Carbon balance along the Northeast China Transect(NECT-IGBP)

The Northeast China Transect (NECT) along a precipitation gradient wasused to calculate the carbon balance of different vegetation types, land-use practices and temporal scales. NECT consists of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest ecosystems, meadow steppe ecosystems and typical steppe ecosystems. Analyses of the C budget were carried out with field measurement based on dark enclosed chamber techniques and alkali absorption methods, and the application of the CENTURY model. Results indicated that: (1) soil CO2 flux had a strong diurnal and seasonal variation influenced by grassland type and land-use practices. However, the seasonal variation on soil CO2 fluxes did not show obvious changes between non-grazing and grazing Leymus chinensis dominated grasslands. (2) Hourly soil CO2 fluxes mainly depended on temperature, while daily CO2 fluxes were affected bothby temperature and moisture. (3) NPP of the three typical ecosystems showed linear relationships with inter-annual precipitation, but total soil carbon of those ecosystems did not. NPP and total soil carbon values decreased westward with decreasing precipitation. (4) Model simulation of NPP and total soil carbon showed that mean annual precipitation was the major limiting factor for ecosystem productivity along NECT. (5) Mean annual carbon budget is the largest for the mixedconiferous- broadleaved forest ecosystem (503.2 gC m-2 a-1), followed by the meadow steppe ecosystem (227.1 gC m-2 a-1), and the lowest being the typical steppe ecosystem (175.8 gC m-2 a-1). This study shows that concurrent field measurements of terrestrial ecosystems including the soil and plant systems with surface layer measurements along the water-driven IGBP-NECT are valuable in understanding the mechanisms driving the carbon cycle in different vegetation types under different land-use practices. Future transect research should be emphasized.     

中国东北样带植被净初级生产力时空动态遥感模拟

 中国东北样带(Northeast China Transect, NECT)是中纬度半干旱区的国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)陆地样带之一, 是全球变化研究的 重要手段与热点。该研究应用生态系统碳循环过程CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型分析了NECT从1982~1999年植被净初级生产力 (Net primary productivity, NPP)的时空变异及其影响因子。结果表明, 1) 1982~1999年NECT植被NPP为58 ~ 811 g C·m^–2·a^–1, 平均为426 g C·m^–2·a^–1, 大体上呈现由东向西逐渐递减的趋势; 2)研究时段内NECT的总NPP变异范围是0.218 ~ 0.325 Pg C, 平均为0.270 Pg C (1 Pg = 10¹⁵ g); 3) NECT的总NPP在过去18年内整体呈显著性增加趋势, 其中从1982~1990年样带NPP呈显著性增加趋势, 而后期1991~1999样带NPP没 有显著性变化趋势; 4)沿NECT不同植被类型对气候变化的响应特征是不同的, 在研究时段内, 农田、典型草原和草甸草原表现出最大的NPP增加 量, 而典型草原、荒漠草原对气候变化表现出高的敏感性; 5) NECT植被NPP的空间分布格局是由年降水量的分布格局所决定, 而NPP的时间变异 则由年降水量、年太阳总辐射的变化所影响驱动。     

中国东北样带的梯度分析及其预测

陆地样带研究已成为国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)全球变化研究的重要手段与热点。中国东北样带(NECT)已被列为IGBP国际全球变化陆地样带之一。该样带在东经112°与130°30＇之间沿北纬43°30＇设置,长约1600km,是一条中纬度温带以降水为驱动因素的梯度,具有由温带针阔叶混交林向温带草原的3个亚地带——草甸草原、典型草原与荒漠草原过渡的空间系列。该样带上有4个生态实验站。在大量的固定样地、实验调查研究资料与数据的基础上给出了样带的初步梯度分析及在全球变化图景下的预测,包括其地理位置、设置意义、地形地貌、气候梯度、土壤类型、植被类型和土地利用格局,一个遥感数据驱动的模型和NPP模型在整个样带上运行过。今后NECT将在生物地球化学循环(水、C、N、P等与痕量气体CO_2、CH_4等)、生态系统结构、功能与动态、生物多样性、土地利用与土地覆盖、动态全球植被模型(DGVM)以及高分辨率遥感数据应用等方面得到加强,将成为我国全球变化与陆地生态系统(GCTE)与其它IGBP核心项目研究的前沿阵地。     

百年尺度地球系统模式模拟的陆地生态系统碳通量对CO2浓度升高和气候变化的响应

利用了加拿大地球系统模式CanE SM2(Canadian Earth System Model of the CCCma)的结果,针对百年尺度大气CO_2浓度升高和气候变化如何影响陆地生态系统碳通量这一问题,分析了1850—1989年间陆地生态系统碳通量趋势对二者响应,以及与关键气候系统变量的关系。结果表明,140年间,当仅仅考虑CO_2浓度升高影响时,陆地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)增加了117.1 gC m~(-2)a~(-1),土壤呼吸(Rh)增加了98.4 gC m~(-2)a~(-1),净生态系统生产力(NEP)平均增加了18.7 gC m~(-2)a~(-1)。相同情景下,全球陆地生态系统的NPP呈显著增加的线性趋势(约为0.30 PgC/a~2),Rh同样呈显著增加线性趋势(约为0.25 PgC/a~2)。仅仅考虑气候变化单独影响时,NPP平均减少了19.3 gC/m~2,土壤呼吸减少了8.5 gC/m~2,NEP减少了10.8 gC/m~2。在此情景下,整个陆地生态系统的NPP线性变化趋势约为-0.07 PgC/a~2(P0.05),Rh线性变化趋势约为-0.04 PgC/a~2(P0.05)。综合二者的影响,前者是决定陆地生态系统碳通量变化幅度和空间分布的最重要影响因子,其影响明显大于气候变化。值得注意的是,CanE SM2并没有考虑氮素的限制作用,所以CO_2浓度升高对植被的助长作用可能被高估。此外,气候变化的贡献也不容忽视,特别是在亚马逊流域,由于当温度升高、降水和土壤湿度减少,NPP和Rh均呈显著减少趋势。     

内蒙古草甸草原与典型草原地下生物量与生产力季节动态及其碳库潜力

地下根系是草原生态系统的重要组成部分,其生物量及其净生产力对地下碳库具有直接与间接作用,分析地下生物量季节动态与周转对深入揭示草原生态系统碳库动态及其固碳速率与潜力具有重要意义。应用钻土芯法对不同利用方式或管理措施下内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原地下生物量动态及其与温度、降水的相关性研究表明:草甸草原和典型草原地上生物量季节动态均为单峰型曲线,与上月降水显著正相关(P0.05),但地下生物量季节动态表现为草甸草原呈"S"型曲线,典型草原则是双峰型曲线,与温度、降水相关性均不显著(P0.05);两种草原根冠比和地下生物量垂直分布均为指数函数曲线,根茎型草原地下生物量集中在土壤0—5 cm,丛生型草原地下生物量集中于土壤5—10 cm,根冠比值在生长旺季(7—8月份)最小。草甸草原地下净生产力及碳储量范围分别为2167—2953 g m-2a-1和975—1329 gC m-2a-1,典型草原为2342—3333 g m-2a-1和1054—1450 gC m-2a-1,地下净生产力及其碳储量约为地上净生产力及其碳储量的10倍,具有较大的年固碳能力,且相对稳定;地下净生产力与地上净生产力呈显著负相关性(P0.05);地下生物量碳库是地上生物量碳库的10倍左右,适度放牧可增加地下生产力,但长期过度放牧显著降低其地下生物量与生产力,并使其垂直分布趋向于浅层化。     

Temperature‐mediated responses of carbon fluxes to precipitation variabilities in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau

Effects of climate warming and changing precipitation on ecosystem carbon fluxes have been intensively studied. However, how they co‐regulate carbon fluxes is still elusive for some understudied ecosystems. To fill the gap, we examined net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP,) and ecosystem respiration (ER) responses to multilevel of temperature increments (control, warming 1, warming 2, warming 3, warming 4) in three contrasting hydrological growing seasons in a typical semiarid alpine meadow. We found that carbon fluxes responded to precipitation variations more strongly in low‐level warming treatments than in high‐level ones. The distinct responses were attributable to different soil water conditions and community composition under low‐level and high‐level warming during the three growing seasons. In addition, carbon fluxes were much more sensitive to decreased than to increased precipitation in low‐level warming treatments, but not in high‐level ones. At a regional scale, this negative asymmetry was further corroborated. This study reveals that future precipitation changes, particularly decreased precipitation would induce significant change in carbon fluxes, and the effect magnitude is regulated by climate warming size.     

1982-2010年中国草地净初级生产力时空动态及其与气候因子的关系

植被净初级生产力（NPP）及其与气候变化的响应研究是全球变化的核心内容之一。论文基于长时间序列遥感数据和气象数据,通过光能利用率模型（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach, CASA模型）模拟了1982-2010 年中国草地NPP,进而分析其时空变化特征及其与气候水热因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）1982-2010年中国草地年平均NPP为282.0 gC m^-2a^-1,年总NPP的多年平均值为988.3 TgC;空间分布上呈现东南部高西北部低的特征。（2）近30年中国草地NPP增加速率为0.6 gC m^-2a^-1,呈增加趋势的面积占中国草地总面积的67.2%;总体上,中国草地NPP呈极显著和显著增加的比例（35.8%、8.0%）大于呈极显著和显著减少的比例（5.8%、4.8%）;NPP明显增加的区域主要包括青藏高原西部、阿拉善高原、新疆西部;明显降低的区域主要分布在内蒙古地区;不同年代际和不同草地类型的NPP变化趋势差异明显。（3）草地NPP与降水量的相关性高于与温度的相关性。不同草地类型NPP对气温、降水量的响应程度不同,其中温性荒漠草原 、温性草原、温性草甸草原的NPP与降水量均达到显著正相关（P<0.05）。     

宁夏草地土壤有机碳空间特征及其影响因素

草地是重要的碳汇资源库,在陆地生态系统碳循环中扮演着重要角色。探明草地土壤有机碳的空间分布格局及其影响因素对于推动区域生态系统碳汇管理,实现“双碳”目标和绿色高质量发展具有重要意义。以宁夏三种主要草地类型为研究对象,基于野外样点调查,采用结构方程模型,分析了草地土壤有机碳的空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：不同类型草地土壤有机碳含量表现为草甸草原高于典型草原,荒漠草原最低,垂直剖面上均随土壤深度的增加而降低。草甸草原和荒漠草原有机碳空间变异自表层向下逐渐增大,典型草原在20—40 cm土层变异系数达到最大。有机碳分布在区域上从南部六盘山山地向中部干旱风沙带逐渐降低。路矩分析发现,海拔高度、地上生物量、降水量、温度和土壤含水量可解释土壤有机碳空间变异的91.4%。海拔高度对土壤有机碳总效应最大(作用系数为0.78),海拔高度引起的降水和温度等要素区域分异间接影响土壤有机碳含量;地上生物量对土壤有机碳的直接正向效应最大(0.559);降水量对土壤有机碳效应分为直接效应和作用于生物量及土壤含水量的间接影响;温度表现为通过生物量对土壤有机碳间接产生负向效应(-0.259)。宁夏草地土壤有机碳...     

广州市十种森林生态系统的碳循环

为了探讨南亚热带森林生态系统碳循环的规律,在广泛收集资料和试验数据的基础上,对广州10种森林生态系统的碳循环进行研究.结果表明：10种森林生态系统的碳密度在108.35～151.85 t C·hm^-2,其中乔木层碳密度在10.85～48.86 t C·hm^-2,0～60 cm土壤层在87.74～99.01 t C·hm^-2,均低于全国平均水平;从大气流向植被层的碳流量为4.41～9.15 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,植被层流向土壤层的碳流量为0.74～2.06 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,土壤层流向大气层的碳流量为3.94～5.42 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,即系统从大气净吸收碳在0.47～4.97 t C·hm^-2·a^-1之间.各种林分的净系统生产力不同,阔叶林大于针叶林,混交林大于纯林,天然次生林大于人工林.     

CO2浓度倍增、高氮沉降和高降雨对南亚热带人工模拟森林生态系统土壤呼吸的影响

 土壤呼吸响应全球气候变化对全球C循环具有重要作用。应用大型开顶箱(Open-top chamber, OTC)人工控制手段, 研究了大气CO₂浓度倍增、高氮沉降和高降雨处理对南亚热带人工森林生态系统土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明: 对照箱、CO₂浓度倍增处理以及高氮沉降处理下土壤呼吸速率都具有明显的季节变化, 雨季(4~9月)的土壤呼吸速率显著高于旱季(10月至次年3月) (p<0.001); 但高降雨处理下无明显的季节差异(p>0.05)。CO₂浓度倍增能显著提高土壤呼吸速率(p<0.05), 其他处理则变化不大。大气CO₂浓度倍增、高氮沉降、高降雨处理和对照箱的土壤呼吸年通量分别为4 241.7、3 400.8、3 432.0和3 308.4 g CO₂·m^–2·a^–1。但在不同季节, 各种处理对土壤呼吸的影响是不同的。在雨季, 大气CO₂浓度倍增和高氮沉降的土壤呼吸速率显著提高(p<0.05), 其他处理无显著变化; 而在旱季, 高降雨的土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照箱(p<0.05), 氮沉降处理则抑制土壤呼吸作用(p<0.05)。各处理的土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度之间具有显著的指数关系(p<0.001); 当土壤湿度低于15%时, 各处理的土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤湿度具有显著的线性关系(p<0.001)。     

Lagged climatic effects on carbon fluxes over three grassland ecosystems in China

Aims The plasticity of ecosystem responses could buffer and postpone the effects of climates on ecosystem carbon fluxes, but this lagged effect is often ignored. In this study, we used carbon flux data collected from three typical grassland ecosystems in China, including a temperate semiarid steppe in Inner Mongolia (Neimeng site, NM), an alpine shrub-meadow in Qinghai (Haibei site, HB) and an alpine meadow steppe in Tibet (Dangxiong site, DX), to examine the time lagged effects of environmental factors on CO₂ exchange.Methods Eddy covariance data were collected from three typical Chinese grasslands. In linking carbon fluxes with climatic factors, we used their averages or cumulative values within each 12-month period and we called them 'yearly' statistics in this study. To investigate the lagged effects of the climatic factors on the carbon fluxes, the climatic 'yearly' statistics were kept still and the 'yearly' statistics of the carbon fluxes were shifted backward 1 month at a time.Important findings Soil moisture and precipitation was the main factor driving the annual variations of carbon fluxes at the alpine HB and DX, respectively, while the NM site was under a synthetic impact of each climatic factor. The time lagged effect analysis showed that temperature had several months, even half a year lag effects on CO₂ exchange at the three studied sites, while moisture's effects were mostly exhibited as an immediate manner, except at NM. In general, the lagged climatic effects were relatively weak for the alpine ecosystem. Our results implied that it might be months or even 1 year before the variations of ecosystem carbon fluxes are adjusted to the current climate, so such lag effects could be resistant to more frequent climate extremes and should be a critical component to be considered in evaluating ecosystem stability. An improved knowledge on the lag effects could advance our understanding on the driving mechanisms of climate change effects on ecosystem carbon fluxes.     

滨海蓝碳湿地碳汇速率测定方法及中国的研究现状和挑战

滨海盐沼、红树林和海草床蓝碳湿地生态系统具有高效的固碳-储碳能力,准确测定滨海蓝碳湿地生态系统碳汇速率,对于评估滨海湿地碳中和能力、生态恢复新增碳汇规模及碳贸易至关重要。深入思考滨海蓝碳湿地生态系统碳汇定义的内涵,提出狭义碳汇和广义碳汇的概念,介绍沉积物碳累积+植被净初级生产力法以及生态系统碳通量收支法2个目前国际上应用最多的滨海蓝碳湿地碳汇速率测定方法,特别是深入分析作为开放系统的滨海盐沼生态系统和海草床生态系统碳汇速率测定面临的诸多问题与挑战,梳理中国红树林、滨海盐沼和海草床生态系统碳汇速率的测定结果及国家尺度滨海蓝碳湿地生态系统碳汇规模,最后提出中国在滨海蓝碳湿地碳汇速率测定实践中急需加强的基础研究领域,以期为科学地计量中国滨海蓝碳湿地生态系统碳汇速率与碳汇规模提供方法参考和技术支撑。     

内蒙古温带荒漠草原生态系统水热通量动态

基于2008年全年内蒙古温带荒漠草原的水热通量观测数据,对荒漠草原水、热通量的日、季动态进行了分析.结果表明：温带荒漠草原感热通量和潜热通量的日动态均呈单峰型曲线,在12:00-13:30左右达最大值,其与地表净辐射的日变化趋势基本一致,但感热和潜热的峰值出现时间较地表净辐射峰值出现时间滞后约1 h;温带荒漠草原感热通量和潜热通量的日累积最大值分别为319.01和425.37 W·m^-2,分别出现在5月30日和6月2日;月均感热通量与潜热通量的最大值分别出现在5月和6月,最小值分别出现在1月和12月.研究区土壤含水量与降水的相关性较好,表层土壤含水量对降水的反应最敏感,深层土壤水分对降水的反应存在位相滞后.感热通量和潜热通量的季节动态与地表净辐射基本一致,均受降水影响.感热通量受地表净辐射的影响明显,而潜热通量对降水的反应较敏感,且土壤含水量在潜热通量中起主要作用.     

1961-2010年内蒙古草原植被分布和生产力变化——基于MaxEnt模型和综合模型的模拟分析

定量评估气候变化对内蒙古草原植被分布及其净第一性生产力的影响有助于理解干旱区域生态系统结构和功能对气候变化的响应。基于最大熵模型（MaxEnt）评价了气候因子的重要性,进而模拟了1961-2010年内蒙古草原植被的地理分布,同时应用综合模型模拟了净第一性生产力变化。研究表明,湿润指数（MI）、年降水量（P）、最暖月平均温度（T_w）和最冷月平均温度（T_c）是决定草原植被分布的主导气候因子。1961-2010年内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原分布面积分别减少了5%、1%和62%,草原面积整体减少了11%,预示着草原向着荒漠化的方向发展。降水是决定内蒙古草原净第一性生产力变化的最重要因素。     

宁夏典型温性天然草地固碳特征

本文研究了宁夏草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原4种温性典型天然草地生态系统碳储量及其构成特征。结果表明: 草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原植被总生物量分别为1178.91、481.22、292.80和209.09 g·m^-2。其中,地下根系生物量是构成草甸草原和温性草原植被总生物量的主体,分别占总生物量的73.1%和56.6%;地上植被生物量是构成草原化荒漠和荒漠草原植被总生物量的主体,分别占总生物量的50.3%和47.6%;枯落物生物量占比较低,分别仅为8.5%、8.0%、6.4%和16.2%。草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原4种天然草地生态系统碳储量分别为13.90、5.94、2.69和2.37 kg·m^-2,其中植被碳储量分别为470.26、192.23、117.17、83.36 g·m^-2,0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳储量分别为13.43、5.75、2.58和2.29 kg·m^-2,土壤有机碳储量是构成宁夏典型天然草地碳储量的主体,分别占到了生态系统碳储量的96.6%、96.8%、95.6%和96.5%。4种草地类型植被总生物量、植被碳储量、土壤有机碳储量和生态系统碳储量均表现为:草甸草原＞温性草原＞草原化荒漠＞荒漠草原。     

地形对草甸草原植被生产力分布格局的影响

草原植被生产力在陆地生态系统碳平衡分析中扮演重要角色,而地形作为影响植被生产力(NPP)分布格局的重要环境因子在已有的草原遥感监测研究中没有被充分重视。以USGS和GLCF共享MODIS和DEM数据为数据源,选取呼伦贝尔辉河湿地保护区草甸草原核心区为研究对象,在地面光谱生物量模型构建的基础上,采用ARCGIS的空间分析功能对呼伦贝尔草甸草原2000—2012年的NPP分布格局进行了分析。研究结果表明,地形对草甸草原植被生产力分布格局有显著的影响。在海拔高度、坡度和坡向等3个地形因子中,海拔高度引起的NPP变化幅度最大,坡度次之,坡向最小。在总体特征上,海拔高度每升高10m,生产力增加4.78 g/m2;坡度每增加1°生产力增加-1.42 g/m2;N坡向植被生产力水平最高(184.8 g/m2),西南(SW)坡向最低(173.3 g/m2)。从不同地形因子的分布面积特点判断,地形对草甸草原NPP的影响尺度介于土壤环境异质性和草场类型异质性之间。不同生产力水平年份对生产力分布格局的影响趋势一致,但变化幅度不同,在中等生产力水平年份NPP变幅最大。     

Primary Productivity and Precipitation-Use Efficiency in Temperate Grassland in the Loess Plateau of China

Clarifying spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grasslands is critical for effective prediction of the response of terrestrial ecosystem carbon and water cycle to future climate change. Though the combination use of remote sensing products and in situ ANPP measurements, we quantified the effects of climatic [mean annual precipitation (MAP) and precipitation seasonal distribution (PSD)], biotic [leaf area index (LAI)] and abiotic [slope gradient, aspect, soil water storage (SWS) and other soil physical properties] factors on the spatial variations in ANPP and PUE across different grassland types (i.e., meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe) in the Loess Plateau. Based on the study, ANPP increased exponentially with MAP for the entire temperate grassland; suggesting that PUE increased with increasing MAP. Also PSD had a significant effect on ANPP and PUE; where more even PSD favored higher ANPP and PUE. Then MAP, more than PSD, explained spatial variations in typical steppe and desert steppe. However, PSD was the dominant driving factor of spatial variations in ANPP of meadow steppe. This suggested that in terms of spatial variations in ANPP of meadow steppe, change in PSD due to climate change was more important than that in total annual precipitation. LAI explained 78% of spatial PUE in the entire Loess Plateau temperate grassland. As such, LAI was the primary driving factor of spatial variations in PUE. Although the effect of SWS on ANPP and PUE was significant, it was nonetheless less than that of precipitation and vegetation. We therefore concluded that changes in vegetation structure and consequently in LAI and/or altered pattern of seasonal distribution of rainfall due to global climate change could significantly influence ecosystem carbon and water cycle in temperate grasslands.     

Nitrogen economy of alpine plants on the north Tibetan Plateau: Nitrogen conservation by resorption rather than open sources through biological symbiotic fixation

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, and N fixation by legume species is an important source of N input into ecosystems. Meanwhile, N resorption from senescent plant tissues conserves nutrients taken up in the current season, which may alleviate ecosystem N limitation. N fixation was assessed by the ¹⁵N dilution technique in four types of alpine grasslands along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients. The N resorption efficiency (NRE) was also measured in these alpine grasslands. The aboveground biomass in the alpine meadow was 4–6 times higher than in the alpine meadow steppe, alpine steppe, and alpine desert steppe. However, the proportion of legume species to community biomass in the alpine steppe and the alpine desert steppe was significantly higher than the proportion in the alpine meadow. N fixation by the legume plants in the alpine meadow was 0.236 g N/m², which was significantly higher than N fixation in other alpine grasslands (0.041 to 0.089 g N/m²). The NRE in the alpine meadows was lower than in the other three alpine grasslands. Both the aboveground biomass and N fixation of the legume plants showed decreasing trends with the decline of precipitation and soil N gradients from east to west, while the NRE of alpine plants showed increasing trends along the gradients, which indicates that alpine plants enhance the NRE to adapt to the increasing droughts and nutrient‐poor environments. The opposite trends of N fixation and NRE along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients indicate that alpine plants adapt to precipitation and soil nutrient limitation by promoting NRE (conservative nutrient use by alpine plants) rather than biological N fixation (open sources by legume plants) on the north Tibetan Plateau.     

新疆草地净初级生产力(NPP)空间分布格局及其对气候变化的响应

分析植被物候与净初级生产力对气候变化的响应一直是研究全球变化的核心内容之一。新疆草地生态系统极为脆弱,对气候和环境变化的影响十分敏感,在新疆地区开展草地物候和净初级生产力及其对气候变化的响应有着独特的意义。基于遥感数据和野外台站实测数据,利用CASA模型模拟了新疆草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),阐述了2001—2014年新疆地区草地的NPP的空间格局及与气象因子的关系。(1)通过实测生物量精度检验表明,CASA模型基本可以反映新疆地区草地植被NPP。(2)2001—2014年新疆草地NPP平均值为102.49 gC m~(-2) a~(-1)。不同草地类型的NPPA存在明显差异。其中,山地草甸平均NPP最高,达到252.37 gC m~(-2) a~(-1);温性草甸草原次之,为204.93 gC m~(-2) a~(-1)。高寒荒漠和温性荒漠的平均NPP最低,分别为43.94 gC m~(-2) a~(-1),53.11 gC m~(-2) a~(-1)。(3)新疆NPP的空间分布格局具有如下特点:山区NPP高于盆地NPP,北疆NPP高于南疆NPP;(4)降水能够促进新疆草地NPP增加,其中,夏季和秋季的降水对草地NPP的影响最为明显,温度对新疆地区草地NPP影响不大。降雨可以促进新疆草原NPP的增加。特别是在降水量较少但温度较高的草原,如温带荒漠草原、温带草原沙漠、温带沙漠、低地草甸等,年降水量和夏秋降水量对草地NPP有显著影响。温度对新疆草地NPP的影响不大。通过对新疆草地空间格局的分析,研究了草地NPP对气候变化的响应,为合理规划新疆草地的生产和利用,以及草地生态系统的健康发展和应对气候变化提供决策依据。     

Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta‐analysis of experimental manipulation

Global mean temperature is predicted to increase by 2–7 °C and precipitation to change across the globe by the end of this century. To quantify climate effects on ecosystem processes, a number of climate change experiments have been established around the world in various ecosystems. Despite these efforts, general responses of terrestrial ecosystems to changes in temperature and precipitation, and especially to their combined effects, remain unclear. We used meta‐analysis to synthesize ecosystem‐level responses to warming, altered precipitation, and their combination. We focused on plant growth and ecosystem carbon (C) balance, including biomass, net primary production (NPP), respiration, net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem photosynthesis, synthesizing results from 85 studies. We found that experimental warming and increased precipitation generally stimulated plant growth and ecosystem C fluxes, whereas decreased precipitation had the opposite effects. For example, warming significantly stimulated total NPP, increased ecosystem photosynthesis, and ecosystem respiration. Experimentally reduced precipitation suppressed aboveground NPP (ANPP) and NEE, whereas supplemental precipitation enhanced ANPP and NEE. Plant productivity and ecosystem C fluxes generally showed higher sensitivities to increased precipitation than to decreased precipitation. Interactive effects of warming and altered precipitation tended to be smaller than expected from additive, single‐factor effects, though low statistical power limits the strength of these conclusions. New experiments with combined temperature and precipitation manipulations are needed to conclusively determine the importance of temperature–precipitation interactions on the C balance of terrestrial ecosystems under future climate conditions.