西藏高原高寒草地群落植物多样性和地上生物量监测方法的比较研究

以西藏高原高寒草地3种植被类型(高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原)为研究对象,分别采用样线法、样方法和巢式样方法进行实地调查,记录每条样线上或每个样方内出现的所有物种,并分物种刈割样方内地上部分,通过统计分析比较不同高寒草地群落植物多样性和地上生物量监测方法,以阐明西藏高原高寒草地不同植被类型的最小取样面积和最少样方数或样线长度。结果显示:(1)就物种丰富度而言,400m样线法观测到的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原的所有物种数分别占3种方法调查到的总物种数的55%、71%和50%;8m2巢式样方法调查到高寒草甸、高寒草原的总物种数占所有3种方法观测的物种总数的57.5%和57%,而8m2的巢式样方对高寒荒漠草原的调查监测到的物种数最多,其中2m2观测到的物种数就达到所有可能出现物种的83%;20个样方法监测到高寒草甸和高寒草原的物种数最多,占3种方法观测到总物种数的78%和86%,所以对物种丰富度的调查高寒草甸和高寒典型草原至少需要20个样方,高寒荒漠草原需要最小面积不少于2m2的2个样方。(2)就地上生物量而言,由地上生物量与物种数之间的变异关系得出最小样方数为7~11个,而由地上生物量的变异系数可知,在变异系数小于等于5%的前提下,高寒草甸的最小取样面积不小于0.25m2,高寒典型草原和高寒荒漠草原的最小取样面积不少于1m2。研究表明,对于生产力的监测方法而言,高寒草甸采用10个0.5m×0.5m的样方,而高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原采用10个1m×1m的样方为宜;而对于物种丰富度的监测方法而言,高寒草甸以20个0.5m×0.5m的样方和高寒草原20个1m×1m的样方为宜,高寒荒漠草原采用2个不小于2m2样方面积为宜。     

新疆阿勒泰地区草地类型及植物多样性的研究

基于33个样地、99个样方的野外调查资料,分析了新疆阿勒泰地区草地群落的植物物种多样性特征。结果表明：草地群落间的植物物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数差异显著,丰富度由山地草原、经山地草甸、荒漠草原、草甸化草原、平原荒漠、高寒草甸到山地荒漠依次下降,均匀度指数由山地草原,经草甸化草原、荒漠草原、平原荒漠、山地草甸、高寒草甸,到山地荒漠依次下降,多样性指数从山地草原,经草甸化草原、荒漠草原、山地草甸、平原荒漠、高寒草甸,到山地荒漠呈下降趋势。在群落多样性梯度上,物种丰富度对多样性的贡献率要比均匀度的贡献率小。草地群落的物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数随海拔升高均表现为先上升,后下降,峰值出现在1800～2000m的山地草原,且变化趋势一致。     

中国北方典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系

利用2002–2004年内蒙古和甘肃南部几种典型草地的实测资料,研究了不同尺度物种丰富度与生产力的关系,并初步探讨了其形成机制。结果显示,温带草地的物种丰富度随生产力的增加而增加,但受空间尺度影响。在群落尺度(同一群落),在7种样方数大于15的群落中,仅沙生针茅(Stipaglareosa)群落物种丰富度与生产力呈现单峰型关系,其余均呈现线性正相关关系;在植被类型尺度,物种丰富度–生产力之间表现为显著的正相关关系;在研究区尺度,物种丰富度随生产力的增加而显著增加。研究还表明,研究区群落生产力的变化范围为13–368g·m–2·yr–1,物种丰富度为4–35种;生产力从高到低的顺序为:高寒草甸>草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原。     

青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系

通过2009-2010年青海湖流域的样地实测数据,研究了不同尺度物种丰富度与生产力的关系,并初步探讨了其形成机制.结果表明:青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系在小尺度上(群落内和群落间)表现为线性正相关、负相关,在大尺度上(区域)则以单峰相关为主.沼泽草甸和高寒草甸的物种丰富度随生产力的增加而降低,高寒草原和温性草原的物种丰富度随生产力的增加而增加.在整个研究区内则表现为单峰型相关.研究还表明,研究区群落生产力的变化范围为65～585 g·m-2·a-1,物种丰富度为2～9种;生产力从高到低的顺序为沼泽草甸＞高寒草甸＞高寒草原＞温性草原.     

地形对澜沧江源区高寒草甸植物丰富度及其分布格局的影响

在澜沧江源区进行了大范围的植物群落调查,应用回归拟合和典范对应分析(CCA),研究地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向和坡位)对高强度人为干扰和全球气候变化条件下源区高寒草甸植物物种丰富度及植物分布的影响.结果表明:(1)在55个样地275个1 m×1 m的小样方中,共出现150种植物,在1 m2样方内物种数最多为27种,最少的仅为3种;(2)利用曲线方程进行拟合,物种丰富度分别与海拔和坡度有极显著的相关性,但与坡向和坡位没有显著的关系;(3)CCA第一轴基本上反映了植物群落所处环境的坡度的梯度变化,第二轴基本上反映了坡位的梯度变化,第三轴反映了地形因子的综合作用;(4)按影响程度大小,在高强度人为干扰和全球变化条件下,影响该区域高寒草甸植物种类组成和结构的地形因子从大至小依次为坡度、坡位、海拔和坡向,反映出坡度是影响源区高寒草甸水土条件的主要因子.     

青藏高原北部多年冻土区草地植物多样性

研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区草地群落植物多样性的特征。研究表明 :草地群落间丰富度指数差异不显著 ,均匀度指数和多样性指数差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。均匀度指数表现为高山嵩草 (Kobresia pygmaea)草甸 <紫花针茅 (Stipa purpurea)草原 <矮嵩草 (K.humilis)草甸 <青藏苔草 (Carex moorcroftii)草甸 ,多样性指数表现为高山嵩草草甸 <矮嵩草草甸 <紫花针茅草原<青藏苔草草甸。修路时破坏的矮嵩草草甸在次生恢复过程中 ,离公路 10 0 m处群落的丰富度指数 ,均匀度指数和多样性指数大于原生群落 ,而原生群落的多样性又大于 30 m和 5 0 m处群落的多样性。地上草地群落植物多样性伴随地下冻土退化过程表现为 ,以 1m2样方统计时 ,各个演替群落间的丰富度指数差异不显著 ,而以 10 0 m2样条统计时 ,高寒草甸和草原化草甸的丰富度指数显著大于沼泽草甸和稀疏草原 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但均匀度和多样性指数在两种统计面积时均表现为先增加后下降的变化趋势。     

基于地形因素的高寒草甸土壤温湿度和物种多样性与初级生产力关系研究

山地是高寒草甸的主要分布区,地形变化引起了土壤温湿度和物种的差异性分布,进而影响到草地生态系统生产功能。为明晰高寒草甸山地环境因子(土壤温湿度)和物种多样性(丰富度、多度、均匀度、优势度)与初级生产力的关系,本研究以青藏高原东北缘马牙雪山支脉的高寒草甸山体为研究对象,选择阶地、阴坡、山脊和阳坡与3个海拔梯度段,调查了189个样方的植物群落组成和土壤温湿度。采用线性回归法分析土壤温湿度和物种多样性与初级生产力之间的关系。结果表明:(1)以山地高寒草甸整体为研究单元,初级生产力只随物种多度的增加而显著增加(R~2=0.07 P=0.01)。(2)坡向影响初级生产力的因素不同,阴坡初级生产力与物种丰富度正线性相关;山脊初级生产力与土壤湿度正线性相关,也随物种丰富度增加而显著增加;阳坡初级生产力与物种多度正线性相关;阶地初级生产力随均匀度增加而显著增加,随优势度增加而显著降低。(3)只有低海拔区(2860-2910 m)初级生产力随物种多度和丰富度的增加而显著增加。综上所述,山地高寒草甸土壤温湿度和物种多样性与初级生产力关系受坡向比海拔的影响更大,且物种多样性对初级生产力的影响大于土壤温湿度。建议山地高寒草甸生态系统生产和生态管理过程中要重点考虑坡向对植物多样性和初级生产力的影响。     

玛曲高寒草甸沙化过程中群落结构与植物多样性

针对玛曲高寒草甸沙质荒漠化和水土流失日趋严重的问题,采用群落样方调查的方法,研究了潜在、轻度、中度和重度4种典型高寒沙化草甸的植被结构特征和α多样性与β多样性变化规律。结果表明:随着沙化程度的加剧,1)群落植被盖度持续下降(分别为99.216%,80.078%,49.895%,36.398%)、物种数逐渐减少(分别为53,32,14,13)、群落结构趋向简单(重要值大于1的物种分别有28,16,10,8种),典型高寒草甸优势种和伴生种逐渐退出群落,而适应沙质荒漠的物种逐渐占据群落中的优势地位,玛曲高寒草甸生态系统有向高寒沙质荒漠生态系统转化的趋势,群落以青藏苔草+高山早熟禾群落→青藏苔草+防风+高山嵩草群落→高山嵩草+防风+青藏苔草群落→毛穗赖草+藏虫实+青藏苔草+防风群落的方向演替;2)群落丰富度和植物多样性指数均呈下降趋势,差异显著;均匀度指数先增加后减小,在轻度沙化草甸达到最大,但差异不显著;而群落优势度逐渐增加,在中度沙化草甸增加极显著;3)潜在沙化草甸与沙化草甸之间的Whittaker指数差异极显著,中度沙化草甸与重度沙化草甸之间差异显著,而轻度沙化草甸与中度沙化草甸之间差异不显著。4)潜在沙化草甸与3种沙化草甸和轻度沙化草甸与重度沙化草甸之间群落相异性系数较高(0.705—0.937),群落共有度指数较低(0.034—0.173),而重度沙化草甸与中度沙化草甸、轻度沙化草甸与中度沙化草甸之间群落相异性系数相对较低(0.545—0.553),群落共有度指数相对较高(0.293—0.303)。以上分析表明,玛曲高寒草甸在沙化过程中存在轻度沙化和重度沙化两个关键过程,因此对潜在沙化草甸应采取封育、禁牧、轮牧、抚育等科学管护措施,而对沙化草甸应采取草皮移植、补播、施肥等植被快速恢复措施和流沙治理措施进行生态修复,防止草甸沙化的加剧和蔓延。     

草地群落放牧干扰梯度β多样性研究

放牧过程通过牲畜的啃食、践踏作用干扰草场环境,使草地群落的物种组成发生变化,植物种群的优势地位发生更替。结果表明,随放牧干扰强度加重,从盐湿化草甸到典型草原,群落植物种丰富度呈下降趋势。β多样性测度结果显示,盐湿化草甸和羊草杂类草草甸群落物种变化的中度干扰出现在轻牧→中牧阶段,并在整个放牧干扰进程中,表现较低的稳定性;草甸草原和典型草原群落出现在中牧→重牧阶段;而荒漠草原物种变化表现出高度的稳定性,从轻牧到过牧物种替代仅1～3种。各群落放牧干扰植物多样性的稳定性次序是:荒漠草原>典型草原≥草甸草原>盐湿化草甸.     

高寒草地植物物种多样性与功能多样性的关系

物种多样性与功能多样性的关系是生态学当前研究的热点问题之一,不同区域典型生态系统物种多样性和功能多样性的关系研究有利于生物多样性保护理论的全面发展。以青藏高原地区的主要草地生态系统—高寒草甸和高寒草原为研究对象,采用4个物种多样性指数(Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数)和9个功能多样性指数(FAD功能性状距离指数、MFAD功能性状平均距离指数、基于样地的FDp和基于群落的FDc功能树状图指数、FRic功能体积指数、FEve功能均匀度指数、Rao功能离散度常二次熵指数、FDiv功能离散指数、FDis功能分散指数),分析了高寒草地植物物种多样性、功能多样性关系及其与初级生产力的关系,以期阐明3个科学问题:不同草地类型的高寒草地生态系统植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何差异?高寒草地生态系统的植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何关系?高寒草地生态系统物种多样性、功能多样性对生态系统功能的影响有何异同?研究结果表明:(1)与高寒草原相比,高寒草甸具有更高的物种多样性、功能丰富度和功能离散度;(2)高寒草甸中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc)和功能离散度指数(FDiv)的具有较强的相关性,最优拟合方程分别为幂函数和二次多项式函数;(3)高寒草原中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc、FRic)、Shannon指数和Simpson指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为二次多项式函数,Pielou指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为指数函数;(4)高寒草甸的初级生产力分别与物种丰富度指数Patrick、功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性;而高寒草原的初级生产力与4个物种多样性指数间均具有较强的相关性,与功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性,最佳拟合方程均为二次多项式函数。研究的总体结论为:物种多样性、功能多样性、二者之间的关系以及二者与生态系统服务功能(以初级生产力为例)之间的关系在高寒草甸和高寒草原群落中表现迥异,因此在研究青藏高原高寒草地的生态功能时,不能仅仅测度传统的物种多样性,还应测度与物种多样性、生态功能密切相关的功能多样性。     

The relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of northern China

The relationship between plant species richness and primary productivity has long been acentral topic in biodiversity research.In this paper,we examine the relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of Northern China at different spatial scales.At the community scale,a positive correlation was found for six of seven communities.A unimodal pattern was found only for one community (Stipa glareosa community),while at a large scale (vegetation type or landscape/region),the relationship was also found significantly positive.Species richness ranged from 4 to 35 species,and community aboveground productiand aboveground productivity were found in alpine meadow,followed by meadow steppe,typical steppe and desert steppe.     

放牧干扰下高寒草甸物种和生活型丰富度与地上及地下生物量的关系

明晰放牧干扰下高寒草甸植物丰富度与生物量的相关关系,为草地植物不同生长时期生物量的预测提供依据。设置6个放牧强度样地,连续3a放牧,2014年进行3个季节(6月、8月、10月)的植物丰富度和地上、地下生物量调查,对比分析放牧干扰下物种和生活型丰富度(生活型的种类)分别与地上、地下生物量的相关关系。结果表明:(1)物种和生活型丰富度与地上生物量均受放牧强度的显著影响,物种丰富度仅在8月与放牧强度显著负相关,生活型丰富度在10月随放牧强度单峰变化,地上生物量在不同季节均与放牧强度显著负相关,而地下生物量与放牧强度无关。(2)物种丰富度与地上和地下生物量均受季节的显著影响,物种丰富度和地上生物量仅在低强度放牧区随季节呈单峰变化,地下生物量在中等强度放牧区随季节呈单峰变化;生活型丰富度与季节无关。(3)放牧干扰前物种和生活型丰富度与地上和地下生物量均显著正相关。3a放牧后仅在8月,物种丰富度只与地上生物量显著正相关,生活型丰富度与地上和地下生物量均显著正相关。(4)对于不同放牧强度,物种丰富度仅在低强度放牧区与地上生物量显著正相关,而生活型丰富度在所有放牧强度区均与地上生物量显著正相关。综上所述,放牧干扰扰乱了高寒草甸丰富度与生物量之间的关系,尤其影响了物种丰富度与地下生物量之间的相关关系。生活型丰富度与地上生物量之间的显著关系不受放牧强度干扰,使生活型丰富度在预测生物量方面表现出优势。     

高寒草甸植物群落中相似性、物种多样性与地上生物量的年际变异性

相似性似说通过物种构成的相似性来解释物种丧失是如何影响生物量的变异性的,但还没有得到检验。本研究通过设置在青藏高原东部地区的高寒草甸植物群落中的74个永久样方．采集3年(1999～2001)植物生长高峰期的群落数据,试图检验物种构成的相似性是如何解释物种多样性对地上生物量年际变异性的影响。结果表明：随着物种丰富度增加,生物量变异性降低;而随着均匀度的增加,生物量的变异性尽管在均匀度中等程度时似乎保持在同一水平,但总体上呈下降趋势;物种构成上的相似性解释了地上生物量变异性的大部分,而且随着物种构成上的相似性的增加,生物量的变异性降低;物种丰富度和均匀度均与物种构成上的相似性没有显著相关关系。这些结果表明：尽管生物多样性的丧失可能不必导致物种丰富群落中物种构成上的相似性,但相似性与地上生物量的变异性的因果联系可能是稳健的．由于本研究是在自然群落中进行的,对物种构成的相似性没有进行直接控制,因此,要深入理解相似性是如何影响生物多样性对生态系统功能变异性的效应的机制,可能还需要直接对物种构成的相似性进行控制的实验研究。     

The relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of northern China

The relationship between plant species richness and primary productivity has long been a central topic in biodiversity research. In this paper, we examine the relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of Northern China at different spatial scales. At the community scale, a positive correlation was found for six of seven communities. A unimodal pattern was found only for one community (Stipa glareosa community), while at a large scale (vegetation type or landscape/region), the relationship was also found significantly positive. Species richness ranged from 4 to 35 species, and community aboveground productivity from 13 to 368 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹. The highest species richness and aboveground productivity were found in alpine meadow, followed by meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe. Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2006, 14(1): 21–28 [译自: 生物多样性]     

Nitrogen economy of alpine plants on the north Tibetan Plateau: Nitrogen conservation by resorption rather than open sources through biological symbiotic fixation

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, and N fixation by legume species is an important source of N input into ecosystems. Meanwhile, N resorption from senescent plant tissues conserves nutrients taken up in the current season, which may alleviate ecosystem N limitation. N fixation was assessed by the ¹⁵N dilution technique in four types of alpine grasslands along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients. The N resorption efficiency (NRE) was also measured in these alpine grasslands. The aboveground biomass in the alpine meadow was 4–6 times higher than in the alpine meadow steppe, alpine steppe, and alpine desert steppe. However, the proportion of legume species to community biomass in the alpine steppe and the alpine desert steppe was significantly higher than the proportion in the alpine meadow. N fixation by the legume plants in the alpine meadow was 0.236 g N/m², which was significantly higher than N fixation in other alpine grasslands (0.041 to 0.089 g N/m²). The NRE in the alpine meadows was lower than in the other three alpine grasslands. Both the aboveground biomass and N fixation of the legume plants showed decreasing trends with the decline of precipitation and soil N gradients from east to west, while the NRE of alpine plants showed increasing trends along the gradients, which indicates that alpine plants enhance the NRE to adapt to the increasing droughts and nutrient‐poor environments. The opposite trends of N fixation and NRE along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients indicate that alpine plants adapt to precipitation and soil nutrient limitation by promoting NRE (conservative nutrient use by alpine plants) rather than biological N fixation (open sources by legume plants) on the north Tibetan Plateau.     

Changes in plant biomass and species composition of alpine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kobresia</Emphasis> meadows along altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Alpine Kobresia meadows are major vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. There is growing concern over their relationships among biodiversity, productivity and environments. Despite the importance of species composition, species richness, the type of different growth forms, and plant biomass structure for Kobresia meadow ecosystems, few studies have been focused on the relationship between biomass and environmental gradient in the Kobresia meadow plant communities, particularly in relation to soil moisture and edaphic gradients. We measured the plant species composition, herbaceous litter, aboveground and belowground biomass in three Kobresia meadow plant communities in Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station from 2001 to 2004. Community differences in plant species composition were reflected in biomass distribution. The total biomass showed a decrease from 13196.96±719.69 g/m2 in the sedge-dominated K. tibetica swamp to 2869.58±147.52 g/m2 in the forb and sedge dominated K. pygmaea meadow, and to 2153.08±141.95 g/m2 in the forbs and grasses dominated K. humilis along with the increase of altitude. The vertical distribution of belowground biomass is distinct in the three meadow communities, and the belowground biomass at the depth of 0-10 cm in K. tibetica swamp meadow was significantly higher than that in K. humilis and K. pygmaea meadows (P＜0.01). The herbaceous litter in K. tibetica swamp was significantly higher than those in K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadows. The effects of plant litter are enhanced when ground water and soil moisture levels are raised. The relative importance of litter and vegetation may vary with soil water availability. In the K. tibetica swamp, total biomass was negatively correlated to species richness (P＜0.05); aboveground biomass was positively correlated to soil organic matter, soil moisture, and plant cover (P＜0.05); belowground biomass was positively correlated with soil moisture (P＜0.05). However, in the K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadow communities, aboveground biomass was positively correlated to soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen (P＜0.05). This suggests that the distribution of biomass coincided with soil moisture and edaphic gradient in alpine meadows.     

Biomass allocation and productivity–richness relationship across four grassland types at the Qinghai Plateau

Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) allocation and productivity–richness relationship are controversial. Here, we assessed AGB and BGB allocation and the productivity–richness relationship at community level across four grassland types based on the biomass data collected from 80 sites across the Qinghai Plateau during 2011–2012. The reduced major axis regression and general linear models were used and showed that (a) the median values of AGB were significantly higher in alpine meadow than in other three grassland types; the ratio of root to shoot (R/S) was significantly higher in desert grassland (36.06) than intemperate grassland (16.60), alpine meadow (13.35), and meadow steppe (19.46). The temperate grassland had deeper root distribution than the other three grasslands, with about 91.45% roots distributed in the top 30 cm soil layer. (b) The slopes between log AGB and log BGB in the temperate grassland and meadow steppe were 1.09 and 1, respectively, whereas that in the desert grassland was 1.12, which was significantly different from the isometric allocation relationship. A competitive relationship between AGB and BGB was observed in the alpine meadow with a slope of ?1.83, indicating a trade‐off between AGB and BGB in the alpine meadow. (c) A positive productivity–richness relationship existed across the four grassland types, suggesting that the positive productivity–richness relationship might not be affected by the environmental factors at the plant location. Our results provide a new insight for biomass allocation and biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research.     

Changes in plant biomass and species composition of alpine Kobresia meadows along altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Alpine Kobresia meadows are major vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. There is growing concern over their relationships among biodiversity, productivity and environments. Despite the im-portance of species composition, species richness, the type of different growth forms, and plant bio-mass structure for Kobresia meadow ecosystems, few studies have been focused on the relationship between biomass and environmental gradient in the Kobresia meadow plant communities, particularly in relation to soil moisture and edaphic gradients. We measured the plant species composition, her-baceous litter, aboveground and belowground biomass in three Kobresia meadow plant communities in Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station from 2001 to 2004. Community differences in plant species composition were reflected in biomass distribution. The total biomass showed a de-crease from 13196.96±719.69 g/m2 in the sedge-dominated K. tibetica swamp to 2869.58±147.52 g/m2 in the forb and sedge dominated K. pygmaea meadow, and to 2153.08±141.95 g/m2 in the forbs and grasses dominated K. humilis along with the increase of altitude. The vertical distribution of below-ground biomass is distinct in the three meadow communities, and the belowground biomass at the depth of 0-10 cm in K. tibetica swamp meadow was significantly higher than that in K. humilis and K. pygmaea meadows (P<0.01). The herbaceous litter in K. tibetica swamp was significantly higher than those in K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadows. The effects of plant litter are enhanced when ground water and soil moisture levels are raised. The relative importance of litter and vegetation may vary with soil water availability. In the K. tibetica swamp, total biomass was negatively correlated to species richness (P<0.05); aboveground biomass was positively correlated to soil organic matter, soil moisture, and plant cover (P<0.05); belowground biomass was positively correlated with soil moisture (P<0.05). However, in the K. pygnaeca and K. humilis meadow communities, aboveground biomass was posi-tively correlated to soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen (P<0.05). This suggests that the distribu-tion of biomass coincided with soil moisture and edaphic gradient in alpine meadows.     

不同类型高寒草地群落结构与生产对施氮的响应及其敏感性

大气氮沉降增加被认为是目前重要的环境问题,会引起生物多样性的丧失和生态系统稳定性的降低。但作为草地改良的管理措施,养分添加被广泛应用于退化草地的恢复。但由于不同类型草地所处气候与群落组成的差异,对氮输入的响应可能不同。通过在藏北高原高寒草甸与高寒草甸草原设定长期氮添加梯度试验(对照, 25, 50, 100, 200 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1)),来探讨氮输入对生物多样性与生产的影响,并估算不同类型高寒草地的氮饱和阈值。施氮对高寒草甸物种多样性指数无影响,而随着施氮量的提高高寒草甸草原植物物种数和多样性指数均逐渐降低。开始施肥前两年,随着施氮量提高高寒草甸地上生物量呈现逐渐增加趋势,随着施肥时间的延长地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。在高寒草甸草原随着施氮量提高地上生物量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。随着施氮量提高,开始施氮前三年高寒草甸禾草植物地上生物量逐渐提高;随着施氮时间的延长,禾草和豆科植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。高寒草甸莎草植物地上生物量由施氮开始时的逐渐增加转变为先增加后降低趋势,最后变为逐渐降低的趋势,这说明施氮不利于莎草植物的生长。施氮只在施肥第四年显著提高杂草植物地上生物量。高寒草甸草原呈现不同的规律,开始施氮前三年随着施氮量提高,禾草植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低的趋势;随着施氮时间的延长,禾草地上生物量逐渐提高。莎草和杂草植物地上生物量呈现先增加后降低趋势。利用对氮输入响应最敏感的植物功能群禾草生物量估算的高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原的氮饱和阈值分别是109.5、125.8 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1),这说明高寒草甸氮敏感性显著高于高寒草甸草原。由此可见,未来氮沉降增加会对不同类型高寒草地产生不同的影响,在不同类型高寒草地进行施肥恢复时也应将氮饱和阈值的差异考虑在内。