高的趋势,临床应合理应用抗菌药,以延缓细菌耐药性的产生.     

儿童链球菌性肺炎的季节特点及病原菌的耐药性分析

目的:回顾性分析因肺炎就诊我院的儿童其感染肺炎链球菌对青霉素等临床常用抗生素的耐药性.方法:调阅2008年一月-2012年1月间,所有因肺炎入住我院并在我院治愈的患儿病历及呼吸道标本中的细菌分离、培养、耐药性报告单,剔除其他病原菌所致的儿童肺炎,仅针对分离出的388株肺炎链球菌药敏结果进行回顾性分析.结果:选定的研究期间内,肺炎链球菌所致的儿童肺炎有鲜明的季节特点,以冬春,秋冬交替时段高发.肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率呈逐年上升趋势,分别为48.9％、53.8％、52.6％和55.7％.另外,统计还发现SP对临床常用的抗生素如头孢呋辛(77.8％)、阿奇霉素(82.0％)、红霉素(86.9％)、四环素(79.9％)、克林霉素(80.9％)、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(69.1％)等的耐药性也较以往的报道为高.尽管SP的耐药性较为严峻,但SP对临床部分抗生素尚具有较高的敏感性,这其中比较敏感的包括头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、美罗培南、万古霉素、氧氟沙星以及利奈唑胺,这给临床使用抗生素治疗SP所致的感染性肺炎提供了很好的取舍参考.结论:链球菌所致的儿童肺炎具有鲜明的季节特点,经典的治疗药物青霉素的耐药逐年升高,本地区儿童肺炎链球菌的耐药情况较为严峻,使用抗生素治疗SP感染时应注意参考药敏试验结果.     

儿科痰培养肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解厦门市妇幼保健院儿科患者下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌的耐药情况。方法对厦门市妇幼保健院2007年9月至2009年12月从儿科分离的95株肺炎链球菌用K-B纸片法检测其对青霉素等5种抗菌药物的敏感度,对耐苯唑西林的菌株用E-test法检测青霉素和头孢曲松的MIC值。结果95株肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,耐药率分别为97.9%、96.8%,对左氧氟沙星几乎敏感,未检出耐万古霉素菌株。E-test法测试青霉素不敏感率为58.9%（56株）,头孢曲松敏感率为93.7%（89株）。ermB因介导的红霉素耐药菌株92株,占98.9%,mefE基因介导的红霉素耐药仅1株（1.1%）。结论厦门市妇幼保健院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药严重,PNSP检出率较高（58.9%）,对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,临床应尽量减少此类药物的经验性用药,依据药敏结果选择抗菌药物进行治疗。     

NICU患儿呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)呼吸道感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考.方法:对本院2009年1月至2010年12月NICU患儿送检呼吸道标本所分离病原菌的分布及药敏结果进行统计分析.结果:共检出病原菌367株,分离率前6位的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌(46.0％)、大肠埃希菌(13.9％)、铜绿假单胞菌(10.9％)、阴沟肠杆菌(8.7％)、金黄色葡萄球菌(5.7％)、真菌(4.9％).耐药性分析显示,肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况严重,ESBLs产生率54.4％,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松的耐药率分别达91.7％、90.5％,对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢他啶、庆大霉素的耐药率分别为68.6％、66.9％、66.9％、47.3％、44.4％,对环丙沙星和阿米卡星的耐药率较低,分别为7.7％和16.6％.大肠埃希菌对青霉素、头孢菌素类的耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、环丙沙星和阿米卡星敏感或较为敏感,ESBLs产生率51.0％,未检出对亚胺培南耐药的肠杆菌科细菌.铜绿假单胞菌除对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松和头孢噻肟的耐药率较高外,对其余抗生素较为敏感或高度敏感.金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率较高,分别为95.2％、71.4％,对克林霉素、头孢他啶、头孢西丁、阿莫西林/棒酸的耐药率则较低,分别为23.8％、23.8％、14.3％、4.7％,检出MARSA 3株(14.3％),未发现万古霉素耐药的菌株;检出4株肺炎链球菌全部对红霉素的耐药,对β-内酰胺类药物耐药性不严重.结论:肺炎克雷伯菌为NICU患儿呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,且对常用抗生素耐药情况严重.根据病原菌种类及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药是有效控制危重病患儿感染和减少耐药菌株产生的重要手段.     

儿童呼吸道肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌的耐药性研究

目的了解儿童感染肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。方法对年龄为1个月～12岁的上呼吸道感染的儿童鼻咽分泌物或痰进行培养,分离肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌;采用纸片扩散法及E-test法对分离株进行常用的10种抗生素敏感性检测。结果从2 250例呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部、痰液分离出肺炎链球菌共120株,金黄色葡萄球菌共151株。120株肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率分别为青霉素41.7%(50/120)、苯唑西林26.7%(32/120)、头孢曲松9.2%(11/120)、红霉素95.8%(115/120)、克林霉素90.0%(108/120)、四环素70.8%(85/120)、氯霉素6.7%(8/120)、利福平0.8%(1/120)和氧氟沙星0.8%(1/120),肺炎链球菌青霉素不敏感株对β-内酰胺酶类耐药率明显高于青霉素敏感株。151株金黄色葡萄球菌中对常用抗菌药物耐药率分别为青霉素97.4%(147/151)、苯唑西林9.9%(15/151)、头孢曲松9.3%(14/151),对红霉素52.3%(79/151)、四环素31.8%(48/151)、克林霉素24.5%(37/151)、氯霉素9.9%(15/151)、氧氟沙星3.3%(5/151)和利福平2.0%(3/151)。未检出耐万古霉素菌株。结论肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药;而金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素高度耐药,临床应尽量减少此类药物的经验性用药,依据药敏结果选择抗菌药物进行治疗。     

外排机制在多重耐药肺炎链球菌耐药中的实验研究

目的探讨我院2005年1月至2007年12月临床分离的多重耐药肺炎链球菌（MDR-SP）的耐药情况及外排机制在部分药物中作用,为我院耐药性监测和临床用药提供依据。方法采用常规方法进行细菌的分离及鉴定;运用VITEK-2全自动细菌分析仪进行细菌的鉴定及药敏分析;M-H琼脂稀释法测定含或不含利血平的青霉素、四环素、红霉素、复方新诺明、氯霉素和加替沙星对MDR-SP的MIC值。结果MDR-SP耐药性较为严重,临床共分离出的178株肺炎链球菌中,MDR-SP为61株;除开青霉素外,外排作用参与了四环素、红霉素、复方新诺明、氯霉素和加替沙星的耐药。结论我院MDR-SP产生率较高（34．3％）,耐药性较为严重;外排作用在耐药中的作用不能忽视。     

1317株儿童呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的分析致儿童呼吸道感染的肺炎链球菌的耐药情况,为临床合理抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对2012年1月至2014年12月来厦门市妇幼保健院就诊的10 525例呼吸道感染的儿童患者,取痰标本接种哥伦比亚血平板及嗜血杆菌巧克力平板,置36℃、5.5%二氧化碳培养箱过夜孵育,采用Phoenix-100全自动微生物鉴定/药敏系统及API NH鉴定卡对病原菌进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果 10 525例儿童呼吸道标本检出1 317株肺炎链球菌,阳性率为12.5%,对红霉素、克林霉素耐药率最高,分别为98.2%和95.4%。口服青霉素耐药率为64.2%,不敏感率为79.3%。注射青霉素耐药率为4.5%,不敏感率为42.2%。美罗培南耐药率为47.0%,阿莫西林、头孢噻肟和头孢吡肟耐药率较低,分别为10.7%、14.7%和15.9%。结论大环内酯类、林可霉素类耐药率高,不可作为经验性用药。碳青霉烯类对于肺炎链球菌疗效不佳。口服青霉素耐药率高,注射剂青霉素耐药率较低,因此后者仍可作为首选药物,青霉素中介推荐用大剂量青霉素或阿莫西林治疗。实验室向临床报告结果时应注明青霉素的剂型,以免误导临床。     

142例儿童感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的分析儿科病房的肺炎链球菌的主要分布情况以及耐药现状。方法收集宁波市妇女儿童医院儿科病房2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日临床分离的142株肺炎链球菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-60型全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定。采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）做药敏试验,用参考菌株做质量控制。药敏试验结果按NCCL2002版判断标准,对照参考菌株判断敏感,中介和耐药。结果分离的142株肺炎链球菌的送检科室以呼吸科最多62株,其次是小儿监护病房21株,新生儿科送检标本中未培养出肺炎链球菌。分离的142株肺炎链球菌的标本以痰液标本最多103株。分离的142株肺炎链球菌对克林霉素,红霉素的耐药率分别为98．5％和95．07％且呈现逐年上升;对氨苄西林、氨苄西林舒巴坦钠、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松和万古霉素的敏感率分别为84．51％、89．44％、93．66％、97．89％和100％。结论本地区住院儿童的肺炎链球菌来源仍以呼吸道为主,对广谱半合成青霉素仍较敏感,对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的广谱半合成青霉素敏感率更高,对头孢类敏感率更高,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。在门急诊可选用广谱半合成青霉素作为治疗肺炎链球菌的首选用药,在病房可选用敏感性更高的头孢呋新或头孢曲松治疗肺炎链球菌．但为了延缓耐药性的产生,应动态监测肺炎链球菌的耐药情况,合理选择抗生素,提高疗效。     

阑尾炎患者术后创口细菌感染特征及耐药性分析

目的探究急性阑尾炎患者术后切口细菌感染的细菌谱及药物敏感情况。方法选择2015年1月至2019年1月于我院行阑尾切除术后切口感染的66例患者作为研究对象,分析其伤口分泌物细菌培养结果和病原菌药敏情况。结果送检的66例标本中共有59例检出细菌,共分离病原菌15种,66株;其中有7例标本为两种细菌混合感染。检出的细菌中,革兰阳性菌39株,革兰阴性菌27株,其中革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、化脓性链球菌、溶血葡萄球菌为主;革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主。药敏试验显示,主要革兰阳性菌对头孢唑林、头孢拉定的敏感性较低,而对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、美罗培南、亚胺培南以及利奈唑胺均具有较高的敏感性。主要革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢唑林、头孢拉定以及头孢噻肟均不敏感,对头孢他啶、美罗培南、亚胺培南的敏感率大于50.00%,具有较高的敏感性。结论对于阑尾炎术后切口感染的患者,应加强无菌操作和病房环境清洁,在药敏试验结果明确前,建议使用头孢他啶或相对应的第三代头孢菌素进行抗感染治疗。     

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from freshwaters and hospital effluents in Belgium

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the level of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolates in freshwaters and hospital effluents in Belgium. The samples were collected from 24 locations along the Ourthe, Vesdre, Amblève and Meuse rivers and in the wastewater effluents of several hospitals. The sampling stations in rivers were classified according to the dominant land covers of the rivers (rural, urban and forest areas). Two sampling campaigns were organized in May and October 2019 to highlight a possible seasonal effect. A total of 938 E. coli strains were isolated on Chromogenic Selective Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) and TBX supplemented with amoxicillin (TBX+AMX) media. Disk diffusion assays were performed following the EUCAST's recommendations to assess the antimicrobial resistance against 12 antibiotics. A total of 32·7% of strains were at least resistant to one antibiotic and 24·6% were multiple antimicrobial resistant strains on TBX. The highest resistance rates were found for ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin coupled with clavulanic acid (AMC) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT). The lowest resistance rates were observed for meropenem (MEM) and ertapenem (ETP), which are last resort antibiotics. No significant difference was observed between both campaigns for the resistance rate to antibiotics.     

引发下呼吸道感染的非发酵菌的菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的了解引发下呼吸道感染的非发酵菌的菌群分布及耐药性分析,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法对2011年1月至2013年9月深圳罗岗医院门诊及住院患者痰标本分离的非发酵菌的菌群分布及优势菌的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果702株非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌（PA）362株,占51．6％,鲍氏不动杆菌（AB）158株,占22．5％;PA对NIT、CXM、SAM、AMP、CZO、CTF、CRO、SXT耐药率均在99．0％以上,对IPM、LVF和TZP耐药率均在15．0％以下;AB对NIT、CXM、AMP、CZO、CTT耐药率均为100％,对SAM、FEP、TOB、GEN、IPM、LVF和TZP耐药率均在15．0％以下;耐IPM的PA和AB的检出率分别为20．4％和11．4％;耐IPM的PA对NIT、CXM、SAM、AMP、CZO、CTT、CRO、SXT、1PM耐药率均为100％,对其余10种抗生素的耐药率在25．0％～84．0％;耐IPM的AB对NIT、CXM、AMP、CZO、CTT、CRO、SXT、ATM、PIP、IPM耐药率均为100％,对其余9种抗生素的耐药率在21．0％～90．0％。结论引发下呼吸道感染的非发酵菌以PA和AB为主且耐药现象严重,临床医师在选择抗菌药物前应重视病原学培养,根据药敏试验选择用药。     

血液透析患者感染的菌群分布和耐药性分析

目的了解引起血液透析感染菌群分布及耐药情况。方法用K-B法进行药敏试验,对革兰阴性菌采用ESBLs确认试验检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpC。结果本组分离的259株细菌中,革兰阴性菌179株,占69.1%,主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌。革兰阳性菌80株,占30.9%,以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌居前2位。革兰阴性杆菌ESBLs、AmpC酶总检出率分别为42.4%、39.1%,单产ESBLs、单产AmpC、同产ESBLs 高产AmpC酶、ESBLs 诱导AmpC酶菌株依次占15.6%、12.3%、16.8%、10.1%。革兰阳性分离株除对万古霉素、替考拉宁、喹奴普汀-达福普汀、利福平的耐药率较低外,其余抗生素的耐药率均大于50.0%。革兰阴性分离株对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦的耐药率分别为5.02%、3.35%和6.70%,产酶株较非产酶株具有较高的耐药率。结论血液透析患者细菌感染以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主,万古霉素、替考拉宁对革兰阳性菌,亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦对革兰阴性菌具有良好的抗菌活性。     

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization Vibrio cholerae O139 of Clinical and Aquatic Isolates in China

To enhance the understanding of epidemiological impact of environmental Vibrio cholerae O139 strains, we characterized 10 clinical and 20 environmental isolates collected from human clinical samples and Pear River estuary during 2006 to 2008. Isolates were tested by PCR for eight virulence genes: cholera toxin (ctxA), zonula occludens toxin (zot), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), hemolysin (hlyA), NAG-specific heat-stable toxin (st), toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpA), outer membrane protein (ompU), and regulatory protein genes (tcpI). Genetic relatedness was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antibiotic susceptibility was determined using disk diffusion. Seven of eight virulence markers were detected in six clinical isolates and one environmental isolate. One clinical and one environmental isolate were positive for six virulence markers. 60% clinical isolates showed multi-drug resistance to tetracycline (TET), Nalidixic acid (NAL), chloramphenicol (CHL), and ampicillin (AMP), 70% were resistant to Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole (SXT), while only 35% environmental strains were resistant to SXT. PFGE analysis revealed that the isolates in this study were formed three clusters. Cluster III was more related to strains from diarrheal patients than the strains in other clusters. Different from the clinical strains, most environmental strains lacked CTX and TCP gene clusters. Most environmental strains possess a single resistance profile, while most clinical isolates show multidrug resistant. PFGE analysis indicated the cluster III has more possibility to become a potential pathogenic clonal cluster.     

同时产多种基因型ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的分析

目的分析汕头大学医学院第一附属医院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌同时产多种基因型ESBLs的情况。方法采用PCR扩增对产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌初步分型,然后PCR扩增阳性产物克隆测序分析,脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分型;用浓度梯度法检测10种抗菌药物对同时产多种基因型ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果83株产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌中,发现9株同时产TEM、SHV和CTX-M型,测序结果为CTX-M-3、TEM-1及多种SHV型（SHV12及SHV28）。将这9株细菌作PFGE分析,结果共被分成7个型。药敏结果表明,9株菌除对亚胺培南敏感外,对氨曲南、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、丁胺卡那和四环素均高度耐药,对哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星极少菌株敏感。结论发现CTX—M-3超广谱-及多种SHV型超广谱-和TEM-1广谱β-内酰胺酶基因同时存在该院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌中,耐药十分严重,应引起重视。     

Evaluation of the synergistic potential of vancomycin combined with other antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (CNS) are the most common pathogens that cause serious long term infections in patients. Despite the existence of new antimicrobial agents, such as linezolid, vancomycin (VAN) remains the standard therapy for the treatment of infections caused by these multidrug-resistant strains. However, the use of VAN has been associated with a high frequency of therapeutic failures in some clinical scenarios, mainly with decreasing concentration of VAN. This work aims to evaluate the synergic potential of VAN plus sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), VAN plus rifampin (RIF) and VAN plus imipenem (IPM) in sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations against 22 clinical strains of MRSA and CNS. The checkerboard method showed synergism of VAN/RIF and VAN/SXT against two and three of the 22 strains, respectively. The combination of VAN with IPM showed synergistic effects against 21 out of 22 strains by the E-test method. Four strains were analyzed by the time-kill curve method and synergistic activity was observed with VAN/SXT, VAN/RIF and especially VAN/IPM in sub-inhibitory concentrations. It would be interesting to determine if synergy occurs in vivo. Evidence of in vivo synergy could lead to a reduction of the standard VAN dosage or treatment time.     

临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性监测

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法采用微量稀释法对392例临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌进行药物敏感性测定;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(Extendedspectrumbeta-lactamases,ESBLs)检测用微量稀释法初筛,纸片法做确证试验。结果肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗菌药物的药敏结果中,耐药率大于30%的抗菌药物多达11种;其中氨苄西林-舒巴坦、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、哌拉西林、复方新诺明和头孢唑啉的耐药率高达20%以上。耐药率低于10%的抗菌药物仅有4种,分别为头孢曲松(7.7%)、头孢噻肟(7.4%)、氨曲南(6.9%)和亚胺培南(3.1%)。其它抗菌药物的耐药率都高于10%。产ESBLs菌株的发生率为32.9%～45.8%,平均为39.8%;产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.05)。结论临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,尤其是产ESBLs菌株的高耐药率及多重耐药性更为明显。临床应加强对肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的监测并预防耐药菌株的传播流行。     

Antibiotic Treatment Affects Intestinal Permeability and Gut Microbial Composition in Wistar Rats Dependent on Antibiotic Class

Antibiotics are frequently administered orally to treat bacterial infections not necessarily related to the gastrointestinal system. This has adverse effects on the commensal gut microbial community, as it disrupts the intricate balance between specific bacterial groups within this ecosystem, potentially leading to dysbiosis. We hypothesized that modulation of community composition and function induced by antibiotics affects intestinal integrity depending on the antibiotic administered. To address this a total of 60 Wistar rats (housed in pairs with 6 cages per group) were dosed by oral gavage with either amoxicillin (AMX), cefotaxime (CTX), vancomycin (VAN), metronidazole (MTZ), or water (CON) daily for 10–11 days. Bacterial composition, alpha diversity and caecum short chain fatty acid levels were significantly affected by AMX, CTX and VAN, and varied among antibiotic treatments. A general decrease in diversity and an increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was observed for all three antibiotics. Additionally, the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was increased in the CTX group and both Lactobacillaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae were increased in the VAN group compared to the CON group. No changes in microbiota composition or function were observed following MTZ treatment. Intestinal permeability to 4 kDa FITC-dextran decreased after CTX and VAN treatment and increased following MTZ treatment. Plasma haptoglobin levels were increased by both AMX and CTX but no changes in expression of host tight junction genes were found in any treatment group. A strong correlation between the level of caecal succinate, the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae 1 family in the caecum, and the level of acute phase protein haptoglobin in blood plasma was observed. In conclusion, antibiotic-induced changes in microbiota may be linked to alterations in intestinal permeability, although the specific interactions remain to be elucidated as changes in permeability did not always result from major changes in microbiota and vice versa.     

Drug resistance and pathogenicity of S. aureus isolated from patients

Over the period 1983-1985, investigators from the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Prague, and the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, USSR Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, carried out a joint study of drug resistance in S. aureus strains in relation to their enterotoxigenic properties and phage group specificity. Altogether 277 strains were explored which had been isolated at random from the clinical material from infant and adult inpatients. Most of the isolated strains featured multiple resistance to antibiotics: PNC (77.9%), CMP (52.7%), TET (21.6%), ERY (17.6%) and LIN (11.9%). The strains isolated from infants were most frequently resistant to TET and ERY. No correlation was found between the incidence of antimicrobial drugs resistance and toxigenic properties of the isolated strains.