新疆农业绿洲生态建设的探讨

新疆农业绿洲生态建设的探讨夏爱林（新疆农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,乌鲁木齐８３００００）ＡｎＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｔｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＯａｓｃｓｉｎＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇ￥ＸｉａＡｉｌｉｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｚｅｒｓ,ＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｕｒｏｍｑｉ８３００００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏ－ｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：６７－７０。Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒａｒｉｄａｒｅａｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ,ｔｈｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｏａｓｅｓｉｎＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇｐｏｓｓｅｓｓｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ：１．ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｄｅｓｅｒｔａｎｄｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄ,ａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｆａｃｔｏｒｆｏｒｔｈｅｉｒｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌ－ｏｐｒｎｅｎｔ,２．ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｂｕｎｄａｎｔｌｉｇｈｔ,ｈｅａｔａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｇｒｅａｔｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｒｐｒｏｄ     

景天科新分类群

景天科新分类群＊庄璇（中国科学院昆明植物研究所，昆明６５０２０４）ＮＥＷＴＡＸＡＯＦＣＲＡＳＳＵＬＡＣＥＡＥＺｈｕａｎｇＸｕａｎ（Ｈ．Ｃｈｕａｎｇ）（ＫｕｎｍｉｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，...     

生态网络分析的研究进展

生态网络分析的研究进展韩博平（厦门大学生物系,３６１００５）ＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＥｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ￥ＨａｎＢｏｐｉｎｇ（ＢｉｏｌｏｇｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ,ＸｉａｍｅｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｘｉａｍｅｎ３６１００５）;ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：４１－４５．Ｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｓａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｍｏｄｅｌｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｉｎｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ。Ｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｓｔｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｔｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄｆｅａｔｕｒｅｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｉｎｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ,ｉｔｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｆｌｏｗｆｅａｔｕｒｅ,ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ,ｓｔｏｃｈａｓｔｉｃｐｒｏ－ｃｅｓｓ,ｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ．Ａｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙｇｉｖｅｎ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ     

南方丘陵山区农业生态环境的改善：—以五华县新一村为例

南方丘陵山区农业生态环境的改善──以五华县新一村为例钟继洪,唐淑英,谭军（广东省土壤研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＩｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｃｎｔｏｆＡｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＨＩｉｌｌｙａｎｄＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＡｒｃａｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａ：ＴａｋｉｎｇＸｉｎｙｉＶｉｌｌａｇｅｏｆＷｕｈｕａＣｏｕｎｔｙａｓａｎＥｘａｍｐｌｅ￥．ＺｈｏｎｇＪｉｈｏｎｇ,ＴａｎｇＳｈｕｙｉｎｇ,ＴａｎＪｕｎ（ＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇＩｎｓｔｉ－ｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０６５０）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：５２－５４．ＸｉｎｙｉｖｉｌｌａｇｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｈｉｌｌｙａｎｄｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓａｒｅａｉｎＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｐｒｏ－ｌｏｎｇｅｄｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｘｐｌｏｉｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ｉｔｓａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｗａｓｗｏｒｓｅｎｅｄ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｈａｒｎｅｓｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｏｆｔ     

兴安盟山杏灌木草原的排序

兴安盟山杏灌木草原的排序王晓江,章中,刘永军,章海波（内蒙古林业科学研究院,呼和浩特０１００１０）ＯｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｒｕｎｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａＳｈｒｕｂ－ＳｔｅｐｐｅｓｉｎＸｉｎｇａｎＬｅａｇｕｅ,ＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａ￥ＷａｎｇＸｉａｏｊｉａｎｇ;ＺｈａｎｇＺｏｎｇ;ＬｉｕＹｏｎｇｊｕｎ;ＺｈａｎｇＨａｉｂｏ（ＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｈｕｈｈｏｔ０１００１０）．Ｃｈｉ－ｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：２９－３２。ＴｈｅＰｒｕｎｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａｓｈｒｕｂ－ｓｔｅｐｐｅｓｉｎＸｉｎｇａｎＬｅａｇｕｅｏｆＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａａｒｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｕｓｉｎｇａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｏｒ－ｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ,ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｐｏｌａｒｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ（ＰＯ）,ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（ＰＣＡ）ｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（ＣＯＡ）ｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ,２２ｐｏｌｔｓｏｆＰｒｕｎｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａｓｈｒｕｂ－ｓｔｅｐｐｅｓａｒｅｃ     

克隆哺乳动物的一些进展

克隆哺乳动物的一些进展陈秀兰（中国科学院遗传研究所,北京１００１０１）ＲｅｃｅｎｔＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｉｎＭａｍｍａｌｉａｎＣｌｏｎｉｎｇＣｈｅｎＸｉｕｌａｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｎｅｔｉｃｓ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｂｅｉ...     

新疆阿尔泰山驼鹿的初步考察

新疆阿尔泰山驼鹿的初步考察ＡＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＩＮＳＰＥＣＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＥＬＫ（ＡＬＣＥＳＡＬＣＥＳ）ＩＮＸＩＮＪＩＡＮＧＡＬＴＡＩＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇ;Ｅｌｋ（Ａｌｃｅｓａｌｃｅｓ）１９９４年７－８月,我们受新疆...     

杂草抗药性研究的进展

杂草抗药性研究的进展钱希（江苏省国营黄海农场,响水县２２４６２４）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｆＨｅｒｂｉｃｉｄｅｓ＿ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅＷｅｅｄｓ．ＱｉａｎＸｉ（ＴｈｅＹｅｌｏｗＳｅａＳｔａｔｅＦａｒｍ,ＸｉａｎｇｓｈｕｉＣｏｕｎｔ...     

生物固氮作用机理

生物固氮作用机理李佳格徐继（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）ＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＳＭＯＦＢＩＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＮＩＴＲＯＧＥＮＦＩＸＡＴＩＯＮＬｉＪｉａ－ｇｅＸｕＪｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ...     

中国紫堇属新分类群

中国紫堇属新分类群＊苏志云（中国科学院昆明植物研究所，昆明６５０２０４）ＮＥＷＴＡＸＡＯＦＣＯＲＹＤＡＬＩＳＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡＳｕＺｈｉｙｕｎ（ＫｕｎｍｉｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｋｕｎｍ...     

克隆植物生长型的研究进展

克隆植物生长型的研究进展陈尚李自珍王刚（国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,青岛２６６００３）（兰州大学,７３００００）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｆＧｒｏｗｔｈＦｏｒｍｏｆｔｈｅＣｌｏｎａｌＰｌａｎｔ．ＣｈｅｎＳｈａｎｇ（ＦｉｒｓｔＩｎｓｔｉｔ...     

Wetland hydrologic class change from prior to European settlement to present on the Des Moines Lobe, Iowa

It has been hypothesized that wetland restoration policies have favored the restoration of the wettest classes of wetlands on the Des Moines Lobe of the prairie pothole region. To test this hypothesis we compared pre-drainage wetland distributions based on soils data and National Wetland Inventory (NWI) estimates of contemporary wetland distributions on the Des Moines Lobe. Based on the NWI data, the Des Moines Lobe today has only 3–4% of the wetland area that it had prior to the onset of drainage. On the basis of their soils, pre-drainage wetlands were predominantly temporarily flooded to saturated wetlands (84%), with only about 6% of the wetlands with water regimes classified as semi-permanently to permanently flooded. Depending on the interpretation of wetland modifiers on NWI maps, wetlands classified by the NWI as semi-permanent to permanently flooded make up more than 41% of the wetland area while wetlands with temporarily flooded to saturated water regimes account for 45–58% of the Lobe’s wetland area. The water regimes of contemporary wetlands when compared to their historic regimes suggest that many of today’s wetlands have different water regimes than they did prior to the onset of drainage. Because of the regional lowering of the groundwater table, many of today’s wetlands have drier water regimes, but some have wetter water regimes because they receive drainage tile inputs. Our results indicate that restoration has favored the wettest classes of wetlands and that temporarily to saturated wetland classes have not been restored in proportion to their relative abundance in the pre-drainage landscape.     

A new tool for the assessment of severe anthropogenic eutrophication in small shallow water bodies

Unlike in deep stratified lakes, the assessment of eutrophication in shallow aquatic systems (i.e., wetlands, marshes, ponds) should be based on the interaction between water and sediment. The availability of P to primary producers is naturally higher in shallow systems, because the sediment plays an active part via adsorption, precipitation and release processes. Thus, many wetlands in protected areas are naturally eutrophic and have a high trophic status due to intrinsic features and thus, display a high concentration of total-P in the water without necessarily implying pollution or poor quality. We have provided a diagnostic tool based on the chemical equilibrium of dissolved reactive P (operationally-defined as o-P) between water and sediment that distinguish anthropogenic eutrophication from a background of natural eutrophy. When the P-binding capacity of the sediment becomes saturated, the o-P concentration increases in the water as long as both the biological uptake and the sediment adsorption are unable to cope with the rate of P-release from the sediment under a long-term P load (or severe anthropogenic eutrophication). In such conditions, we have found that the ratio of total-P/particulate-P exceeds 2.0 in the water, and have used this threshold to validate this tool in other sets of wetlands.     

Influence of different vegetation types on saturated hydraulic conductivity in alluvial topsoils

In the Parí? creek catchment (southwestern part of Slovakia), the influence of different vegetation types on selected soil properties in alluvial topsoils was studied. Specifically, the effect on saturated hydraulic conductivity considered as indicator of water transport process and the effect on soil bulk density considered as indicator of soil structure were analysed. Due to the mutual influence of plant roots on soil properties, the root biomass was also estimated and its relationship to the studied soil properties was explored. Reed and tall-sedge wetlands and alluvial wet meadows represented the studied vegetation types. Adjacent arable lands (former grasslands) with corn were included for comparison. In total, 64 samples were used for comparative analysis. A standard methodology for measurement of the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the so-called falling head technique was used on 250 cm³ soil cores. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from the depth of 5 cm. Analysis of variance, mutual comparison of mean values and correlation matrix were used for statistical analyses. Measurements showed significantly higher values of saturated hydraulic conductivity for topsoils in wetlands (6.2 m day^?1 on average) compared to mown grasslands (1.47 m day^?1) and arable land (0.79 m day^?1). The results indicated a specific significance of wetlands in relation to water transport processes in alluvial topsoils.     

Two Fixed Ratio Dilutions for Soil Salinity Monitoring in Hypersaline Wetlands

Highly soluble salts are undesirable in agriculture because they reduce yields or the quality of most cash crops and can leak to surface or sub-surface waters. In some cases salinity can be associated with unique history, rarity, or special habitats protected by environmental laws. Yet in considering the measurement of soil salinity for long-term monitoring purposes, adequate methods are required. Both saturated paste extracts, intended for agriculture, and direct surface and/or porewater salinity measurement, used in inundated wetlands, are unsuited for hypersaline wetlands that often are only occasionally inundated. For these cases, we propose the use of 1:5 soil/water (weight/weight) extracts as the standard for expressing the electrical conductivity (EC) of such soils and for further salt determinations. We also propose checking for ion-pairing with a 1:10 or more diluted extract in hypersaline soils. As an illustration, we apply the two-dilutions approach to a set of 359 soil samples from saline wetlands ranging in ECe from 2.3 dS m^-1 to 183.0 dS m^-1. This easy procedure will be useful in survey campaigns and in the monitoring of soil salt content.     

Hydrodynamics of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Tracer tests with rhodamine WT and numerical modelling

Typical unsteady unsaturated conditions can profoundly affect the hydrodynamics of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this study we analyzed the hydrodynamics of a 33 m² vertical flow pilot plant, treating municipal secondary effluents. Three different saturation conditions were analyzed under several constant flux regimes: complete saturation, partial saturation with the free water table 20 cm over the bottom of the bed, and complete drainage. Tracer tests were performed in steady state conditions by dosing rhodamine WT as square input signals. Breakthrough curves were analyzed by means of both a classical residence time distribution analysis and an originally developed numerical plug-flow model with longitudinal dispersion adapted to the unsaturated conditions. We found that the degree of global mixing in the vertical flow constructed wetland increased as the water content increased; this effect was controlled by the hydraulic residence time of the system. Conversely, the degree of local mixing was inversely affected by water content; the dispersivity was 4.5, 10, and 14 cm for fully saturated, partially saturated and draining conditions, respectively. We explain the dependency of dispersivity on water content in physical terms; however, further studies are needed to mathematically include this relationship in numerical models that describe the behaviour of vertical flow constructed wetlands.     

六种泥炭藓形态结构特征对其持水能力的影响

本研究选取贵州都匀市毛尖镇螺蛳壳风景区沼泽湿地的6种泥炭藓属(Sphagnum)植物,分别测量其主茎粗、株高,计数侧枝数和分枝数,并计算其饱和吸水率、外吸水率、内吸水率、透明细胞面积占比、侧枝密度等指标.结果显示:(1)6种泥炭藓饱和吸水率大小依次为狭叶泥炭藓(S.cuspidatum Ehrh)(2518.99％)>...     

Associations between water quality, Pasteurella multocida, and avian cholera at Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge

We studied patterns in avian cholera mortality, the presence of Pasteurella multocida in the water or sediment, and water chemistry characteristics in 10 wetlands at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex (California, USA), an area of recurrent avian cholera epizootics, during the winters of 1997 and 1998. Avian cholera outbreaks (>or=50 dead birds) occurred on two wetlands during the winter of 1997, but no P. multocida were recovered from 390 water and 390 sediment samples from any of the 10 wetlands. No mortality events were observed on study wetlands during the winter of 1998; however, P. multocida was recovered from water and sediment samples in six of the 10 study wetlands. The pH levels were higher for wetlands experiencing outbreaks during the winter of 1997 than for nonoutbreak wetlands, and aluminum concentrations were higher in wetlands from which P. multocida were recovered during the winter of 1998. Water chemistry parameters (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and dissolved protein) previously linked with P. multocida and avian cholera mortality were not associated with the occurrence of avian cholera outbreaks or the presence of P. multocida in our study wetlands. Overall, we found no evidence to support the hypothesis that wetland characteristics facilitate the presence of P. multocida and, thereby, allow some wetlands to serve as long-term sources (reservoirs) for P. multocida.