贵州习水杜鹃群落结构和种群动态分析

为了探究贵州习水国家级自然保护区特有植物习水杜鹃(Rhododendron xishuiense)种群现状,揭示该种群动态及濒危原因,加强对该种群的保护,在该保护区设置了13条样线,调查习水杜鹃在保护区的分布情况。对现存习水杜鹃分布地开展样地调查,采用4个多样性指数和Raunkiear生活型系统分析习水杜鹃分布群落的结构,通过空间代替时间得到种群年龄结构,据此编制静态生命表,并绘制存活曲线及4个生存函数曲线分析习水杜鹃种群的动态特征。结果表明,共有维管植物27科42属65种,其中种子植物24科39属62种,蕨类植物3科3属3种。以高位芽的物种数最多,有56种,占物种总数的86.15%,其次是地上芽植物、地面芽植物、地下芽植物。群落的多样性指数均表现为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,乔木层占有绝对的优势地位。种群年龄结构呈“金字塔”型,种群幼苗个体相对于整个种群数量较多;种群存活曲线属于DeeveyⅡ型,个体数量随着年龄的增加而不断减少;种群生存率持续下降,尤以中后期减少速度较快,种群衰退。习水杜鹃种群分布范围狭窄,分布群落物种多样性高,幼苗相对较多表现为增长型,但种群总量极少,且遭...     

草海国家级自然保护区华山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

为探讨喀斯特地区森林群落的演替动态和生物多样性维持机制,采用样地调查法对草海国家级自然保护区的华山松(Pinusarmandii)群落的物种组成、植物区系特征、种群结构和物种多样性等进行了分析。结果表明,样地内共有种子植物37科69属81种,其中乔木11种、灌木32种、草本38种;群落内植物的科、属区系成分类型多样,以温带成分为主;生活型谱主要以高位芽植物(46.91%)和地面芽植物(27.16%)为主;乔木层华山松的重要值达58%,为群落的单优势种;径级结构呈左偏正态型分布,树高分布集中在12～21 m,冠幅分布呈V型;乔木层与灌木层、草本层间的多样性差异显著(P0.05),物种丰富度指数S和D_M、多样性指数H和D_S均为草本层灌木层乔木层,物种均匀度指数J为灌木层草本层乔木层。因此,草海国家级自然保护区内的华山松群落特征和物种多样性具有明显的地域特点。     

滇池流域人工林群落结构及水土保持效益

以滇池流域5种主要人工林(柏木林、桉树林、银荆林、华山松林和云南松林)为研究对象,通过样方调查,分析群落结构特征,并构建了由植被、枯落物、土壤、地形4个因子组成的水土保持功能评价指标体系,在对所选取的8个指标进行标准化、确定权重的基础上,运用理想点综合评价方法评价其水土保持效益.结果表明:各人工林群落优势种重要值(Ⅳ)分别为:柏木89.69、桉树74.27、银荆96.35、华山松84.93、云南松65.65.桉树林、云南松林分层物种多样性表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,柏木林、银荆林和华山松林分层物种多样性表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.云南松林的群落总体物种多样性最高,华山松林和桉树林次之,柏木林较低,银荆林最低.各人工林水土保持效益依次为:云南松林＞华山松林＞柏木林＞桉树林＞银荆林,表明乡土树种作为水土保持林具有一定的优势.不同人工林在物种多样性及水土保持效益等方面存在明显差异,应根据立地条件选择适宜的造林树种及搭配方式,提升其生态功能,控制水土流失.     

秦岭火地塘林区华山松人工林与天然次生林群落特征比较

采用样地调查法对秦岭火地塘林区处于中龄阶段的华山松人工林与天然次生林群落特征进行比较研究.结果表明:(1)华山松天然次生林群落有维管束植物38科64属82种,人工林群落有维管束植物30科55属71种,两个群落共有种为53种,相似系数为0.55.(2) 华山松人工林群落灌木层和草本层的Maglef指数、Simpson指数、Shanon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数与天然次生林群落无显著差异,但人工林乔木层的4个多样性指数显著低于次生林.人工林的4个多样性指数表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层的规律,天然次生林表现出灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层的规律.(3)在生活型谱上,人工林与次生林的高位芽、地上芽、地面芽、地下芽和一年生草本的差异均不显著,但是天然次生林的中小高位芽植物比例显著高于人工林,矮高位芽植物相反.(4)在垂直结构上,天然次生林乔木层的树种组成和灌木层的天然更新幼苗量较人工林丰富,两个群落乔木层华山松种群的平均高度以及乔灌草三层的盖度无显著差异.(5)在水平结构上,人工林华山松种群的空间分布格局为均匀分布,胸径一致,为纯林;天然次生林华山松种群空间分布格局为聚集分布,与华椴和锐齿栎等树种水平镶嵌,形成异龄混交林.(6)天然次生林群落的自然构成系数为3.20,顶极树种比例为34.7%,人工林群落的自然构成系数为1.49,顶极树种比例为22.7%,两个群落差异极显著,且天然次生林群落处于先锋群落的中后期阶段,人工林群落尚处于先锋群落的初期阶段.研究表明,经过40年的恢复,两个群落整体上已具有一定程度的相似性,物种组成已比较接近,灌木层和草本层已无显著差异,两者主要差异在乔木层和演替状态上,天然次生林乔木层树种丰富,群落演替速度较人工林快.     

秦岭华山松群落特征研究

通过对秦岭华山松林的野外调查,分析研究了该群落的特征和性质。结果表明：秦岭林区华山松群落主要分布于海拔1100～2100m的中山地带;华山松群落内物种相当丰富,共有81科174属346种;落叶阔叶乔木与落叶阔叶灌木在群落中占很大的比例;群落中草质叶型的植物260种,占80．5％,表明群落的落叶性;华山松群落中乔木层、灌木层、草本层的大多数比较常见的属都属于北温带分布,表明群落植物区系组成的温带性质。     

广东南岭大东山浙江润楠群落物种多样性与区系地理成分分析

应用植被调查样地法研究了广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山片区的浙江润楠群落的物种多样性、区系地理成分,以及优势种种群的年龄结构。结果表明：（1）在1600m2的样地内共有维管束植物73科119属169种,群落的数量优势科为樟科、蔷薇科、山茶科、壳斗科及杜鹃花科等,种类组成的科、属地理成分中热带成分分别占74·51%和70·10%,温带成分分别占23·53%和33·64%;（2）该群落浙江润楠种群以幼、中龄树为主,其优势地位明显且稳定,乔木层的亚优势树种以罗浮栲、马尾松及荷木等为主;（3）群落垂直结构分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3层,灌木层的物种最丰富,对群落物种多样性分析发现,Simpson指数：灌木层（乔木层=草本层,Shannon指数：灌木层（乔木层（草本层,Margalef指数：灌木层（乔木层（草本层,Pielou指数：乔木层（灌木层（草本层。     

东北阔叶红松林群落类型划分及物种多样性

运用TWINSPAN分类方法,对我国东北阔叶红松林群落类型进行划分,对乔木层树种进行聚类,并对东北地区长白山、大秃顶子山、平顶山和丰林保护区4个样点的物种多样性进行对比研究.结果表明:24个样地中共记录到维管束植物264种,隶属于64科147属.经过聚类,将阔叶红松林划分为3个群落类型组和7个群落类型;同时,将33个乔木树种间的关联性划分为8组.阔叶红松林群落的物种丰富度和多样性为草本层>灌木层>乔木层.在4个样点中,长白山的样地平均物种丰富度最高,为63.长白山和大秃顶子山乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性略高于平顶山和丰林保护区;丰林保护区草本层的物种多样性为2.83,高于其它3个样点.平顶山灌木层和长白山草本层的均匀度最低,分别为0.71和0.80.     

贵州省宽阔水国家级自然保护区亮叶水青冈群落结构及多样性

以贵州省宽阔水国家级自然保护区亮叶水青冈（Fagus lucida）群落为研究对象,基于野外实地调查,应用数量生态学的方法,对保护区内亮叶水青冈群落特征及物种多样性进行了研究,对保护区内植物群落动态变化监测以及对亮叶水青冈群落的保护和管理都具有一定的理论指导意义。结果表明：设置样地共11700m²,调查样地内维管束植物62科,111属,165种,其中蕨类植物4科,6属,6种,种子植物58科,105属,159种。其中以单种科和寡种科（2-5种）占优势,两者的比例之和超过总科数的85％,蔷薇科共有植物6属15种,为所有科中最多,其他属数较多的科有樟科和壳斗科。属的结构中以单种属占据绝对优势,达到70.27％,山矾属和悬钩子属种数最多,各有6种。亮叶水青冈在群落中虽占优势,但龄级结构出现双峰值的异常趋势,种群呈衰退趋势。从总体趋势上来看,群落物种多样性指数均为乔木层 > 灌木层 > 草本层;物种丰富度指数灌木层 > 乔木层 > 草本层;均匀度指数乔木层 > 草本层 > 灌木层。亮叶水青冈幼苗和幼树除在局部区域较集中分布外,其余大部分区域数量均少,且受林下金佛山方竹（Chimonobambusa utilis）干扰较强,大径级植株比重大,年龄结构总体呈衰退型,在未来种群稳定性维持较为困难。应加强对保护区亮叶水青冈的保护,建议合理抚育管理亮叶水青冈幼苗,在森林的经营和管理上,对亮叶水青冈林可在其生长到一定阶段时适度进行人为干扰,会更有利于亮叶水青冈林的更新和生长发育。     

凉水原始阔叶红松林与白桦次生林植物多样性的比较研究

采用典型抽样法和生态群落学调查法对黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区紫椴（Tilia amurensis）红松（Pinus koraiensis）林、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）红松林及白桦（Betula platyphylla）次生林的植物群落结构特征和物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明,紫椴红松林有维管束植物31种,隶属21科,25属;蒙古栎红松林有维管束植物32种,隶属25科,28属;白桦次生林有维管束植物31种,隶属20科,28属。白桦次生林乔木层和草本层的物种丰富度S指数显著高于2种阔叶红松林,而其灌木层的物种丰富度S指数最低;3种林型乔木层的Simpson物种多样性指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林的灌木层Simpson指数显著高于其他2种林型,3种林型草本层之间的Simpson指数差异显著;紫椴红松林乔木层的Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数显著低于其他2种林型,白桦次生林灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数显著低于2种阔叶红松林,蒙古栎红松林草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数最高;此外,蒙古栎红松林乔木层的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于其他林型,而3种林型灌木层的Pielou指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林草本层的Pielou指数最低。     

特有珍稀植物宝华玉兰种群分布格局和群落特征

采用相邻格子样方法和典型样地法研究镇江宝华山国家森林公园珍稀植物宝华玉兰的种群分布格局和群落物种多样性。从分布格局看,宝华玉兰种群在半自然样地Q1中为聚集分布,但聚集强度不高,而在另外3个样地中均为随机分布。从群落特征看,4个样地共有维管植物89种,隶属于43科74属;群落分层明显,但宝华玉兰为亚优势种;半自然林中各层次的物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数为草本层>灌木层>乔木层,而在自然样地中,则为草本层>乔木层>灌木层。     

Species Specific Flavone Glucuronides in Elodea Species

The flavonoid patterns of plants of Elodea canadensis, E. ernstae and E. nuttallii apigenin were investigated. The main flavonoids of E. canadensis are apeginin, luteolin and chrysoeriol 7-O-diglucuronides, of E. nuttalli apigenin and luteolin 7-O- diglucuronides, and of E. ernstae apigenin and luteonin 7-O-monoglucoronides. The qualitative stability of these flavonoid patterns is checked by chromatographic comparison of various populations from a wide area of the three species, it is shown that the flavonoid patterns are valuable criteria for the separation of these species.     

黑腹果蝇种组五种核型的报道

通过传统的敲片、Giemsa染色的方法, 本文首次对果蝇属黑腹果蝇种组的5种果蝇 （D. constricta、D. ohnishii、D. ogumai、D. pseudobaimaii、D. tani）染色体的数目和形态进行了分析报道。分析发现：这5个种具有相同的染色体数目（2n=8）和不同的形态。D. pseudobaimaii和D. tani 为2V,1R,1D型;D. constricta染色为2V,1R,1D型且其点状染色体难以辨认;D. ohnishii和D. ogumai 具有相同形态为2V,2R。另外,还发现核型与亲缘关系之间有一定的对应性。     

山东省的长肢林蛙种组物种

前人报道天津和山东有日本林蛙的分布,但也有学者表示怀疑。本文报道采集于山东徂徕山的该类物种。从成体量度和蝌蚪唇踟式来看,与现报道的镇海林蛙和峨眉林蛙有一定差异。该物种体型大小与峨眉林蛙相近似,唇齿式为1：2-2／111     

Species Concept in Primates

The way we view the Species category in Primates, as in other animals, especially other vertebrates, has been going through a revolution over the past 20 years or so. Much is wrong with the idea that we can define species according to whether or not they are “reproductively isolated”: this concept, the so‐called Biological Species Concept, has never offered any guidelines in the case of allopatric populations; this has now been shown to be simply wrong. Although other ways of looking at species – the Evolutionary, Recognition, Cohesion and Genetic Species Concepts – have all provided particular insights, the only proposal to offer a repeatable, falsifiable definition of species is the Phylogenetic Species Concept. This has been criticised for increasing the number of species to be recognised, although it is not clear why this should be a problem: indeed, it tells us that the world is far richer in biodiversity than we had conceived. Am. J. Primatol. 74:687‐691, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Species integrity in trees

From California sequoia, to Australian eucalyptus, to the outstanding diversity of Amazonian forests, trees are fundamental to many processes in ecology and evolution. Trees define the communities that they inhabit, are host to a multiplicity of other organisms and can determine the ecological dynamics of other plants and animals. Trees are also at the heart of major patterns of biodiversity such as the latitudinal gradient of species diversity and thus are important systems for studying the origin of new plant species. Although the role of trees in community assembly and ecological succession is partially understood, the origin of tree diversity remains largely opaque. For instance, the relative importance of differing habitats and phenologies as barriers to hybridization between closely related species is still largely uncharacterized in trees. Consequently, we know very little about the origin of trees species and their integrity. Similarly, studies on the interplay between speciation and tree community assembly are in their infancy and so are studies on how processes like forest maturation modifies the context in which reproductive isolation evolves. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Lindtke et al. (2014) and Lagache et al. (2014) overcome some traditional difficulties in studying mating systems and sexual isolation in the iconic oaks and poplars, providing novel insights about the integrity of tree species and on how ecology leads to variation in selection on reproductive isolation over time and space.     

Predicting Growth in Stands of Mixed Species from that in Individual Species

The growth of spring cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitataL.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) in mixed species stands iscompared with growth curves predicted by two forms of a dynamiccompetition model, which uses a conductance relationship (Aikmanand Scaife, 1993) to allow for the constraints on growth froma set of environmental variables. While a plant is isolated,light interception is assumed to occur within a zone whose areais a function of plant weight. Lateral foliage expansion isconstricted when the available space is filled. One form ofthe model assumes that all plants are of similar height (Aikmanand Benjamin, 1994). The second form assumes the crown zonesare in separate vertical layers, allowing greater lateral expansionin each layer but imposing shading on the underlayer. Parameter values of the model were estimated from the growthwithin even-aged monocrops. The first form of the model gavethe best prediction of growth in the intercrops, often producinga close agreement between observed and predicted weights. Onlyat the highest density used, 0·05 m spacing, did thedifferent height form of model give a better prediction of growth. Many mixed species stands may be approximated by one or otherof the forms of the model, and the relevant form can easilybe calibrated from the growth observed in monocrops. Hence,simple models may be sufficiently accurate to predict growthin mixed species systems such as intercrops, or crops and weeds.Copyright1995, 1999 Academic Press Cabbage, carrot, competition, intercrop, light, mechanistic model, temperature, canopy architecture     

Species crosses in Rats

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