东江流域集水区城市化差异及其对景观格局的影响

基于东江流域1991、1998、2006年TM影像,通过分别代表东江流域上游、中游和下游的3个集水区各地物类型面积和景观指数分析了东江流域城市化程度与进程的差异及其对集水区景观格局的影响.结果表明：东江流域从上游到下游的城市化程度和进程依次增加;城市化对水体和植被的影响较大,城镇用地面积与水体面积呈显著正相关,城镇用地面积总体上与森林面积呈显著负相关,但当城市化发展到相对较高水平时可能促进森林恢复;1991—2006年间,上游的a集水区、中游的b集水区的景观格局均呈复杂化趋势;1991—1998年间,下游的c集水区景观格局呈复杂化,而1998—2006年间,则趋于简单,表明随着城市化的进行,景观格局呈“简单-复杂-简单”的变化趋势.研究东江流域景观格局从上游到下游的规律性变化对于整个流域的协调管理与可持续发展具有一定的指导意义.     

岷江上游典型时期景观格局变化及驱动力初步分析

岷江上游地区是我国一个重要的大尺度、复合型生态过渡带,也是一个生态系统脆弱区,研究其景观格局的变化,对于构筑我国的生态格局安全具有十分重要的意义．本研究利用岷江上游地区1986、1995、2000年3个时期的TM影像,分析了3个时期的景观特征以及变化．结果表明,岷江上游整体景观水平以草地景观为基质、森林景观以及其他景观类型作为斑块镶嵌其中．森林景观面积经历了从1986～1995年的上升,而后到2000年的下降过程;草地景观高盖度草面积不断减少;同时,森林景观和草地景观斑块总数一直增加,破碎化趋势明显．岷江上游景观格局变化的驱动因子主要是日益增加的人口数量而导致的人为干扰,包括对土地利用方式与利用强度的改变、森林资源的掠夺性开采、草地资源的过度放牧以及气候、土壤等自然因素的变化．     

2006-2016年岷江上游植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力

基于MODIS NDVI遥感数据,采用像元二分模型估算岷江上游植被覆盖度,运用一元线性回归分析和稳定性分析方法,研究2006-2016年岷江上游植被覆盖度时空变化格局及稳定性,并分段讨论2008年"5.12汶川地震"对岷江上游植被的破坏程度以及震后植被恢复情况,利用地理探测器模型对岷江上游植被覆盖度影响因子及影响力进行探测,分析岷江上游植被覆盖度变化驱动力。结果表明：（1）2006-2016年岷江上游植被覆盖整体状况良好,植被覆盖总体情况较为稳定,多年平均植被覆盖度为0.79,植被覆盖度大于0.8的区域占整个岷江上游地区面积的69%。（2）2008年"5.12汶川地震"给整个岷江上游植被造成了严重的破坏,植被覆盖度退化区域面积为14013.41 km²,占整个岷江上游面积的57%,2008-2016年岷江上游植被恢复状况良好,植被覆盖度改善区域面积为17390.69 km²,占整个岷江上游面积的71%,岷江上游植被覆盖度已经超过震前水平。（3）岷江上游植被覆盖度主要受海拔、气温、土壤类型、降水4个因子的影响,其解释力均在40%以上;地貌类型、植被类型的解释力在20%-40%之间;坡度、坡向的解释力均小于1%。     

岷江上游土地利用与生态系统服务价值的动态变化

岷江上游是中国西南典型生态脆弱区之一,研究岷江上游土地利用与生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Services Values,ESV）的动态变化,对区域生态保护,实现可持续发展具有重要意义。基于岷江上游2000、2005、2010和2015年四期遥感解译数据,利用CA-Markov模型预测了2035年土地利用格局,并引入空间异质系数、社会经济调整系数和资源稀缺系数对生态系统服务价值进行修正,构建适用于研究区的ESV评估模型,分析了岷江上游2000-2035年土地利用及ESV的时空动态变化。结果表明：1）岷江上游土地利用类型以林地和草地为主。建设用地和耕地面积持续增加,草地、水域和未利用地呈现波动变化;2）2015-2035年和2000-2015年相比,ESV增幅下降,土地提供生态系统服务的能力有所降低。维持生物多样性、保持土壤、气体调节、水文调节和气候调节是岷江上游生态系统的主要功能;3）岷江上游中东部及河谷地带是ESV低值及损失冷点集中区,西部地区是ESV高值及增加热点集中区;4） ESV对系数缺乏弹性,林地和草地面积的变化是引起生态系统服务价值变化的主要敏感因子。研究结果对研究区土地利用格局优化以及推行生态文明建设具有重要参考意义。     

人类活动影响下岷江上游景观变化分析

综合利用多种数据源,结合3S技术,分析了岷江上游1986、1995和2000年3个时期的景观格局,重点探讨了森林、草地等主要景观类型在持续人类活动强度作用下的变化,确定了不同景观类型对人类活动强度的敏感程度.结果表明:1)岷江上游景观以草地、森林为主要景观类型.1986、1995和2000年3个时期森林、草地景观类型面积之和均高达96.1%、96.38%和95.23%,其它景观类型作为斑块镶嵌其中,森林和草地共同控制了整个研究区景观格局变化与生态过程;2)不同景观对人类活动强度的敏感性有显著差异.低强度的人类活动有利于有林地景观的恢复;高盖度草地对人类活动很敏感,严格减少干扰活动强度才有利于维持其景观;中盖度草地对中低强度的人类活动(如放牧)很敏感,景观退化,面积减少.     

岷江上游两种生态系统降雨分配的比较

植被的降雨分配作用对理解生态系统的水文功能具有重要的意义。该文对四川岷江上游岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)针叶林和川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)灌丛两种生态系统的降雨分配及降雨截留的影响因素进行了研究,探讨了植被分配降雨及截留降雨的影响机制和影响因素。文中采用定位观测的方法研究降雨分配。针叶林中冠层降雨截留占33.33%,树干茎流占0.07%,穿透雨占66.60%;而灌丛的冠层截留降雨为24.95%,穿透雨为75.05%;针叶林地被物的蓄留水能力(1.746 mm)要大于灌丛地被物的持水能力(0.941 mm);针叶林土壤的容积含水率(39.66%)也要高于灌丛土壤的容积含水率(38.19%);两种生态系统中的穿透雨率与降雨量的关系均可用逻辑斯谛方程较好地模拟。文中还选取了降雨量、降雨强度、降雨持续时间、两次降雨的间隔时间和次降雨期间的气温等5种因子分析影响两种生态系统降雨截留的主要因素。根据截留降雨与上述5种因子的偏相关分析结果:针叶林冠层的降雨截留主要受降雨量、降雨持续时间和间隔时间的影响;灌丛的降雨截留主要受降雨量、气温与降雨持续时间的影响。文中从当地的降雨特征与两种生态系统微气候差异的角度分析了两种生态系统降雨分配及降雨截留影响因素差异的原因。     

高山峡谷地区森林流域分布式降雨-径流模型的构建与验证

根据岷江上游杂谷脑河流域典型的高山峡谷地区主要水文特点,选择通用性较强的水文过程模式,构建高山峡谷地区森林流域分布式降雨-径流过程模型,避免过多复杂的区域性模型参数率定,保证模型在相似地区的可移植性;并选择杂谷脑水文站上游地区进行降雨-径流过程模拟,得到1999年和2000年模拟时段长度为1000 h的两个径流过程,对模拟与实测的径流过程、累积径流量、洪峰流量与峰现时间等进行比较,其拟合效果较好.该模型结构简单,引入的经验参数较少,可推广应用到其它尺度流域.     

岷江上游不同景观结构小流域水量平衡的比较

研究了1988～2002年岷江上游两个小流域（镇江关流域和黑水河流域）不同景观结构（土地覆盖、海拔、坡度、斑块密度、最大斑块指数等）对水量平衡的影响.基于两个流域土地覆盖类型、1988～2002年多年平均降水量和蒸散量的空间分布、两个流域土地覆盖类型同期多年平均径流深度的数据,得到不同土地覆盖类型的海拔、坡度、坡向与降雨、蒸散、径流的关系.结果表明,两个流域有林地海拔、坡度、坡向的不同导致其降水、蒸散降水比、径流降水比各异;两个流域草地水量平衡对景观格局的响应模式与有林地基本一致;由于黑水河流域的耕地分布在干旱河谷中,其蒸散量远远大于降水量,耕地本身的景观结构（坡向、坡度,斑块密度）并不对其水量平衡产生影响,这一点与镇江关完全不同.     

县域人类活动与景观格局分析

人类活动的长期持续作用会导致区域景观格局及景观生态功能的变化 ,反过来又会对人类的生存质量和可持续发展能力构成影响。因此人类活动与景观格局的关系及其调控一直是景观生态学研究的重要内容。以植被图、土地利用图和林相图为基础 ,应用 GIS技术和景观格局分析方法研究了岷江流域汶川县人类活动与景观格局特征及其相互关系。结果表明 :通过重要植被类型的分析 ,可以明确不同类型在各乡镇单元的优势程度及其生态完整性 ;基于不同主题图件的景观格局指数之间相关特征的相似性显著 ;3种图件在反映景观破碎化程度上具有相似的能力 ,而在反映景观异质性方面存在显著差异 ;景观的边界密度确实能够由景观中的人类活动要素 (道路密度、居民点及工矿面积比例和农田面积比例 )之间一定的组合关系进行较好的表达与解释。这也充分说明 ,通过人类活动要素可以在一定精度范围内预测景观的变化趋势 ;同时 ,对人类活动的合理调控与管理有助于生态恢复和景观安全格局的维持。因此 ,对县域土地利用、生物多样性保护和区域发展的规划和管理具有重要的参考价值。     

流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化响应研究进展

植被变化与流域水文过程构成一个反馈调节系统,是目前生态水文学研究的重点对象.由于植被自身的生长发育以及受自然因素和人为干扰的作用,植被变化具有多尺度性;由于受流域水文环境的异质性和水文通量的变化性的影响,流域水文过程也同样具有多尺度性.因此,只有通过对不同尺度生态水文过程分析,才能揭示流域径流泥沙对植被变化的响应机理.从不同时空尺度回顾了植被生长、植被演替、植被分布格局变化、造林以及森林经营措施等对流域径流泥沙影响的主要研究成果;概括了目前研究采用的3种主要方法,即植被变化对坡面水流动力学影响的实验室模拟、坡面尺度和流域尺度野外对比观测实验以及水文生态模型模拟方法;分析了植被变化与径流泥沙响应研究要考虑的尺度问题,从小区尺度上推至流域尺度或区域尺度时应考虑不同的生物物理控制过程.研究认为,要确切理解植被与径流泥沙在不同时空尺度的相互作用,必须以等级生态系统的观点为基础,有效结合生态水文与景观生态的理论,从地质-生态-水文构成的反馈调节入手,系统地理解植被变化与径流泥沙等水分养分之间的联系及反馈机制,建立尺度转换的基础.同时,作为有效的研究工具,今后水文模型的发展应更加注重耦合植被生理生态过程以及景观生态过程,从流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化水文响应的过程与机制入手,为植被恢复与重建、改善流域水资源状况和流域生态环境奠定基础.     

Landscape pattern and eco-hydrological charactedstics at the upstream of Minjiang River,China

Based on three scenes of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images acquired on June 26,1994,12 land cover types were identified by the supervised classification techniques.The precipitation,runoff,and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of six catchments were accumulated from April to September in 1992,1993,and 1995.A new eco-hydrological index,expressed by the difference between precipitation and runoff divided by the product of precipitation and NDVI,was used in this study to represent the eco-hydrological functions of different catchments.The results were:(1) The selected six catchments at the upstream of Minjiang River,China were different in landscape patterns in terms of landscape type and cover.There were higher contagion,lower edge density and diversity index in the Shouxi catchments and lower contagion,higher edge density and diversity index in the Zagunao catchments.(2)Eco-hydrological indexes had remarkable differences among different catchments.The highest eco-hydrological index was found in the Shouxi catchments,which indicated higher precipitation holding capacity of vegetation therein.While the lower eco-hydrological index was found in the Zagunao catchments,which indicated its lower precipitation holding capacity of vegetation.(3) High correlation was detected between the landscape indexes and eco-hydrological indexes.Eco-hydrological index was positively correlated with landscape contagion in contrast with the negative correlation with landscape diversity and edge density.     

Landscape pattern and eco-hydrological characteristics at the upstream of Minjiang River, China

Based on three scenes of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images acquired on June 26, 1994, 12 land cover types were identified by the supervised classification techniques. The precipitation, runoff, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of six catchments were accumulated from April to September in 1992, 1993, and 1995. A new eco-hydrological index, expressed by the difference between precipitation and runoff divided by the product of precipitation and NDVI, was used in this study to represent the eco-hydrological functions of different catchments. The results were: (1) The selected six catchments at the upstream of Minjiang River, China were different in landscape patterns in terms of landscape type and cover. There were higher contagion, lower edge density and diversity index in the Shouxi catchments and lower contagion, higher edge density and diversity index in the Zagunao catchments. (2) Eco-hydrological indexes had remarkable differences among different catchments. The highest eco-hydrological index was found in the Shouxi catchments, which indicated higher precipitation holding capacity of vegetation therein. While the lower eco-hydrological index was found in the Zagunao catchments, which indicated its lower precipitation holding capacity of vegetation. (3) High correlation was detected between the landscape indexes and eco-hydrological indexes. Eco-hydrological index was positively correlated with landscape contagion in contrast with the negative correlation with landscape diversity and edge density. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(4): 691–698 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(4): 691–698]     

小波变换在岷江上游杂古脑流域径流时间序列分析中的应用

采用Dmey小波函数对杂古脑(岷江的一个重要流域)水文站41年(1962～2002)的月径流时间序列进行了多尺度分析和周期性分析.结果表明,无论在64月(5.4年)还是在128月(10.7年)的时间尺度上,1962～1978年期间杂古脑流域植被虽然破坏严重,但其径流相对稳定,并略低于多年历史平均;1986～1997年期间径流明显处于上升趋势,表明全球变暖对岷江上游水文动态规律具有重要影响.周期性分析发现,在最近40多年间,杂古脑流域径流出现了多次丰枯交替,次数与时间尺度有关(5年尺度7次,10年尺度3次).这表明在流域尺度上研究土地利用/土地覆盖变化的水文效应时应考虑全球气候变化的影响.     

A study on the relationship between vegetation pattern and environment in the upstream of Minjiang River,China

The vegetation pattern in the upstream of Minjiang River,and its relationship with environment factors,such as landscape position(elevation,slope,aspect),precipitation and temperature and soil are analyzed in this paper.The data used in this Paper were based on the landscape map derived from 1994 TM imagery.The results were as follows:1)dominant landscape types were forest,shrub land and grassland,which were very similar in terms of area ratio(32.87%,31.85% and 28.44%,respectively);2)the patch shape of conifer forest and mixed forest was complicated while that of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land was simple;3)the fragmentation of conifer forest and mixed forest was serious in contrast with low fragmentation of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land;and 4)closed scrub and grassland had a high contagion and good connectivity while mixed forest had a lower contagion and bad connectivity.In addition,the vegetation distribution pattern of upstream of Minjiang River Was closely related with elevation and temperature,but the relationship between vegetation and precipitation was not statistically significant.     

A study on the relationship between vegetation pattern and environment in the upstream of Minjiang River, China

The vegetation pattern in the upstream of Minjiang River, and its relationship with environment factors, such as landscape position (elevation, slope, aspect), precipitation and temperature and soil are analyzed in this paper. The data used in this paper were based on the landscape map derived from 1994 TM imagery. The results were as follows: 1) dominant landscape types were forest, shrub land and grassland, which were very similar in terms of area ratio (32.87%, 31.85% and 28.44%, respectively); 2) the patch shape of conifer forest and mixed forest was complicated while that of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land was simple; 3) the fragmentation of conifer forest and mixed forest was serious in contrast with low fragmentation of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land; and 4) closed scrub and grassland had a high contagion and good connectivity while mixed forest had a lower contagion and bad connectivity. In addition, the vegetation distribution pattern of upstream of Minjiang River was closely related with elevation and temperature, but the relationship between vegetation and precipitation was not statistically significant. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science), 2005,41(4) [译自: 北京师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2005,41(4)]     

Spatial relationships between NDVI and topographic factors at multiple scales in a watershed of the Minjiang River,China

Improvement in vegetation cover in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River protects major freshwater sources and constructs ecological barriers in the upstream of Yangtze River located in southwest China. However, the spatially varying relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and topographic factors at multiple scales remain unclear. In this study, the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D-DWT) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were combined to build a framework for examining the complex spatial relationships between NDVI and topographic factors at multiple scales. Based on the gridded datasets of NDVI and digital elevation model (DEM) of a small watershed located in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River situated in southwest China, the influence of topographic factors on NDVI variation in each grid and which topographic variables correlated most with the NDVI at each location were analyzed in this study. The grid data were decomposed into smooth and detail components using 2D-DWT. The results revealed that elevation, slope, and aspect exhibited different scale effects on NDVI in different wavelet components. In the smooth components, the spatial correlation of NDVI with elevation, slope, and south-facing index (SFI) of aspect increased with the decomposition scale, whereas topographic factors had different degrees of influence on NDVI. Elevation was found to be the most important topographic factor that determined the spatial distribution of NDVI on both sides of the valley, and SFI exhibited the highest effect on NDVI when elevation was higher than 2500 m. In the detail components, the spatial distribution of the most important topographic factor affecting the NDVI was not evident at a smaller scale, whereas it became obvious at 480 m scale. SFI was found to be more important than elevation and slope at a larger scale. These results will help in understanding the complex relationship between NDVI and topographic factors and determining the appropriate topographic location for ecological restoration.     

岷江上游植被冠层降水截留的空间模拟

 通过对岷江上游实地踏查和定位观测研究,结合MODIS遥感数据,利用“3S”技术对岷江上游植被冠层降水截留进行了空间模拟。研究结果表明：岷江上游植被叶面积指数（LAI）与增强性植被指数（EVI）以二项式关系拟合效果较好。由于归一化植被指数（NDVI）存在的饱和问题,研究采用EVI反演LAI,统计结果表明：岷江上游LAI值在0～2之间的占28.57%,在2～4.5之间的占63.06%,大于4.5的占8.37%,其中LAI最大值为7.394;从冠层最大降水截留模拟结果来看: 植被较好的地区,如卧龙、米亚罗的植被冠层最大降水截留量较大,而干旱河谷、上游高山草甸等地的植被冠层最大降水截留量相对较低;附加冠层降水截留与降雨量呈线性相关,模型验证时以此为基础,模型模拟的结果较为理想。     

岷江上游水文气象因子多尺度周期性分析

采用Dmey小波变换法对岷江上游杂谷脑流域1959年至2006年月径流量、月平均气温和月降水量不同时间尺度下的变化周期进行分析,探讨三者在长时间序列周期性变化中的相互响应,并根据主周期预测未来气温、降水和径流的变化趋势,结果表明:气温、径流和降水存在多尺度周期性变化,在不同的尺度周期中,表现出不同的冷暖、丰枯和干湿的振荡规律,总体表现为由小尺度无明显规律的剧烈振荡向大尺度有明显规律的振荡变化。3个要素同以8—12个月的小尺度为周期剧烈振荡,在较大时间尺度上,具有明显规律振荡变化的周期分别为气温500个月、径流150个月和降水120个月。受森林砍伐的影响,研究区域在1962—1988年期间径流对降水变化的周期性响应迟钝,而在1988—2006年期间基本同步。根据大尺度周期性波动趋势预测,未来十几年研究区域处于偏暖的年代际背景下,未来6—7a为多雨期,但径流量偏少。