Real-time PCR检测黄牛、牦牛、犏牛睾丸组织中Boule、Dazl基因mRNA表达

旨在探讨DAZ基因家族Dazl和Boule基因与犏牛雄性不育的关系.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中DAZ基因家族Boule和Dazl基因mRNA表达并进行分析.结果表明,Boule和Dazl熔解曲线扩增产物呈现单特异峰,具有较高的灵敏度和特异性;标准曲线显示Ct值与重组质粒浓度间线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;mRNA表达分析显示,3种牛中Dazl基因在犏牛睾丸组织中表达量最低,其中黄牛与牦牛、黄牛与犏牛差异显著(P＜0.05),犏牛与牦牛差异不显著(P＞0.05);Boule基因在3种牛睾丸组织中的表达量显示,黄牛与牦牛差异不显著(P＞0.05),黄牛、牦牛与犏牛差异显著(P＜0.05).结果提示,Dazl和Boule基因可作为研究犏牛雄性不育的候选基因.     

黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中Boule基因片段进化分析

目的:揭示黄牛、牦牛和犏牛与其他物种的系统发育关系。方法:通过PCR扩增和克隆测序获得黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织Boule基因片段序列,并运用生物信息学软件与NCBI已报道的其他17个物种Boule基因编码区片段序列比对分析。结果:黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织Boule基因RT-PCR扩增特异性条带为154bp,与引物设计源序列进行同源性比较,发现同源性达99%,系统发育树显示,牛科中的牦牛、犏牛和黄牛交错聚在一起(BP=99%),然后与哺乳纲的其他物种相聚,而犏牛与爬行纲和鸟纲动物的亲缘关系较远。结论:Boule基因在动物体上同源性高,可应用于系统发生研究。     

基于线粒体12S rRNA基因鉴别混合牛肉及制品的牛种来源

线粒体基因组具有种内高度保守性。它的12S rRNA基因同时具有抗腐蚀、耐高温的特点, 而被用于饲料、鲜肉及肉制品的来源追踪和物种成分鉴别等研究。利用牦牛、普通牛、水牛作为研究材料, 在牛线粒体12S rRNA基因通用引物扩增片段区域发现3种特异的酶切位点, 可用于混合鲜牛肉及制品的牛种来源的鉴别。结果显示: 牦牛12S rRNA扩增片段被酶切为203 bp和250 bp, 普通牛为134 bp和318 bp, 水牛为86 bp和367 bp, 通过测序验证了特异性位点和酶切的正确性; 对样品经过不同温度(100℃、120℃、140℃、160℃和180℃)处理均能扩增到目的条带, 但条带从120℃开始变淡。该方法在鲜牛肉及制品的牛种来源鉴别上具有简单、快速、廉价等优点。     

黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中Cdc2、Cdc25A基因mRNA表达水平

黄牛和牦牛远缘杂交后代犏牛雄性不育是牦牛杂交改良中的一大难题。Cdc2和Cdc25A是减数分裂的两个关键基因, 其表达水平的下降将使精子发生不能正常进行, 导致雄性不育。为了探讨Cdc2、Cdc25A基因mRNA表达水平与犏牛雄性不育的关系, 文章采用荧光定量PCR技术对Cdc2和Cdc25A基因的组织表达特征以及在黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中的表达水平进行了分析。结果表明: Cdc2和Cdc25A基因在牦牛各种组织中广泛表达, 说明Cdc2和Cdc25A基因在各种组织细胞分裂和细胞周期运行中均发挥作用; 黄牛和牦牛睾丸组织中Cdc2、Cdc25A基因表达水平均显著高于犏牛(P<0.05), 说明睾丸组织中Cdc2和Cdc25A基因的低表达可能与犏牛雄性不育相关。     

牦牛和雄性不育犏牛睾丸ERK1、ERK2、P38基因mRNA水平的比较

MAPK信号通路对哺乳动物的精子发生与凋亡有重要的调节作用,被认为是精子发生的重要决定因素之一。本研究通过比较MAPK信号通路中ERK1、ERK2、P38基因在牦牛及其杂交后代犏牛睾丸组织中的相对表达量,探索犏牛雄性不育的分子机制。实验从成年雄性牦牛(n=10)和犏牛(n=7)的睾丸组织中提取总RNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中ERK1、ERK2、P38基因mRNA水平。结果表明:牦牛睾丸中ERK1、ERK2基因的表达量极显著高于犏牛(P0.01),P38基因在牦牛和犏牛睾丸中均有表达,但差异无统计学意义。提示ERK1、ERK2基因作为MAPK信号通路的重要成员,可能与犏牛睾丸精子发生障碍有一定关联。     

基因芯片技术检测3种食源性致病微生物方法的建立

建立一种运用多重PCR和基因芯片技术检测和鉴定志贺氏菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌O157的方法, 为3种食源性致病菌的快速检测和鉴定提供了准确、快速、灵敏的方法。分别选取编码志贺氏菌侵袭性质粒抗原H基因(ipaH)、沙门氏菌肠毒素(stn)基因和致泻性大肠杆菌O157志贺样毒素(slt)基因设计引物和探针, 进行三重PCR扩增, 产物与含特异性探针的芯片杂交。对7种细菌共26株菌进行芯片检测, 仅3种菌得到阳性扩增结果, 证明此方法具有很高的特异性。3种致病菌基因组DNA和细菌纯培养物的检测灵敏度约为8 pg。对模拟食品样品进行直接检测, 结果与常规细菌学培养结果一致, 检测限为50 CFU/mL。结果表明：所建立的基因芯片检测方法特异性好, 灵敏度高, 为食源性致病菌的检测提供了理想手段, 有良好的应用前景。     

反向点杂交法快速检测HPV基因型的临床应用

应用反向点杂交法(RDB)的原理,针对HPV 6B, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33和35设计了7条序列作为未标记的特异性寡核苷酸(SSO)探针,分别固定在尼龙膜条上,形成7个点,再与经PCR扩增的样品DNA序列杂交,即可在一个膜条上分辨出这7型HPV中的任一型.此法快速简便,特异性高,不存在假阳性;且因PCR灵敏度高,亦不易出现假阴性.用PCR-RDB法检测保存的宫颈癌组织石蜡包埋标本32例,结果:HPV16阳性22例(68.8%),HPV18阳性5例(15.6%),HPV16/18双重感染2例(6.3%),阴性仅3例(9.3%).     

基于环介导恒温扩增技术的大肠杆菌O157:H7快速检测试剂盒的评价

【目的】评价基于环介导恒温扩增技术(LAMP)的大肠杆菌O157:H7(Escherichia coli O157:H7)快速检测试剂盒的实效性。【方法】测定快速检测试剂盒的特异性、灵敏度、重复性、保质期以及运输稳定性,并与传统方法对比检测实际样品。【结果】大肠杆菌O157:H7标准菌株样品均检测为阳性,非大肠杆菌O157:H7标准菌株样品均检测为阴性,未发现有交叉反应;试剂盒最低检验限为29 CFU;该试剂盒的特异性、灵敏度及准确度与传统方法相比具有较高的一致性;试剂盒对高菌量目标菌和阴性菌样品的检测重复率均为100%,对低菌量目标菌样品的批间检测重复率为94%。试剂盒可在4°C保存9个月以上,并且可进行变温储存72 h以上。【结论】该试剂盒特异性好,灵敏度高,重复性好,储存方便,检测结果稳定、可靠,适用于对食品中大肠杆菌O157:H7的检测需求。     

辣椒制品中苏丹红Ⅰ快速检测的方法研究

为建立一种辣椒制品中苏丹红Ⅰ的快速检测方法,通过直接提取法、固相萃取法和皂化法对辣椒制品中苏丹红Ⅰ进行提取净化,用胶体金免疫层析法对其进行检测,并进行方法学验证。结果显示:辣椒制品直接提取法在检测时,检测限较高,无法满足检测要求;固相萃取法适用于辣椒酱和辣椒油的快速检测,检测限为10μg/kg;皂化法适用于辣椒粉的快速检测,检测限为10μg/kg。方法学验证表明:以辣椒酱、辣椒油和辣椒粉作为空白基质的检测限为10μg/kg,灵敏度均为100%,特异性为87.5%~100%,假阳性率为12.5%,假阴性率为0。该方法快速准确、灵敏度高,可适用于辣椒制品苏丹红Ⅰ的快速检测。     

环介导等温扩增技术检测化妆品中铜绿假单胞菌的研究

本文建立了环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)快速检测化妆品中铜绿假单胞菌的方法。采用铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白oprI基因保守序列引物,评价检测铜绿假单胞菌灵敏度和特异性,并与普通PCR相比,检测人工污染样品中的铜绿假单胞菌。结果显示,LAMP检测铜绿假单胞菌的灵敏度为62. 5 pg/μL,而且特异性高,人工污染样品中的检出限为102cfu/m L,比PCR检测灵敏度高10倍。该方法具有灵敏度高、特异性好、操作简便、耗时短,可用于化妆品中铜绿假单胞菌的快速检测。     

Species authentication of commercial beef jerky based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene

In this study,we determined species-specific variations by analyzing the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence variation(～440 bp) in 17 newly obtained sequences and 90 published cattle,yak,buffalo,goat,and pig sequences,which represent 62 breeds and 17 geographic regions.Based on the defined species-specific variations,two endonucleases,Alu I and Bfa I,were selected for species authentication using raw meat/tissue samples and the PCR-RFLP method.Goat and pig were identified using the Alu I enzyme,while cattle,yak,and buffalo were identified by digestion with Bfa I.Our approach had relatively high detection sensitivity of cattle DNA in mixed cattle and yak products,with the lowest detectable threshold equaling 20% of cattle DNA in a mixed cattle/yak sample.This method was successfully used to type commercial beef jerky products,which were produced by different companies utilizing various processing technologies.Our results show that several yak jerky products might be implicated in commercial fraud by using cattle meat instead of yak meat.     

普通牛及其近缘种特异性序列筛选及环介导等温扩增检测方法

近年来,肉制品掺假事件频频发生,亟需建立快速、可靠的肉制品动物源性成分检测方法,保障肉类食品安全。与常规PCR等检测方法相比,环介导等温扩增（loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP）方法具有高特异性、高灵敏度、反应快、易操作等优势。基于此,利用生物信息算法筛选普通牛及其近缘种（牦牛、水牛、美洲野牛）的全基因组序列,以获得种间相似性序列,进而建立并优化可用于检测普通牛及其近缘种成分的特异性LAMP方法。最终优化后的LAMP反应体系为：10 μmol·L-1外引物F3和B3各0.25 μL,10 μmol·L-1内引物FIP和BIP各2 μL,2 mmol·L-1 dNTP 2.5 μL,25 mmol·L-1 MgSO4 4 μL,5 mol·L-1 甜菜碱 3.5 μL,8.0 U·μL-1 Bst DNA 聚合酶 1 μL,10×ThermoPol Buffer 2.5 μL,DNA模板2 μL,加双蒸水至25 μL;LAMP反应条件为：65 ℃恒温扩增1 h,80 ℃ 10 min。在扩增产物中加入SYBR GreenⅠ荧光染料后,检测结果可用肉眼直接观察。优化后的LAMP方法在1 h内能特异性地检测出普通牛、牦牛、水牛及美洲野牛成分,检测灵敏度达到0.020 ng·μL-1,且可特异性地检测出市售肉制品中含有牛肉成分的样品。研究所建立的LAMP方法具有高特异性、高灵敏度、反应快速、操作简便和无需精密仪器等特点,可应用于肉制品中普通牛及其近缘种成分的实际检测,为我国肉类食品安全提供了有力保障。     

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和微流体芯片电泳鉴别6种液态奶

目的:研究6种液态奶制品蛋白电泳图谱的区别,建立奶制品的蛋白质学鉴别方法。方法:以5种纯牛奶、羊奶、水牛奶、骆驼奶、牦牛奶、黄豆浆为研究对象,通过SDS-PAGE和Agilent 2100微流体芯片电泳法进行分析比较。结果:骆驼奶、黄豆浆与其他研究对象的图谱有明显区别,而牛奶、羊奶、水牛奶、牦牛奶的差异却不是很大;采用微流体芯片电泳可有效地对豆奶、骆驼奶进行区分,还可在一定程度上鉴别牛奶、羊奶、水牛奶和牦牛奶。结论:Agilent2100系统作为一种新型半自动微流体芯片技术,可以快速、高效、准确地应用于液态奶制品的蛋白成分分析及鉴别。     

Molecular identification of Salmonella isolates from poultry and meat productsin Irbid City,Jordan

The sensitivity and accuracy of molecular diagnosis of Salmonella from meat and poultry products using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was compared with conventional microbiological methods. A total of 212 samples representing the most frequently used fresh and frozen meat and poultry products (whole, cut, ground, and processed) were collected from different locations within the city of Irbid. DNA was extracted directly from each food sample and amplified using Salmonella-specific primers. Samples were also analysed using conventional microbiological methods for the presence of Salmonella spp. Results showed that Salmonella was detected in 185 samples out of 212 (87%) by PCR technique, while 172 (81%) samples were detected Salmonella positive by conventional microbiological methods. On the other hand, 27 (12.7%) samples were negative by PCR and 40 (18.8%) samples were negative by conventional microbiological methods. PCR assay proved to be an effective method for Salmonella detection in meat and poultry products with high specificity and sensitivity and more importantly a less time-consuming procedure. Using PCR, Salmonella spp. detection could be achieved within 24–36 h compared to 3–8 days for the conventional microbiological methods.     

四川省部分牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病血清中和抗体检测

应用细胞中和试验对四川黄牛、水牛、奶牛、牦牛共243份血清进行病毒性腹泻/粘膜病(BVD/MD)的中和抗体检测,结果显示,水牛阳性率较高,达50.0%(21/42),其次为牦牛,达37.5%(15/40),奶牛达26.6%(38/143),黄牛最低,为22.2%(4/18).表明该病有蔓延和扩大的趋势,值得高度重视.     

Interferon-alpha genes from Bos and Bubalus bubalus

Interferon-a genes were cloned from six breeds of three species of two genera (three Chinese native cattle breeds of yellow cattle, wild yak and HuanHu domestic yak, one European breed of Holstein cow, and two water buffalo breeds of FuAn water buffalo and FuZhong water buffalo) by direct PCR. The PCR products were directly inserted into the expression vector to be sequenced and expressed. Sequence analysis showed that IFN-a genes of six clones were composed of 498 nucleotides, encoding a mature polypeptide with 166 amino acids. Compared with the published BoIFN-a subtypes, the IFN-a gene of Holstein cow had only one point mutation with the BoIFN-aA subtype. The IFN-a gene of yellow cattle was similar to the BoIFN-aD subtype with amino acid identity of 97.0% and may be considered as a new subtype, namely, BoIFN-aD1. The other four IFN-a genes, cloned from wild yak and HuanHu domestic yak, FuAn water buffalo, and FuZhong water buffalo, represented four new subtypes, namely, BoIFN-aI, BoIFN-aJ, BuIFN-a1, and BuIFN-a2, respectively. Each of the six clones was expressed in E. coli with molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses. Antiviral activity assays showed that the six recombinant IFN-a (rIFN-a) all exhibited 1,000 times higher antiviral activity in the MDBK/VSV cell line than in the CEF/VSV one. Moreover, the rIFN-as could inhibit infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus replication in the MDBK cell line using CPE inhibition method. The results suggested that rIFN-as a potential agent for clinical application against virus diseases in cattle industry.     

Molecular detection of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aeromonas</Emphasis> virulence aerolysin gene in retail meats from different animal sources in Egypt

Meat commonly contain the same Aeromonas spp. which occur in human diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal faecal samples. Motile Aeromonas were isolated from 5.6% of total 302 samples. The distribution of the isolates were 5.9 and 5.2% in fresh and frozen samples, respectively. Of the 302 samples taken of the four animal meat species investigated, the genus Aeromonas were isolated in 12.3% of the fresh samples collected from buffalo meat, in 6.5% of the samples collected from sheep meat and 14.0% from the samples collected from the cattle frozen meat samples. The camel meat did not reveal any Aeromonas isolates. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated as the most prevalent species with 6.8%, followed by Aeromonas caviae with 2.7% and Aeromonas sobria with 2.1% from the total meat samples. Aerolysin toxin gene (aerA) was detected in 3/17 isolates of A. hydrophila isolated from contaminated meat. Infection due to bacterial pathogen with such virulent factor through contact with contaminated meat while handling them, poses health hazards to humans.     

牛科动物HSL基因序列分析及其分子进化研究

在对牛科中4种动物即牦牛、瘤牛、普通牛和水牛HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列进行测定的基础上,与Gen-Bank中其他物种相应基因核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列进行了比对分析,并构建了牦牛与其他物种间分子系统进化树。结果表明:牦牛与普通牛、瘤牛、水牛、猪、人、小鼠、大鼠7个物种HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列间保守性较高,同源性大小依次为99.8%、99.6%、97.4%、90.6%、88.4%、83.5%、82.3%。相应氨基酸序列间保守性更高,同源性分别为100%、100%、98.2%、94.0%、92.2%、89.8%、89.8%。牦牛与各物种该基因部分核苷酸序列间碱基变异类型主要表现为碱基转换和颠换,无碱基插入和缺失发生,碱基转换的频率高于颠换的频率;在核苷酸水平上的多数碱基替换都是同义替换;序列间单碱基变异位点大多出现在同一位点,多发生在密码子第3位,其次是第1位,最少发生在第2位,符合分子进化的中性学说。HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列进行多序列对位排列构建的各物种间分子系统进化树结果表明,普通牛和瘤牛首先聚为一类,再分别与牦牛、水牛、猪、人聚类,最后与大鼠、小鼠聚为一类。该聚类结果与动物学上的分类结果一致,表明HSL基因外显子Ⅰ部分核苷酸序列适合于构建物种间分子系统进化树。研究表明,牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛3个物种间的遗传距离大小相近,牦牛和水牛间的遗传距离与普通牛、瘤牛和水牛间的遗传距离大小相当。牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛3个物种间的遗传距离远小于它们各自与水牛这一物种的遗传距离,它们三者之间的亲缘关系也相对于它们各自与水牛间的亲缘关系都较近,故将牦牛、普通牛和瘤牛划分在同一个属——牛属(Bos)更为合理。     

Origin and ecological selection of core and food-specific bacterial communities associated with meat and seafood spoilage

The microbial spoilage of meat and seafood products with short shelf lives is responsible for a significant amount of food waste. Food spoilage is a very heterogeneous process, involving the growth of various, poorly characterized bacterial communities. In this study, we conducted 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing on 160 samples of fresh and spoiled foods to comparatively explore the bacterial communities associated with four meat products and four seafood products that are among the most consumed food items in Europe. We show that fresh products are contaminated in part by a microbiota similar to that found on the skin and in the gut of animals. However, this animal-derived microbiota was less prevalent and less abundant than a core microbiota, psychrotrophic in nature, mainly originated from the environment (water reservoirs). We clearly show that this core community found on meat and seafood products is the main reservoir of spoilage bacteria. We also show that storage conditions exert strong selective pressure on the initial microbiota: alpha diversity in fresh samples was 189±58 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) but dropped to 27±12 OTUs in spoiled samples. The OTU assemblage associated with spoilage was shaped by low storage temperatures, packaging and the nutritional value of the food matrix itself. These factors presumably act in tandem without any hierarchical pattern. Most notably, we were also able to identify putative new clades of dominant, previously undescribed bacteria occurring on spoiled seafood, a finding that emphasizes the importance of using culture-independent methods when studying food microbiota.