若干种枝角类卵鞍表面亚显微结构的比较研究

以扫描电镜对发头裸腹溞、蚤状溞、隆线溞指名亚种以及隆线溞东湖一亚种的卵鞍分别进行了比较研究,发现卵鞍表面的亚显微结构有明显的差异,但亚种之间差异较小。隆线溞指名亚种与隆线溞东湖一亚种二者的卵鞍在光学显微镜下看不出有什么差异,然而亚显微结构却互不相同。这就为东湖一新亚种的确定提供了一项可靠的依据,同时也进一步证实卵鞍的超微结构确可作为枝角类分类的表征。     

水蕨卵膜的形成及其超微结构的观察

蕨类植物成熟卵的周围有一层卵膜,但其细微结构和形成过程仍不清楚,本研究应用透射电镜技术对水蕨(Ceratopteris thailictroides)卵细胞发育过程中卵膜的形成及超微结构进行了观察.结果表明水蕨卵细胞在发育中期开始形成卵膜,卵上方的卵膜十分显著,是由多层嗜锇性内质网片层附着于质膜内表面形成的,成熟时卵上方的卵膜中心部分厚,向边缘逐渐变薄,在嗜锇性片层之间填充有嗜锇性物质.比较而言,卵下方及侧面的卵膜薄,由两层紧密连接的嗜锇性膜构成.首次阐明了蕨类植物卵膜形成的超微结构,并对卵膜的一些功能进行了探讨.     

中华绒螯蟹胚胎附着系统的结构和形成机制

利用透射电镜和扫描电镜技术研究了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)胚胎附着系统的结构及形成机制。中华绒螯蟹受精卵附着在雌性腹肢内肢的携卵刚毛上。该附着系统由三个连续部分组成:卵膜、卵柄和被膜,后者覆盖在携卵刚毛的绒毛上。研究结果显示:中华绒螯蟹的成熟胚胎由三层明显的卵膜组成,即E1、E2和E3层,但胚胎附着系统的卵柄及被膜仅为外层(E1)。卵巢中成熟卵的卵膜仅由E1层组成,E1分为两个亚层(E1a′、E1b′)。胚胎附着系统的形成与雌蟹的行为、腹肢粘液腺分泌的粘液、卵膜的超微结构及各层的变化有关。受精卵刚从生殖孔中排出时,卵膜(E1a′、E1b′)并不能直接粘附在携卵绒毛上。产卵后不久,雌蟹腹肢粘液腺分泌粘液的量增多,E1a′、E1b′的结构发生变化,表现为边界模糊,卵膜出现很强的粘性。在产卵后约60min E1层又明显分为两个亚层(E1a、E1b),同时排卵后雌蟹腹部的携卵绒毛不断地运动,这种运动促使携卵绒毛外的被膜形成。随着E1层亚结构的变化,E2层也开始形成,当E1新的两个亚层出现时,部分区域的E1层与E2层发生分离,卵柄开始形成,并牢固地附着在携卵绒毛上。被膜、卵柄与卵膜最外层的结构相同,均由E1层构成[动物学报51(5):852-861,2005]。     

几种枝角类的卵鞍形态及表面超微结构

用光镜和扫描电镜对浙东地区八种常见淡水枝角类卵鞍形态和表面结构进行了观察和比较。卵鞍形态多为三角形或豆荚形,表面大都具特定的纹饰,内储冬卵1－2枚。卵鞍的形态、表面纹饰、冬卵的数量的排列方向具有种的特异性。枝角类的分类地位相距越远,卵鞍形态和表面结构相差越大,相近种和亚种间的卵鞍在光镜下难以区别,亚显微结构却有一定的差异。卵鞍的形态和结构作为枝角类的分类依据是有意义的。     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中溞属卵鞍的垂直分布及其与总氮、总磷间的关系

本研究调查了太湖梅梁湾沉积物(25~1 cm)中溞属种类卵鞍(或休眠卵)的垂直分布及其与总氮、总磷的关系。结果表明:在梅梁湾的沉积物中,共鉴定出3种溞属种类(盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)、蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex)和中华拟同形溞(Daphnia similoides sinensis))的卵鞍,其中以盔形溞为优势种;溞属种类平均卵鞍密度及含休眠卵卵鞍密度分别为0.03~2.01和0~0.33 ind·g-1dw;T1和T2采样点的3种溞属种类的含休眠卵卵鞍密度明显高于T3采样点;在16~1 cm的沉积层中,T1采样点的总氮和T2采样点的总磷均呈明显增加的趋势,而T3采样点中的总氮和总磷变化幅度均较小;T1采样点中蚤状溞的卵鞍密度与总磷(TP)含量呈显著的相关性(P0.05),而T3采样点中中华拟同形溞的卵鞍密度和T2采样点中盔形溞的含休眠卵卵鞍密度与总氮(TN)总磷(TP)含量均呈显著的相关性(P0.05);湖泊沉积物中溞属种类的卵鞍(或休眠卵)密度的垂直分布能够再现湖泊溞属种类的历史演替过程,且与总氮、总磷含量之间存在一定的相关性。     

丹顶鹤弃卵和正常卵卵壳超微结构及 化学元素含量的比较分析

为研究繁殖丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）弃卵原因,对其弃卵与正常卵壳超微结构及化学元素含量进行比较。以2014至2020年在扎龙保护区收集到丹顶鹤弃卵和正常孵化的卵各6枚为研究对象,利用电子扫描电镜观察比较其超微结构,采用电感偶合等离子体光谱仪测量其化学元素含量,并对其卵壳厚度和密度进行测量和比较。弃卵壳厚度、密度分别为正常卵壳厚度、密度的68.0%(P <0.01)和71.5%(P <0.01);弃卵卵壳表面晶体层厚度不均,与栅栏层之间界限不明显,外表皮层有龟裂和条形两种裂纹,栅栏锥体层晶体中有微小球状中空结构和类似溶洞的腔室结构,壳膜层纤维表面的片状突起较少,这些结构均与正常卵壳不同。检测卵壳23种化学元素中,弃卵卵壳Ca、Na、P、Mg和K元素含量显著低于正常孵卵卵壳（P <0.05）。从卵壳结构和元素分析,卵壳元素含量异常、结构和功能缺陷有可能是导致其亲鸟弃卵的原因之一,这与亲鸟占据生境资源情况、与其他鸟类间繁殖压力、食物可获得性和生存对策等交互作用的影响有关。     

美洲绵霉超微结构的初步研究

对美洲绵霉(Achlya americana Humphrey)有性器官的壁结构,细胞核相及一些细胞器的结构进行了初步的超微结构研究,我们发现藏卵器壁由两层组成,卵孢子壁至少由三层组成,而藏卵器横隔膜则由两层壁和中间一层原生质体组成。在细胞核分裂过程中发现有明显的染色体的形成和存在,这是第一次在电子显微镜下看到卵菌的染色体,并对染色体的存在进行了讨论。     

横纹金蛛卵袋结构与纤维组成

采用SEM和氨基酸自动分析仪对横纹金蛛(Argiope bruennichi)卵袋的超微结构与氨基酸组成进行了观察研究.结果表明,横纹金蛛卵袋呈封闭的葫形,是由多种丝腺纺出的微米与纳米级的丝纤维形成的多个覆盖层构成,具有多层复杂结构,从外向内分别为:框架、卵袋覆盖帽、外覆盖层和内覆盖层、卵块覆盖帽、卵块包裹层,其中外覆...     

南漪湖沉积物枝角类卵鞍密度的垂直变化及其与营养盐的关系

本文研究了南漪湖沉积物(1～28 cm)中枝角类卵鞍密度的垂直变化.共鉴定出中华拟同形溞、盔形溞、蚤状溞、网纹溞、微型裸腹溞、象鼻溞、船卵溞、粗刺大尾溞和盘肠溞9种枝角类的卵鞍.大型溞属种类和小型枝角类卵鞍密度的变化范围分别为0～2.0和0～10.0 ind·g^-1 DM.中华拟同形溞和网纹溞分别是南漪湖沉积物大型枝角类和小型枝角类的优势种.中华拟同形溞的卵鞍密度与1^#采样点沉积物中总磷含量呈显著负相关,与3^#采样点沉积物中总氮、总磷含量均呈显著正相关.在3个采样点中(除2^#采样点总氮外),网纹溞的卵鞍密度与沉积物中总氮、总磷含量均呈显著正相关.结果暗示,湖泊富营养化和鱼类捕食影响了南漪湖枝角类群落结构的历史演变.     

略谈鸟卵壳

每种鸟所产的卵的卵壳在形态、结构和组成成分等方面都有较稳定的特异性。卵壳能为研究鸟的系统分类、演化和地理分布等提供有价值的科学资料。本文扼要地介绍了卵壳的超微结构——壳膜、乳头层、海绵层、护膜和气孔道等结构和功能。     

The extracellular matrix of the cuticle of Gordius panigettensis (Gordioiidae,Nematomorpha): observations by TEM,SEM and AFM

The cuticle of Gordius panigettensis (Sciacchitano, 1955) was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cuticle is composed of 30-50 compact layers. The number of the layers is higher in the central part of the animal's body and decreases at the extremities. Each layer is composed of parallel tightly packed fibres approximately 640 nm in diameter and of indefinite length. The fibres run strictly parallel within each layer, while in adjoining layers they run at a variable angle from 45 degrees in the central body to 90 degrees in the extremities. Each fibre shows a barely detectable filamentous inner structure and is enveloped in a thin highly regular net formed by hexagonal meshes. Our results suggested that these fibres should be proteinaceous although non-collagenous. Thinner radial fibres run among the large fibres and across all the layers and span the whole thickness of the cuticle from the epithelial layer located deep underneath the large fibres up to the epicuticle on the external surface of the animal.     

The structure of the cuticle and sheath of the infective juvenile of Trichostrongylus colubriformis

The infective third-stage juvenile of Trichostrongylus colubriformis is surrounded by its own cuticle as well as the incompletely moulted cuticle of the second-stage juvenile, which is referred to as the sheath. The sheath comprises an outer epicuticle, an amorphous cortical zone, a fibrous basal zone and an inner electron-dense layer. The basal zone of the sheath consists of three layers of fibres; the fibres are parallel within each layer, but the fibre direction of the middle layer is at an angle to that of the inner and outer layers. The cuticle comprises a complex outer epicuticle, an amorphous cortical zone and a striated basal zone. The lateral alae of the cuticle and the sheath are aligned and overlie the lateral hypodermal cords. The lateral alae of the sheath consist of two wing-like expansions of the cortical zone with associated specializations of the inner electron-dense layer which form a groove. The cuticular lateral alae consist of two tube-like expansions of the cortical zone. The lateral alar complex of the cuticle and the sheath may maximise locomotory efficiency and prevent rotation of the juvenile within the sheath.     

The outer epidermal wall structure of African Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae)

The outer epidermal walls of 65 species incorporated in 14 genera of the tribe Stapelieae were investigated by light and electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). The species, all of them stem succulents preferring the semi-arid regions of the Palae-otropics, possess an outer epidermal wall, which is relatively simple in structure. The whole plant body is covered by a massive wax layer, in addition some species bear wax crystals. A cutin layer follows beneath, reticulate over its whole expanse and not divided into a cuticle proper and cutinized layers. A cellulose layer, which often exhibits enclosed cutinbodies, delimits the wall against the plasmalemma.     

Comparative ultrastructural study of the cuticle and spermatozoa in Propappus volki Michaelsen, 1916 (Annelida: Clitellata)

The ultrastructure of the cuticle and mature spermatozoa of the oligochaete Propappus volki Michaelsen, 1916 is described with the aim of providing additional data for clarifying the systematic position of the taxon. P. volki is a fresh-water species living in streams, and is easily recognized by its proboscis on the pre-segmental prostomium and, in mature specimens, by a clitellum covering the segments XII–XIV. The cuticle is composed of a proximal fibre zone and a distal layered epicuticle covered with membrane-bound epicuticular projections. The fibre zone consists of collagenous fibres in a matrix, arranged in either densely packed parallel layers with the fibres oriented in the same direction, or with more loosely distributed fibres, although with the same main orientation. The epicuticular projections are pyramidal with the base leaning on the outer surface of the epicuticle. The cuticle covering the proboscis differs in morphology from that of the rest of the worm; the fibre zone is composed of thin and short fibrils running in all directions, and the epicuticular projections are longer and more narrow than the projections in other regions of the worm.

The spermatozoa are filiform cells formed, in sequence, by an acrosome, an elongated nucleus, a long midpiece, and a flagellum. The acrosomal tube is short and straight with a completely external acrosomal vesicle. Following the acrosome is a apically corkscrew-shaped and basally straight nucleus. The midpiece is twisted and formed by five mitochondria. The flagellum shows a prominent central sheath arrangement.

A comparison with ultrastructurally described cuticles and spermatozoa from other clitellate species reveals most similarities with enchytraeids.     

Fine Structure of the Oocyst Wall of Eimeria nieschulzi

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi from the laboratory rat, Rattus, norvegicus , were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Oocysts had a rough outer wall with apparent random depressions. The oocyst wall is composed of 2 layers: an osmiophilic outer layer consisting of a rough external and smooth internal surface, and a relatively thick, electron-lucent inner layer. The outer layer is composed of a dense, coarsely granular matrix. The inner layer consists of homogeneous fine granular material interspersed with coarse osmiophilic granules and contains one closely applied membrane on the outermost surface. Several raised lenticular areas are seen on the coarse outer surface of the inner layer. These layers are 102 (75–128) and 176 (135–204) nm thick, respectively.
The sporocyst wall is thin, consisting of 3 to 4 unit membranes, and measures 27 (18–34) nm thick.     

The structure and composition of the cyst wall of the metacercaria of Cloacitrema narrabeenensis (Howell & Bearup, 1967) (Digenea: Philophthalmidae).

The mstacercarial cyst of Cloacitrema narrabeenensis which is formed in the open is composed of four layers: an outermost layer of acid mucopolysaccharide, a layer of protein which is presumed to be tanned, a layer of neutral mucopolysaccharide and an innermost layer of keratinized protein. The two layers which together form the outer cyst wall can be split off by slight pressure from the two remaining layers which together form the inner cyst wall. In the centre of the ventral side of the inner cyst wall, the keratinized layer is incomplete and this ventral plug region is composed of neutral mucopolysaccharide. The cyst wall is therefore very similar to that of Fasciola hepatica, the main difference being that the order of the two layers of the outer cyst is reversed. General evolutionary and functional relationships of metacercarial cysts are discussed.     

Ultrastructural studies of the mantle and the periostracal lamina in the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum

The four folds of the mantle and the periostracal lamina of R. philippinarum were studied using light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy to determine the histochemical and ultrastructural relationship existing between the mantle and the shell edge. The different cells lining the four folds, and in particular those of the periostracal groove, are described in relation to their secretions. The initial pellicle of the periostracum arises in the intercellular space between the basal cell and the first intermediate cell. In front of the third cell of the inner surface of the outer fold, the periostracal lamina is composed of two major layers; an outer electron-dense layer or periostracum and an inner electron-lucent fibrous layer or fibrous matrix. The role and the fate of these two layers differ; the outer layer will recover the external surface of the shell and the inner layer will contribute to shell growth.     

An ultrastructural study of the mantle of the barnacle, Elminius modestus Darwin in relation to shell formation

The fine structure of the mantle and shell of the barnacle, Elminius modestus Darwin has been examined by electron microscopy. The epithelial cells along the outer face of the mantle differ in size, shape, and organelle complexity according to the different components of the shell they secrete. The shell consists of a non-calcareous basis and calcareous mural and opercular plates which are connected by a flexible opercular hinge. Both the basis and opercular hinge are composed of two main units: an outer cuticulin layer and a lamellate component of well ordered arched fibrils. During the deposition of the latter structures morphological changes in the cells occur which may be correlated with the moulting cycle. Preliminary results show that the calcareous plates are covered by an outer epicuticle, which is bordered by a cuticulin layer; the inner calcareous component, consists of an orderly arrangement of organic matrix envelopes within which crystals may be initiated.

The cells lining the inner surface of the mantle are uniform in appearance with a thin cuticle at their free surface which lines the body cavity. The latter structure of the cuticle and manner of its deposition are similar to those of the basis and opercular hinge. Separating the outer and inner mantle epithelial cells is connective tissue which comprises several differing cell types. The possibilities are discussed of the rôle these cells may play in shell deposition. The modes by which underlying cells secrete the different shell components and the cuticle lining the inner face of the mantle, are also discussed.     

A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the membranes of chicken egg.

Questions regarding the structure of the inner and outer shell membranes of the chicken egg were addressed in this study by correlating observations from light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The egg membrane had a limiting membrane, which measured .9 to .15 microns in thickness and appeared to be a continuous and an impervious layer, but the shell membrane did not. Under the SEM, each membrane was seen to be made up of several fibre layers. In the tear preparations viewed under the SEM two layers were observed in the egg membranes and three to five layers in the shell membrane, with an apparent plane of cleavage between each layer. Each fibre was made up of a central core and an outer mantle layers. The central core was perforated by channels which measured .08 to 1.11 microns in diameter and ran longitudinally along the length of the fibre. Between the mantle layer and the fibre core was a gap or cleft measuring between .03 to .07 microns. The diameter of the fibres of the inner layer of the egg membrane ranged between .08 to .64 microns, whereas those of the outer layer of the same membrane ranged from .05 to 1.11 microns. Fibres in the shell membrane ranged from .11 to 4.14 microns diameter.     

The fine structure and deposition of the larval cuticle of the sheep blowfly (Lucilia Cuprina)

The cuticle of Lucilia is composed of an untanned endocuticle and a complex epicuticle of four layers, superficial layer, outer epicuticle, cuticulin and dense layer. The outer epicuticle and attached epicuticular filaments are resistant to acid hydrolysis. During deposition of the cuticle of each larval instar, the cuticulin and dense layers are formed first, followed by the outer epicuticle, which appears to be laid down by secretions from the epidermis passing through the cuticulin via epicuticular filaments. The outer epicuticle is found in the position normally occupied by the wax layer of other insect species.