河南灰脸鵟鹰繁殖习性初报

2007～2010年,笔者在河南董寨国家级自然保护区,对灰脸鵟鹰(Butastur indicus)的繁殖状况进行了调查。结果显示,灰脸鵟鹰于每年2月底、3月初迁来董寨保护区,营巢于高大乔木上,巢位多接近巢树主干。窝卵数为2～3枚,平均(2.75±0.46)枚(n=8)。在所观察的14个繁殖巢中,有11巢繁殖成功,成功率达78.57%。本调查结果将灰脸鵟鹰繁殖区的文献记录从黄河以北地区扩展到了河南省的南部。     

甘肃安西荒漠伯劳的繁殖生态

2010年4～8月在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区,采用样点法对荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus isabellinus)的繁殖生态进行了研究,采用单因素方差分析(ANVON)对荒漠伯劳卵体积与卵序之间的关系进行了研究,用二元Logistic回归对雏鸟生长曲线进行拟合。结果表明,荒漠伯劳的繁殖时间为4月底至8月初,每巢产卵3～6枚,平均窝卵数为4.67±0.57(n=21),卵体积为(3.14±0.32)cm3(n=95),卵鲜重(3.48±0.20)g(n=20),卵体积随着产卵顺序显著减小(R=-0.427,P=0.021,n=29),其采取的是"窝雏减少"的繁殖策略。雌鸟产首枚卵后即开始孵卵,雄鸟负责情饲及警戒。温度自动记录仪测量平均孵卵温度为(38.19±0.77)℃(n=2),雌鸟在巢率为93.95%。平均孵卵时间为(15.33±0.52)d(n=6)。荒漠伯劳雏鸟留巢期12～15 d,幼鸟离巢后亲鸟继续饲喂幼鸟,整个育雏期最长达31 d。研究地区荒漠伯劳种群的孵卵率为82.50%(n=80),卵成功率为46.25%(n=80),雏鸟离巢率为56.06%(n=66),巢成功率58.62%(n=29)。在2010年环志标记的12对繁殖鸟中只有1对繁殖了第二窝。     

北戴河朱鹮野化训练种群的繁殖和婚外配北大核心CSCD

为了扩大朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的数量和分布区,于2018年7月从洋县引进20只朱鹮在北戴河建立了朱鹮野化种群。2020年繁殖期,北戴河共有22只朱鹮,其中成年朱鹮17只,雌雄性比为1.1;实际繁殖密度为37.8只/hm2;人工巢的密度为40.0巢/hm2,人工巢筐内径为50 cm。2020年繁殖期,北戴河朱鹮共配对8对,其中6对繁殖成功,营巢成功率为75%;共产卵33枚,平均窝卵数为(4.1±1.8)枚;出壳18只,孵化率54.5%;出飞13只,出飞率72.2%,繁殖成功率为39.4%,繁殖生产力为2.2±1.2。与洋县饲养种群相比,北戴河种群首枚卵的产卵时间晚17 d,与两地温差相吻合。北戴河朱鹮的窝卵数显著高于洋县种群,这可能是由种内巢寄生所致。监控录像表明,北戴河1巢朱鹮的窝卵数高达6枚,超过野生种群平均窝卵数(2或3枚)的2倍,推测发生了种内巢寄生行为。此外,还观察到8号巢朱鹮同时发生了婚外配和种内巢寄生行为,婚外配雌鸟将卵产在该雄鸟的巢中,使得窝卵数高达7枚。此后在该巢中发现3只朱鹮轮流孵卵,以及2只雌性朱鹮并排孵于同一巢中的异常情况。北戴河朱鹮的种内巢寄生行为可能是因网笼内人工巢址密度较高但隐蔽性较低所致,而婚外配行为可能与种群密度和繁殖密度过高有关。本文有关朱鹮异常繁殖行为的研究结果可为野化网笼内人工巢筐的设置和野化种源的选择提供参考,并提示我们进一步关注朱鹮在环境压力下的表型可塑性和生态适应能力。     

陕西红碱淖白喉林莺繁殖生态

2012~2013年每年的4~7月,在陕西神木县红碱淖(39°04'21″~39°04'43″N,109°53'12″~109°53'40″E)对白喉林莺(Sylvia curruca)的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明,白喉林莺4月末迁来繁殖,5月初开始营巢于油蒿(Artemisia ordosia)、臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)灌丛中,巢口向上呈深杯状,巢由柳絮、枯枝和干草编织而成。对33个巢的参数进行了测量,巢外径(9.62±0.227)cm,巢内径(5.21±0.084)cm,巢深(5.05±0.160)cm,巢高(9.03±0.185)cm,巢距地面高度(24.91±1.084)cm,巢约位于植株高度的1/3处(由下而上)。营巢成功率为77.1%(n=35),窝卵数4~5枚(n=27),卵重(7.49±0.021)g,卵长径(17.27±0.057)mm,卵短径(12.86±0.080)mm(n=130)。孵化期为11~13 d,孵化率为93.1%,雏鸟出飞为90.9%。雏鸟的形态参数生长符合Logistic曲线方程拟合。植被高度、植被盖度和单株植物冠径是制约白喉林莺巢址选择的主要因素,同时恶劣天气和人为干扰是影响繁殖成效的主要原因。     

甘肃南部蓝马鸡的繁殖生物学

2007年和2008年在甘肃尕海-则岔自然保护区对蓝马鸡Crossoptilon auritum的繁殖生物学进行了研究.野外发现12个巢址,其中后方隐蔽度最高,为90.83%,其次是上方隐蔽度、左侧隐蔽度、右侧隐蔽度、前方隐蔽度.窝卵数为9.67±1.15(n=3).卵平均大小为(56.64±1.75) mm×(41.88±0.98) mm.卵体积为(50.39±2.64) cm3,卵重为(54.97±2.87) g.在4个繁殖巢中,只有1个巢成功孵化.营巢失败原因有人为干扰和天敌破坏.     

新疆木垒波斑鸨营巢成功率的初步研究

1998年 4月中旬～ 7月中旬 ,对分布于新疆木垒的波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundulatamacqueenii)种群的营巢成功率进行了初步考察与研究。考察中共发现 16个巢、2 5窝幼雏。每巢产卵 3～ 6枚 ,卵鲜重 (6 4 7± 5 8)g ,卵径为 6 0 9mm× 43 9mm。产卵有两个高峰期 ,表明雌鸟第 1次繁殖失败后可再次产卵。第 1产卵期的巢卵数为(4 1± 0 8)枚 ,第 2产卵期的巢卵数为 (3 5± 0 6 )枚。雌鸟营巢成功率为 77 5 %～ 87 5 % ,卵的孵化率为83 6 %。每窝内从破壳到具备飞行能力的幼雏数基本不变 ,表明繁殖雌鸟大都能将幼雏全部抚育到可以飞行的年龄     

大杜鹃在荒漠伯劳巢中寄生繁殖

2010年5～7月在安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区发现3巢荒漠伯劳被大杜鹃寄生,寄生率10.34%.荒漠伯劳产白色和粉红色两种颜色的卵,大杜鹃产白色寄生卵于卵色为白色的宿主巢中.寄生卵均产于6月,当月寄生率达42.86%.大杜鹃雏鸟19日龄离巢,离巢时体重66.24 g.     

河南董寨自然保护区野外朱鹮繁殖影响因子

通采用人工调查, 测量的方法, 记录了董寨自然保护区内2016—2019年共计49个朱鹮巢穴各项数据, 通过分析获得朱鹮巢穴所在位置的气象因子、海拔、郁闭度、巢-觅距、干扰因素等因素与朱鹮窝卵数和繁殖成功率相互关系。结果表明: 董寨自然保护区自2016年野化放飞朱鹮到2019年止, 野外巢穴数量逐渐增加, 营巢区域不断扩大, 但营巢地点相对集中; 朱鹮选择筑巢树种多为马尾松, 选择频次显著高于黄山松(P < 0.05)。气象因子(温度和降水量)、朱鹮营巢地海拔、筑巢树种、营巢地林间郁闭度、巢—觅距及人为干扰因素并不影响朱鹮的窝卵数, 但营巢地海拔(P < 0.001)、巢—觅距(P = 0.001)显著影响朱鹮的繁殖成功率, 营巢地海拔越高, 巢—觅距越短, 朱鹮的繁殖成功率越高; 干扰因素中人为干扰对朱鹮繁殖成功率的影响比种间竞争和天敌大, 人为干扰强度越大, 朱鹮的繁殖成功率越低。朱鹮繁殖影响因子的研究为提高董寨自然保护区朱鹮野外繁殖成功率, 当地保护部门更好的保护野外朱鹮提供科学依据。     

荒漠伯劳的繁殖及雏鸟生长发育

2006～2007年对新疆石河子市荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus phoenicuroides)的巢、卵及雏鸟的生长发育状况进行了研究.结果表明,荒漠伯劳窝卵数平均5.67枚,孵卵期17 d,育雏期15 d.育雏主要由雌鸟担任.采用Logistic方程对雏鸟发育过程中主要生长指标的生长方程进行了曲线拟合,相关指标生长方程的拟合度均在0.99以上.     

四川洪雅县赤腹松鼠巢址选择研究

赤腹松鼠Callosciueus erythraeus在四川省洪雅县已经成为第一大森林害鼠.为了揭示赤腹松鼠巢址选择特征并为控制该物种的危害服务,2008年3～8月采取样线法对洪雅县赤腹松鼠的巢址选择状况进行了调查.共发现81棵巢树,对其巢位参数的统计显示,赤腹松鼠可在11种阔叶树和3种针叶树上营巢,对柏木Cpuressus funebris和楠木Phoebe zhennan有明显选择性,分别为营巢树数量的34.6%和33.3%.营巢树平均高度为18.6 m±0.6 m,巢距地面平均高度为16.2 m±0.5 m,巢位置一般靠近树的顶端,多朝东、南和东南方向,76.5%的巢位于树干与树枝的交界处.对无重复取样的巢址样方(n=65)和对照样方(n=65)中15个生境因子的对比分析表明,赤腹松鼠倾向在乔木平均高度较高、林下灌木盖度相对较高、坡度较大的生境中营巢.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex

A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

The identification of microRNAs in the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver by Illumina sequencing

MicroRNAs are indispensable players in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Here, we report the first deep sequencing of the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver. We mapped 91 miRNAs in the Callorhinchus milii genome that have previously been described in the Danio rerio, Fugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis, Xenopus tropicalis, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus. In addition, 156 new putative candidate (PC) C. plagiosum miRNAs were identified. From these 247 miRNAs, 39 miRNA clusters were identified, and the expression of these clustered miRNAs was observed to vary significantly. A total of 7 candidate miRNAs were selected for expression confirmation by stem-loop RT-PCR. This study resulted in the addition of a significant number of novel miRNA sequences to GenBank and laid the foundation for further understanding of the function of miRNAs in the regulation of C. plagiosum liver development.     

Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein

Background

Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains.

Results

The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar.

Conclusions

OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.