北京市3种配置模式绿化带降噪效果的空间变化规律

为明确不同配置模式绿化带对噪声衰减效果的空间变化规律,以北京市的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.)纯林(代表阔叶纯林)、刺槐-小花溲疏(Deutzia parviflora Bunge)混交林(代表阔叶混交林)和侧柏〔Platycladus orientalis(Linn.)Franco〕-圆柏〔Sabina chinensis(Linn.)Ant.〕混交林(代表针叶混交林)3类绿化带为研究对象,设置不同高度、距噪声源不同水平距离和不同噪声频率3组变量,对3类绿化带的降噪值进行比较分析.结果表明:3类绿化带的降噪效果由高至低依次为针叶混交林、阔叶混交林、阔叶纯林.在不同高度和距噪声源不同水平距离处,3类绿化带对不同频率噪声有各自的降噪优势;其中,在高度0.5和1.5 m处,阔叶混交林对250~1000 Hz噪声的衰减效果总体上优于阔叶纯林,而阔叶纯林对4000 Hz的噪声衰减效果却优于阔叶混交林,并且,针叶混交林对250、500、1000和8000 Hz噪声的衰减效果总体上优于阔叶纯林;整体上看,在距噪声源水平距离超过10 m处,3类绿化带对125~1000 Hz噪声的衰减效果最优.相关性分析结果表明:3类绿化带的降噪率与噪声频率呈负相关,与距噪声源水平距离和单位面积三维绿量总体上呈正相关.其中,在高度0.5、1.5和2.5 m处,3类绿化带的降噪率与噪声频率和距噪声源水平距离总体上显著相关;而在高度0.5和1.5 m处,3类绿化带的降噪率与单位面积三维绿量总体上显著相关.从3类绿化带的降噪规律看,在距噪声源水平距离相同的位置,高度越低,绿化带的降噪值越大,其中高度2.5 m以下绿化带的降噪值均较大;在相同高度上,距噪声源水平距离10和15 m处3类绿化带的降噪值总体上较大,但在距噪声源水平距离15和20 m处针叶混交林的降噪值明显大于其他2类绿化带.根据上述研究结果,建议绿化带宽度应在10 m以上,在配置绿化带时,应选择分枝点低、枝叶密度大的树种,且在不影响树木生长的条件下尽量密植并适度配置灌木.     

不同林分类型的油松针叶对两种色型油松毛虫生长发育的影响

通过室内饲养的方法,研究了油松两种林分类型针叶对不同色型油松毛虫生长发育的影响。结果表明:与黄色型幼虫相比,黑色型幼虫体重增长较快,雌蛹较重,怀卵量较大,存活率较高;与纯林油松针叶相比,混交林油松针叶延长了油松毛虫的发育历期、抑制了油松毛虫的生长发育,表明油松混交林针叶内可能含有不利于两种色型的油松毛虫幼虫生长发育的物质。     

坝下地区防护林不同树种生长特征

采用标准样地调查法对防护林林分结构指标进行调查,研究河北坝下地区丰宁县小坝子乡不同防护林树种榆树、杨树及油松的动态变化规律.结果表明: 该区域榆树、杨树和油松纯林的平均年龄均为10年,杨树纯林的平均胸径和树高分别是榆树纯林的2.3和3.8倍,是油松纯林的2.3和3.0倍.杨树纯林的平均胸径、树高、叶面积指数(LAI)、活枝下高等指标显著大于榆树纯林和油松纯林.与杨树混交林相比,杨树纯林的林分密度高10.8%,纯林平均胸径则低5.2%,平均树高低11.3%;与榆树混交林相比,榆树纯林的林分密度高6.6%,纯林平均胸径、树高分别低7.8%和14.2%;与油松混交林相比,油松纯林的林分密度大4.9%,纯林平均胸径和树高分别低29.3%和31.8%.各林分类型的平均胸径、树高与密度呈显著负相关;平均LAI与密度和活枝下高呈显著正相关,与胸径、树高呈显著负相关;平均活枝下高与密度呈显著正相关.针阔混交林的胸径和树高生长显著优于针叶纯林.该区域防护林综合生长潜力呈上升趋势,而横向生长潜力总体上呈下降趋势.     

我国南方4种常见人工林林下植物多样性特征及影响因素

为了解长期植被恢复的成熟人工林林下植物组成与多样性特征及其影响因素,基于广东鹤山生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的南亚热带人工林生态系统,对环境相似(坡度、坡向、海拔)、30 a生4种类型人工林(桉树混交林、马占相思纯林、乡土混交林、针叶混交林)进行调查研究,分析林下植物组成和物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数)特征。结果表明,人工林林下植物类型丰富,均可形成乔-灌-草垂直结构;4种林型林下植物组成既有相似性,也有差异性,桉树混交林与针叶混交林、马占相思纯林与乡土混交林的灌木层组成相似;桉树混交林与马占相思纯林、乡土混交林与针叶混交林的草本层组成相似,而桉树混交林与针叶混交林的草本层组成极不相似。林分类型影响林下植物多样性,马占相思纯林林下灌草多样性显著低于其他3种混交林(P<0.05),灌木物种数、个体数最少;针叶混交林林下物种丰富度最高。林分郁闭度与林下植物多样性呈正相关(P<0.001),林下植物分布与土壤养分含量相关,桉树混交林、马占相思纯林林下植物多样性与不同形态氮含量相关,有效磷、全磷影响乡土混交林林下物种的分布,针叶混交林受土壤酸碱度、全钾的影响较为明显。在4种人工林林下植物群落中,乡土混交林多样性,均匀度最高,优势度最低,具有更佳的保育和维持林下生物多样性功能。因此,乡土树种混交林更适用于生态公益林构建或对一些针叶林及外来树种纯林进行林分改造。     

桥山栎林群落结构特征与物种多样性相关关系分析

为了解森林群落结构特征与物种多样性之间的相关关系,以黄土高原桥山林区典型麻栎纯林、麻栎阔叶混交林和麻栎油松混交林为研究对象,调查分析了群落结构特征,计算物种重要值及物种多样性,并进行了冗余分析,结果表明:(1)麻栎油松混交林主要以乔木层胸径、树高、枝下高等最高;麻栎阔叶混交林以灌木层盖度、地径、冠幅、高度等最高;麻栎纯林以草本地径、草本盖度及草本冠幅最高。(2) 3种类型林分乔木层重要值最高的均为麻栎(Quercus acutissima),灌木层为狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)、南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor),草本层为苔草(Carex tristachya)。(3)麻栎油松混交林乔、灌层物种多样性较高,麻栎阔叶混交林以草本层物种多样性最高。(4)不同类型麻栎林群落结构特征与物种多样性关系有差异。松栎混交林中,对物种多样性影响最大的为乔木胸径、新稍长及灌木高度;麻栎阔叶混交林对物种多样性影响最大的为灌木层高度及冠幅;麻栎纯林中,对物种多样性影响最大的为乔木胸径。(5)麻栎油松混交林、麻栎阔叶混交林的胸径、树高、物种多样较麻栎纯林高,具有较高木材生产能力和生态防护功能,是未来森林经营培育的方向。     

不同林分类型下油松毛虫（Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu）种群遗传多样性

采用AFLP技术对平泉县的1个油松-落叶松混交林和2个油松纯林中油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu)的135个个体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的研究,并调查了3个油松林群落的各种环境条件.结果表明,纯林中油松毛虫种群的遗传多样性高于混交林中的油松毛虫种群;林木生长状况为影响不同油松纯林群落中油松毛虫种群遗传多样性的重要因素;混交林对油松毛虫种群之间的基因流有阻断作用,油松毛虫种群的基因流大小与油松林之间的物种多度呈反相关.     

针阔混交林抑制松毛虫种群增长的营养效应

研究表明,松毛虫的代谢能主要来源于脂肪。油松与黄栌或槲栎混交后,油松叶中粗脂肪、全糖含量减少,C、N比值下降。取食混交林针叶的松毛虫,其幼虫对食物的消化利用率较取食纯林的减少,幼虫体重增长率、化蛹率及繁殖力也都相应下降。     

太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征变化

为评价太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征,比较分析了针阔混交林、针叶混交林、针叶纯林、落叶阔叶纯林、灌丛和裸露地6种不同植被群落中的土壤微生物区系、微生物生物量和呼吸强度等指标的变化.结果表明,6种不同植被群落土壤中的微生物学特征存在较大差异. 灌丛地在微生物数量和微生物生物量两项指标中均为最高,其余植被群落在这两项指标中的顺序从大到小依次为落叶阔叶纯林＞针阔混交林＞针叶纯林＞针叶混交林＞裸地,土壤呼吸强度也有相似的变化趋势.在进行退化山地的植被恢复时,应充分重视生态系统的自然恢复能力.     

辽西半干旱区几种人工林生态系统涵养水源功能研究

从森林生态系统树冠截留降雨、枯落物持水及土壤蓄水3个层次对辽西半干旱区5种人工林生态系统的涵养水源功能进行了定量研究．结果表明,各人工林生态系统树冠对降雨的平均截留率为14．58％～37．19％,依次为沙棘林>油松沙棘混交林>杨树沙棘混交林>油松纯林>杨树纯林;枯落物层厚度为1．6～4．1cm,枯落物贮量为1890．4～6425．2kg·hm^-2,枯落物层厚度和贮量均为沙棘林>油松沙棘混交林>杨树沙棘混交林>油松纯林>杨树纯林,枯落物最大持水量取决于枯落物贮量及其最大持水率,枯落物最大持水量为5957．7～19332．9kg·hm^-2,依次为沙棘林>油松沙棘混交林>杨树沙棘混交林>油松纯林>杨树纯林;各人工林生态系统0～40cm土壤层非毛管蓄水量为23．70～37．85mm,依次为沙棘林>杨树沙棘混交林>油松沙棘混交林>杨树纯林>油松纯林．在5种人工林生态系统中,沙棘林的涵养水源功能最好,混交林较油松和杨树纯林有更好的涵养水源功能．     

纯林、混交林型园林绿地的生态效益

试验选择元大都城垣遗址公园西段4块不同结构类型的绿地为研究对象,即草坪、刺槐纯林、油松纯林、刺槐．油松混交林,每一块试验地的面积在1000m^2左右,进行了连续8d的测试,通过试验观测与调查资料的分析,得出4块不同结构类型的园林绿地在水平方向和垂直方向上温度、湿度、风速的分布规律及差异。结果表明,在水平方向上,在3种天气条件下,油松纯林的水平日平均温度最低、相对湿度最高;在晴朗天气一天中的高温时段,草坪的温度最高,相对湿度最低,刺槐一油松混交林的相对湿度最高,温度最低。在水平方向上,经SPSS方差分析,4种绿地间的温、湿度差异均达到显著水平（α=0．05）。在垂直方向上,4种绿地的温度随着高度的升高逐渐升高,而相对湿度则随着高度的升高而逐渐降低;相对于其他绿地,混交林的温度和相对湿度变化比较复杂。刺槐-油松混交林的降温增湿效果最好,草坪的降温增湿效果最差。混交林型绿地降低风速的效果好于2种纯林。根据4种绿地在夏季的降温增湿效应提出混交林是园林绿地中生态效益较好的植物配置模式并提出了营造城市园林绿地植物景观的建议。     

厦门市交通主干道绿化带结构及其减噪效果研究

通过对厦门市主干道绿化带种类结构调查以及噪声测定等,分析了厦门市主干道绿化带结构及其减噪效果。结果表明,厦门市主干道绿化带可分为4种结构:单一乔木型、乔木+疏灌木/绿篱型、乔木+密灌木型以及乔木+小乔木+灌木/绿篱型,带宽多在4~10 m。厦门市主干道绿化带总体减噪能力为0.93~12.96 dB,绿化带对交通噪声超标治理率达70%。绿化带减噪能力y(dB)与带宽x(m)呈显著的线性关系:y=1.2251x+0.2416(R²=0.8603);绿化带的附加衰减与总衰减亦呈显著正相关:y=0.4535x+0.2698 (R²=0.9242),噪声的附加衰减主要受绿化带结构的影响,上述四种结构对噪声附加衰减平均值分别达0.93、2.25、4.43和6.72 dB。绿化带的宽度和结构均是影响其减噪效果的关键因素。     

绿化带降噪机理及模型研究进展

介绍了目前绿化带降噪机理及不同配置模式的绿化带降噪效果的研究进展。从单变量和多变量两方面总结了已有的绿化带降噪模型,普适性较差,精确性较低是目前已有模型存在的主要问题。同时,对绿化带降噪模型的研究前景进行了展望,认为可以使用非线性生态模型找出影响绿化带降噪量的主要参数,并分析主要参数与降噪量的关系,最终拟合出不同绿化带降噪量的非线性预测模型,从而指导道路绿化带的设计与建设。     

辽东山区天然更新红松幼苗种群结构与动态

本研究以辽东山区红松人工林为种源的3种不同林带(落叶松林带、针叶混交林带和阔叶混交林带)内天然更新红松幼苗为对象,运用静态生命表和生存分析方法研究天然更新红松幼苗的种群结构与动态特征.结果 表明:3种不同林带内天然更新红松幼苗的年龄结构呈"(n)"型左偏态分布,前期幼苗数量较多且死亡率较高,后期不断减少,属于衰退型种群...     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中不同恢复阶段的定量分析

以空间代替时间的方法,运用种间联结测定、主成分分析和最优分割法对川西亚高山箭竹-暗针叶林和藓类-暗针叶林经采伐后自然恢复形成的不同恢复系列(20、30、40和50年),以及未被采伐而保留下来的160~200年生暗针叶老龄林进行恢复阶段的定量分析.结果表明:藓类和箭竹暗针叶次生林向暗针叶老龄林恢复过程中,红桦、卧龙柳、五角槭、疏花槭、康定野樱桃、挂苦绣球、椴树和川滇柳归并为衰退种组;湖北花楸、陕甘花楸和微毛野樱桃归并为过渡种组;岷江冷杉、紫果云杉、铁杉和青扦归并为进展种组.20~40年生的次生林进入以红桦为主的阔叶林阶段,其森林类型分别为藓类-红桦林和箭竹-红桦林;恢复到50年,则开始进入红桦和岷江冷杉组成的针阔混交林阶段,其森林类型分别为藓类-红桦-岷江冷杉林和箭竹-红桦-岷江冷杉林;未被采伐而保留下来的160~200年生暗针叶林是以岷江冷杉为主的暗针叶老龄林阶段,其森林类型分别为藓类-岷江冷杉林和箭竹-岷江冷杉林.     

Effectiveness of noise barriers on an interstate highway: a subjective and objective evaluation

The objective of this study was to determine the actual and perceived effectiveness of noise barriers along interstate highways. Using a 5-mile section of Interstate 71 in the greater Cincinnati area as the study area, traffic noise readings and opinions of residents living along the sections of the highway were recorded. Noise readings were taken before and after the noise barriers were erected. A questionnaire was designed to elicit noise-related annoyance of the residents in the areas adjoining the highway. The results indicated that, in general, noise barriers were effective as indicated by a reduction in noise levels by as much as 11 dBA. The barriers, however, failed to bring noise levels for locations closer to the highway within the levels desired by the government (67 dBA). Most residents living right next to the highway were very satisfied with the installation of noise barriers. In general, these individuals felt that the quality of life improved with the noise barrier installation. The same, however, was not true of residents living a few blocks away from the highway--they felt the noise barriers were a waste of money. There was no significant difference in traffic noise pattern during the weekdays or weekends. Noise readings taken in two different locations were observed to be similar.     

Species diversity of butterflies in Changbai Mountain in China

Using a modified belt transect method, we investigated the butterfly communities in five different vertical vegetation belts of Changbai Mountain in China from 1992 to 2009; these belts were broadleaf deciduous forest, coniferous–deciduous mixed forest, coniferous forest, erman’s birch forest and alp tundra. We determined the number of species and abundance of butterflies in each belt and in the coniferous–deciduous mixed forest belt, we also compared these parameters among different months. Preston’s lognormal distribution was used to model the species abundance distributions and five indicators (Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), Pielou uniformity index (J), Simpson predominance centralization index (C), Margalef abundance index (E) and Jaccard similarity coefficients) were used to analyze the butterfly community diversity. We found four main results. (1) Across all five vertical vegetation belts, 9641 butterflies were collected, belonging to 7 families, 98 genera and 196 species. As altitude increased, the number of butterfly genera and species gradually reduced. There was a relationship between the distribution of dominant species and the total species between each belt and the distribution of vascular plants. (2) The species abundance distribution was successfully modeled as a Preston’s lognormal distribution; the best fit was obtained when α = 0.326, the determinant coefficient of the equation was 0.74798. The species abundance distribution indicates that Changbai Mountain provides a suitable environment for butterflies; there was high species richness and an even distribution of butterfly species. There were few very common and very rare species, with most species having an intermediate abundance. (3) As altitude increased, H′ and E gradually became smaller, while C showed the opposite pattern, and J did not significantly change. The similarity coefficients analysis demonstrated a clear difference among belts; the farther apart any two belts, the smaller the similarity coefficient, indicating less similarity in the butterfly communities. The similarity coefficient between the deciduous forest and the coniferous–deciduous mixed forest belt was the largest (0.651) while that between the deciduous forest and the alp tundra was the smallest (0.141). (4) Comparison of the butterfly species communities among different months in the coniferous–deciduous mixed forest found that H′ and E showed similar directional changes, while the opposite pattern was found with C; the changes in J did not necessarily reflect the actual change in diversity.     

广东省罗坑自然保护区鳄蜥对溪沟林型的选择

2006年5—9月在广东省罗坑自然保护区,对大竹园管护站所辖区域内鳄蜥栖息溪沟的林型进行了调查,采用选择指数法研究了鳄蜥对溪沟林型的选择性。共调查了154只鳄蜥的生境特征,并对5种溪沟林型(常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、竹林和灌草)进行了样方调查。结果表明:鳄蜥对溪沟林型的选择是非随机的,偏好常绿阔叶林,对竹林接近于随机选择,回避其它林型;鳄蜥选择常绿阔叶林可能与其植被盖度较高、涵养水源能力强以及土壤有机质含量高有关。建议加强对常绿阔叶林的保护工作,以更好地保护鳄蜥。     

A comparison of three noise reduction procedures applied to bird vocal signals

ABSTRACT.   Recordings of avian vocal signals in natural habitats include ambient noise. Often this background noise corrupts across all frequencies and is of substantial amplitude. Reducing this ambient noise to prepare vocal signals for playback stimuli or to remove habitat-specific noise signatures prior to analyzing a signal's acoustic characteristics can be useful. We conducted experimental evaluations of three noise reduction procedures to determine their effectiveness. We embedded two bird vocalizations ("clean" signals) in four kinds of natural noise, resulting in eight noise-signal combinations. We then applied three noise reduction procedures (Noise Profile, Band Pass, and Noise Estimate) to each of the embedded signals and compared the recovered signals to the original (clean) signals. Noise Profile filtering was effective in reducing noise and returning fairly high-quality signals from even severe levels of masking noise. The other two noise reduction procedures did not perform as well. For the two most corrupting maskers, however, Noise Profile filtering also altered the signal properties by reducing signal amplitude at those frequencies containing high levels of noise. Apart from this loss of amplitude, the quantitative features of the filtered signals were similar to those of the original model sounds. We conclude that Noise Profile filtering produces good results for cases where noise is approximately constant over the signal duration and the signal intensity exceeds noise intensity over the frequencies of interest.