围封对内蒙古典型草原与荒漠草原植被-土壤系统碳密度的影响

草地生态系统是巨大的碳库, 在全球碳循环中起着重要的作用。该研究以内蒙古中温带草地区典型草原和荒漠草原为研究对象, 测定了两种草原类型围封与放牧后地上生物量碳密度、地下生物量碳密度和土壤碳密度, 探讨围封对两种草原类型植被-土壤系统碳密度的影响。结果表明: (1)围封显著地增加了典型草原地上和地下生物量的碳密度, 对荒漠草原地上生物量碳密度增加影响显著, 对地下生物量碳密度增加影响不显著; (2)围封显著地增加了典型草原土壤碳密度, 使荒漠草原土壤碳密度有增加的趋势, 但影响不显著; (3)典型草原围封样地地下生物量和土壤碳密度的垂直分布显著高于放牧样地, 而荒漠草原围封样地地下生物量和土壤碳密度的垂直分布与放牧样地的差异不显著; (4)围封分别提高了典型草原和荒漠草原植被-土壤系统碳密度的2.2倍和1.6倍, 典型草原和荒漠草原分别有超过65%和89%的碳储存在土壤中, 两种草原类型的地下生物量碳库均占总生物量碳库的90%以上。研究结果表明围封能够有效地增加草原生态系统的碳储量。     

恢复状态下羊草（Leymus chinensis）草原植被根冠比动态及影响因子

利用内蒙古羊草草原围栏样地连续两年的地上、地下生物量数据和当地同时期的降水、气温资料,分析了退化羊草草原,在恢复过程中植被根冠比动态及与水热因子之间的关系。研究结果表明：（1）羊草草原植被地上、地下生物量季节变化均呈单峰型曲线,峰值出现在8月。（2）羊草草原植被根冠比具有明显的季节变化,生长季初和生长季末根冠比值较大,最低值出现在地上生物量最高的8月中下旬。（3）羊草草原植被月根冠比与上上月月降水量相关关系极显著,与七月平均气温相关关系显著;以根冠比为因变量,上上月月降水量、上月平均气温为自变量可分别建立线性回归方程。该方程可以较好地模拟羊草草原植被生长季内月根冠比的动态变化,这样在草地恢复过程中,可由上月的水热因子来指导下月的草地管理,并为更准确地估算草原生态系统生产力及碳储存动态提供重要参数。     

青海海北地区高山蒿草草甸植物群落生物量动态及能量分配

 对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸、矮嵩草(K．humilis)草甸、藏嵩草(K．tibetica)沼泽化草甸地上生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年际动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示： Wi＝Ki/(1+exp(Ai-Bit)) 植物群落地上、地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的地上净生产量依次为368.4g·m-2·a-1、418.5g·m-2·a-1和518.4g·m-2·a-1,所固定的太阳能值依次为6655.16kJ·m-2·a-1、7610.09kJ·m-2·a-1、9488.77kJ·m-2·a-1。光能利用率分别为0.1097％、0.1256％、0.1568％。     

中国北方草地生物量动态及其与气候因子的关系

草地生态系统在全球碳循环中扮演重要角色. 中国草地约占中国陆地面积的1/3, 但对其碳库大小、动态及其与气候变化的关系缺乏系统研究. 基于341个样地调查的地上、地下生物量资料和1982~2006年的卫星遥感数据, 利用地上生物量与遥感数据之间及地上生物量与地下生物量之间的关系, 估算了中国北方草地生物量碳库及其空间分布, 分析了过去25年生物量碳密度和碳库的时间动态及其与气候变化的关系. 结果显示: (1) 中国北方草地生物量碳库为557.5 Tg C, 地上、地下生物量密度分别为39.5和244.6 g C/m², 地下部分占总生物量碳库的86%; (2) 1982~2006年间中国草地生物量碳库呈微弱增加趋势, 平均年增量为0.2 Tg C, 但自20世纪80年代末, 草地生物量并未呈现显著的变化趋势; (3) 草地生物量的年际波动主要受1~7月降水的影响, 而与温度关系较弱. 不同草地类型之间生物量-气候关系存在一定差异, 较为干旱的荒漠草原和典型草原的生物量波动与降水关系密切; 高寒草甸的生物量则与1~7月均温显著正相关, 而与降水的关系较弱. 结果表明, 不同草地生态系统对未来气候变化的响应可能存在差异.     

放牧对草原生态系统地下生产力及生物量的影响

放牧作为一种人类活动的干扰因子,主要通过动物的采食、践踏及其排泄物的输入对草原生态系统产生影响,这些影响直接作用于草原生态系统的地上部分和土壤,从而影响草原生态系统的物质生产和分配,进而影响到地下生产力和生物量.以蒙古克氏针茅 Stipakrylovii -冷蒿 Artemisiafrigida 草原为研究对象,对自由放牧区和围栏禁牧封育区草原生态系统地下生产力、生物量进行了比较研究.结果表明:自由放牧区草原生态系统地下生产力为147.6g·m-2·y-1,围栏禁牧封育区地下生产力达187.3g·m-2·y-1,二者地下生产力差异显著 α=0.05 ,说明封育保护可以提高过牧草原生态系统的地下生产力.地下生物量在自由放牧区为2032.6g·m-2,其中活地下生物量占54.9%,死地下生物量占45.1%;在围栏禁牧封育区平均为2071.8g·m-2,其中活地下生物量占56.4%,死地下生物量占43.6%,两者没有明显差异.地下生物量在土壤中垂直分布规律在两个试验区均表现为自地表向下呈指数函数减小,主要集中分布在0～30cm的土层.     

青藏高原高寒草甸植被和土壤对短期禁牧的响应

为探讨青藏高原高寒草甸对短期禁牧的响应,设置冬季自由放牧和短期(2年)禁牧的对比试验。采用随机样方法调查植被群落盖度,分析地上和地下生物量、根冠比、植被地上和地下部分以及表层(0-10cm)土壤全碳、全氮和全磷含量、生态化学计量以及营养元素的关联性。研究结果显示:1)短期禁牧显著改变高寒草甸植被盖度、地上生物量、根冠比、植被全磷含量和N∶P,以及土壤全磷含量。2)相关性分析表明,禁牧后土壤全碳含量与植被地上全碳含量呈显著相关性,自由放牧后土壤全碳和全氮含量分别与植被地下部分全碳和全氮含量呈显著相关性。结果表明,不同的草原管理措施(禁牧、放牧)会改变高寒草甸植被与土壤养分分配及其平衡关系,同时,植被与表层土壤主要养分含量之间的关联性仅存在于部分植物器官与部分营养元素之间。     

Effects of enclosure on carbon density of plant-soil system in typical steppe and desert steppe in Nei Mongol,China

草地生态系统是巨大的碳库, 在全球碳循环中起着重要的作用。该研究以内蒙古中温带草地区典型草原和荒漠草原为研究对象, 测定了两种草原类型围封与放牧后地上生物量碳密度、地下生物量碳密度和土壤碳密度, 探讨围封对两种草原类型植被-土壤系统碳密度的影响。结果表明: (1)围封显著地增加了典型草原地上和地下生物量的碳密度, 对荒漠草原地上生物量碳密度增加影响显著, 对地下生物量碳密度增加影响不显著; (2)围封显著地增加了典型草原土壤碳密度, 使荒漠草原土壤碳密度有增加的趋势, 但影响不显著; (3)典型草原围封样地地下生物量和土壤碳密度的垂直分布显著高于放牧样地, 而荒漠草原围封样地地下生物量和土壤碳密度的垂直分布与放牧样地的差异不显著; (4)围封分别提高了典型草原和荒漠草原植被-土壤系统碳密度的2.2倍和1.6倍, 典型草原和荒漠草原分别有超过65%和89%的碳储存在土壤中, 两种草原类型的地下生物量碳库均占总生物量碳库的90%以上。研究结果表明围封能够有效地增加草原生态系统的碳储量。     

荒漠草原与典型草原NPP、碳积累对不同降雨年份和利用方式的响应

不同草原利用方式正在影响着内蒙古的草原生态系统,而且在未来降水空间格局变化的背景下,它们共同决定了生态系统植被类型、净初级生产力(NPP)和生态系统碳积累。选取内蒙古中部两个重要的草地类型:荒漠草原和典型草原,研究不同草原利用方式(围栏禁牧、划区轮牧、割草、自由放牧)植物群落在降雨量不同的两个生长季节地上(ANPP)、地下净初级生产力(BNPP)的变化,同时也评估了植物群落的碳积累,研究结果表明:1)在降雨量亏缺年份,与围封相比,荒漠草原自由放牧区ANPP、BNPP及碳积累分别下降了57.1%、51.7%和56.0%,而典型草原自由放牧区分别下降了18.4%、25.1%和17.9%。2)在降雨量充足年份,与围封相比,荒漠草原划区轮牧区ANPP、BNPP以及碳积累分别增加了18.2%、9.8%和21.9%,而典型草原各处理下围封禁牧区ANPP仍是最高;3)两种草地类型下,降雨量对自由放牧的调控作用高于其它草地利用方式;4)荒漠草原ANPP在丰雨年是欠雨年的2倍,而典型草原仅增加了79.0%,降雨量对荒漠草原生产力的季节调控作用远高于典型草原。在未来全球气候变暖和降水格局变化的情况下,荒漠草原降雨量是影响荒漠植物群落NPP和碳积累的主导因子。     

内蒙古草甸草原地下芽库对极端干旱的响应

全球变化引发的极端气候事件严重影响草地生态系统结构与功能。然而,作为多年生草地重要繁殖体库,半干旱草甸草原地下芽库如何响应极端干旱尚未明确。本研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为对象,利用模拟极端干旱样地平台,探究地下芽库及其与地上植被关系对模拟生长季极端干旱的响应。结果表明,环境降水水平与干旱处理下总芽密度分别为1443和1128芽·m^-2;分株总密度分别为1791和1346株·m^-2;群落整体分生组织制约系数分别为0.84和0.83。极端干旱对草甸草原地下芽库、地上分株密度以及二者之间关联均无显著影响。就优势植物功能群根茎型禾草而言,极端干旱对其地下芽库同样无显著影响。因此,地下芽库表现出对极端干旱一定程度的抵抗力,可作为草甸草原植被应对极端气候事件的保险策略,有效促进草甸草原在极端气候胁迫下的种群更新与植被恢复,有助于草甸草原植被稳定性与生态系统功能维持。     

青海海北地区高山嵩草草甸植物群落生物量动脉及能量分配

对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草草甸,矮嵩草草甸,藏嵩草沼经草甸地下生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年示动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具有明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示：Ｗｉ＝Ｋｉ（１＋ｅｘｐ（Ａｉ－Ｂｉｔ）植物群落地上,地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。     

Observation and modeling of plant biomass of meadow steppe in Tumugi, Xingan League, Inner Mongolia, China

We examined the long-term dynamics of plant biomass of Filifolium sibiricum steppe, Stipa baicalensis steppe and Leymus chinense (syn. Aneurolepidium chinense) steppe relative to interannual variation of precipitation and temperature during 1981–1990 in the Tumugi, Xingan League, eastern Inner Mongolia of China. On the average, annual precipitation was 41.1 cm. Peak live aboveground biomass (PLAB) was 152 g m^-2 for F. sibiricum steppe and S. baicalensis steppe and 162 g m^-2 for L. chinense steppe. Peak live belowground biomass (PLBB) varied between 968 g m^-2 for F. sibiricum steppe and 1022 g m^-2 for L. chinense steppe. The coefficient of variation (CV) in annual precipitation (25%) was lower than the CV in PLAB (35% to 37%) but larger than the CV in PLBB (10%) of the three meadow steppe sites. Rain use efficiency was 3.6 gDM m^-2 cm^-1 yr^-1 for F. sibiricum steppe and S. baicalensis steppe, and 3.9 gDM m^-2 cm^-1 yr^-1 for L. chinense steppe, respectively.Using the CENTURY ecosystem model, simulation results agreed reasonably well with the observed soil organic matter, seasonal dynamics and interannual variation of plant biomass of these three steppe sites during 1981–1990. The CENTURY model is slightly more successful than the empirical regression models that use annual precipitation to estimate PLAB of these meadow steppe over time. Both seasonal distribution and interannal variation in precipitation and temperature are the important controls of temporal dynamics of plant biomass, rain use efficiency, carbon flux and storage of these meadow steppe ecosystems over time.     

新疆天山中段巴音布鲁克高山草地碳含量及其垂直分布

对新疆天山中段巴音布鲁克高山草地(高山草原和高山草甸)的生物量和土壤有机碳进行了测定。结果表明积分和分层两种估算方法得到的土壤有机碳含量没有显著差异,但积分算法的优势在于能推算不同深度的土壤有机碳含量,便于与以往的研究进行比较;高山草甸的生物量和土壤有机碳含量均大于高山草原;其地上生物量分别为71.4和94.9 g C·m^-2,地下生物量分别为1 033.5和1 285.2 g C·m^-2; 1 m深度的土壤有机碳含量分别为25.7和38.8 kg·m^-2;地上生物量呈现较为明显的垂直分布格局,即随着海拔的增加,地上生物量先呈增加趋势,但当海拔超过一定界限后生物量突然下降;土壤含水率是导致南坡(阳坡)土壤有机碳含量空间分异的重要因素,但北坡(阴坡) 土壤有机碳含量还可能与地形、土壤质地等其它因素有关;两种高山草地(高山草原和高山草甸)的根系集中分布在40 cm以内,0~20 cm根系分别占其总量的76%和80%;土壤有机碳集中分布在60 cm以内,0~20 cm土壤有机碳分别占其总量的55%和49%;高山草原根系分布比高山草甸深,但较低的地下/地上比使得其有机碳分布比高山草甸浅。     

青藏高原矮嵩草草甸地下和地上生物量分配格局及其与气象因子的关系

基于2006—2015年青海海北站10年生物量及气候因子监测数据,分析了青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸生物量的季节及年际动态,并探讨了气候因子对其影响。结果表明:(1)季节尺度上,高寒矮嵩草草甸地上生物量表现为单峰变化曲线,8月为其峰值点,为(345.72±27.01) g/m~2,代表了高寒草甸的地上净初级生产力。而地下根系的现存量变化较为复杂,其中5—7月呈现持续上升趋势,8月快速下降,之后9月份急剧,且各月份之间未达到显著水平(P0.05);年际尺度上,10年间高寒矮嵩草草甸地上生物量整体呈现波动增加趋势,2014年为其峰值点,达(437.12±32.01) g/m~2。地下生物量呈现波动性变化,变异较大,10年间平均值为(2566.99±138.11) g/m~2;(2)高寒草甸光合产物分配主要分布在地下,80%地下根系生物量分布于地表0—10 cm土层,且不同土层根系生物量占总地下生物量的比值在不同月份较为稳定。(3)气候因子中,大气相对湿度是影响高寒草甸地上生物量大小的主要因素;而气候因子对地下根系生物量的影响极为微弱。研究表明,高寒嵩草草甸对环境变化具有较高的自我调节能力,且高寒草甸的演化受制于人类干扰,而非气候变化。     

Estimating net primary productivity of grasslands from field biomass measurements in temperate northern China

Data on field biomass measurements in temperate grasslands of northern China (141 samples from 74 sites) were obtained from 23 Chinese journals, reports and books. Net primary productivity (NPP) of grasslands was estimated using three algorithms (peak live biomass, peak standing crop and maximum minus minimum live biomass), respectively, based on availability of biomass data in sites. 135 samples which have aboveground biomass (AGB) measurements, have peak AGB ranges from 20 to 2021 g m^–2 (mean = 325.3) and the aboveground NPP (ANPP) ranges from 15 to 1647.1 g m^–2 per year (mean = 295.7). 72 samples which have belowground biomass (BGB) measurements, have peak BGB ranges from 226.5 to 12827.5 g m^–2 (mean = 3116) and the belowground NPP (BNPP) ranges from 15.8 to 12827.5 g m^–2 per year (mean = 2425.6). In total 66 samples have the total NPP (TNPP), ranging from 55.3 to 13347.8 g m^–2 per year (mean = 2980.3). Mean peak biomass and NPP varied from different geographical sampling locations, but they had a general rough regularity in ten grasslands. Meadow, mountain and alpine grasslands had high biomass and NPP (sometimes including saline grassland). Forested steppe, saline grassland and desert had median values. Meadowed and typical steppes had low biomass and NPP (sometimes including desert). The lowest biomass and NPP occurred in deserted steppe and stepped desert. Grassland ANPP has significant positive relationships with annual and summer precipitation as well as summer temperature (all p<0.01). However, grassland BNPP and TNPP have more significant negative relationships with summer temperature (p<0.01) than with annual temperature (p<0.05). The analysis of climate – productivity correlations implied that aboveground productivity is more controlled by rainfall, whereas belowground and total productivity is more influenced by temperature in the temperate grasslands of northern China. The present study might underestimate grassland NPP in northern China due to limitation of biomass measurements. Data on relative long-term aboveground and belowground biomass dynamics, as well as data of standing dead matter, litterfall, decomposition and turnover, are required if grassland NPP is to be more accurately estimated and the role of temperate grasslands in the regional to global carbon cycles is to be fully appreciated. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of northern China

The relationship between plant species richness and primary productivity has long been a central topic in biodiversity research. In this paper, we examine the relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of Northern China at different spatial scales. At the community scale, a positive correlation was found for six of seven communities. A unimodal pattern was found only for one community (Stipa glareosa community), while at a large scale (vegetation type or landscape/region), the relationship was also found significantly positive. Species richness ranged from 4 to 35 species, and community aboveground productivity from 13 to 368 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹. The highest species richness and aboveground productivity were found in alpine meadow, followed by meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe. Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2006, 14(1): 21–28 [译自: 生物多样性]     

Biomass and Its Allocation in Relation to Temperature,Precipitation, and Soil Nutrients in Inner Mongolia Grasslands,China

Aim

Understanding and predicting ecosystem functioning such as biomass accumulation requires an accurate assessment of large-scale patterns of biomass distribution and partitioning in relation to climatic and soil environments.

Methods

We sampled above- and belowground biomass from 26 sites spanning 1500 km in Inner Mongolian grasslands, compared the difference in aboveground, belowground biomass and below-aboveground biomass ratio (AGB, BGB, and B/A, respectively) among meadow steppe, typical steppe, and desert steppe types. The relationships between AGB, BGB, B/A and climatic and soil environments were then examined.

Results

We found that AGB and BGB differed significantly among three types of grasslands while B/A did not differ. Structural equation model analyses indicated that mean annual precipitation was the strongest positive driver for AGB and BGB. AGB was also positively associated with soil organic carbon, whereas B/A was positively associated with total soil nitrogen.

Conclusions

These results indicated that precipitation positively influence plant production in Inner Mongolian grasslands. Contrary to the prediction from the optimal partitioning hypothesis, biomass allocation to belowground increased with soil total nitrogen, suggesting that more productive sites may increase belowground allocation as an adaptive strategy to potentially high fire frequencies.     

Phytolith‐occluded carbon sequestration potential in three major steppe types along a precipitation gradient in Northern China

Phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) is an important long‐term stable carbon fraction in grassland ecosystems and plays a promising role in global carbon sequestration. Determination of the PhytOC traits of different plants in major grassland types is crucial for precisely assessing their phytolith carbon sequestration potential. Precipitation is the predominant factor in controlling net primary productivity (NPP) and species composition of the semiarid steppe grasslands. We selected three representative steppe communities of the desert steppe, the dry typical steppe, and the wet typical steppe in Northern Grasslands of China along a precipitation gradient, to investigate their species composition, biomass production, and PhytOC content for quantifying its long‐term carbon sequestration potential. Our results showed that (a) the phytolith and PhytOC contents in plants differed significantly among species, with dominant grass and sedge species having relatively high contents, and the contents are significantly higher in the below‐ than the aboveground parts. (b) The phytolith contents of plant communities were 16.68, 17.94, and 15.85 g/kg in the above‐ and 86.44, 58.73, and 76.94 g/kg in the belowground biomass of the desert steppe, the dry typical steppe, and the wet typical steppe, respectively; and the PhytOC contents were 0.68, 0.48, and 0.59 g/kg in the above‐ and 1.11, 0.72, and 1.02 g/kg in the belowground biomass of the three steppe types. (c) Climatic factors affected phytolith and PhytOC production fluxes of steppe communities mainly through altering plant production, whereas their effects on phytolith and PhytOC contents were relatively small. Our study provides more evidence on the importance of incorporating belowground PhytOC production for estimating phytolith carbon sequestration potential and suggests it crucial to quantify belowground PhytOC production taking into account of plant perenniality and PhytOC deposition over multiple years.     

典型草原建群种羊草对氮磷添加的生理生态响应

由于人类活动和气候变化的共同作用, 大气氮(N)沉降日益加剧, 使得陆地生态系统中的可利用性N显著增加, 生态系统更易受其他元素如磷(P)的限制。然而, 目前关于N、P养分添加对草原生态系统不同组织水平的影响研究较少, 相关机制尚不清楚。该文以内蒙古典型羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原为研究对象, 通过连续两年(2011-2012年)的N和P养分添加实验, 研究建群种羊草的生理生态性状、种群生物量和群落初级生产力对N、P添加的响应及其适应机制。结果表明: 羊草草原不同组织水平对N、P添加的响应不同。群落水平上, 地上净初级生产力在不同降水年份均受N和P元素的共同限制, N、P共同添加显著提高了地上净初级生产力; 物种水平上, N、P添加对羊草种群生物量和密度, 以及相对生物量均没有显著影响, 表明羊草能够维持种群的相对稳定; 个体水平上, 在正常降水年份(2011年), 羊草生长主要受N素限制, 而在湿润年份(2012年), 降水增加使得羊草生长没有受到明显的养分限制。羊草通过增加比叶面积、叶片大小和叶片N含量, 提高整体光合能力, 以促进个体生长。总之, 内蒙古典型草原群落净初级生产力受N、P元素共同限制, 作为建群种的羊草, 其对N、P添加的响应因组织水平而异, 也受年际间降水变化的影响。     

不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量特征

草地生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原不同放牧强度样地为研究对象,通过分析地上植物、凋落物、根系、土壤中有机碳和土壤轻组有机碳,研究草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量的变化特征,从碳储量角度为合理利用草原提供指导。研究结果表明:(1)不同放牧强度荒漠草原地上植物碳储量为11.98—44.51 g/m~2,凋落物碳储量10.43—36.12 g/m~2,根系(0—40cm)碳储量502.30—804.31 g/m~2,且对照区(CK)均显著高于中度放牧区(MG)、重度放牧区(HG);(2)0—40cm土壤碳储量为7817.43—9694.16 g/m~2,其中轻度放牧区(LG)碳储量为9694.16 g/m~2,显著高于CK、HG(P0.05);(3)植被—土壤系统的碳储量为8342.14—10494.80 g/m~2,LGMGCKHG,有机碳主要储存于土壤当中,占比约90.54%—93.71%,适度放牧利用有利于发挥草地生态系统的碳汇功能;(4)土壤轻组有机碳储量为484.20—654.62 g/m~2,LG储量最高,表明适度放牧有助于草原土壤营养物质的循环和积累。