三种苗木在不同供水条件下生理适应性及耗水特性研究

选用君迁子、臭椿、白榆三个树种苗木,在盆栽条件下,控制三种土壤含水量,研究其适应性和耗水特性。结果表明,白榆适应能力最强,其次为臭椿,而君迁子最弱,在耗水量上基本接近,但耗水系数差异明显,主要是由于三个树种在不同水分条件下物质累积量不同。     

不同作物在不同土壤水分条件下的耗水特性

本文系用盆裁法,对在干旱半干旱地区种植的八种主要作物——玉米、高粱、谷子、糜子、春麦、扁豆、胡麻、苜蓿等在适宜水分,轻度干旱、中度干旱、严重干旱、极严重干旱等五种土壤水分条件下的耗水特性进行了系统研究,比较了它们在耗水特性上的差异,并寻找了这种差异与需水日变化的关系,为其在干旱半干旱地区的合理布局与结构及其提高水分利用效率、旱作栽培提供了科学依据。     

黄土区防护林主要造林树种水分供需关系研究

通过3年的定位观测,分析了晋西黄土区护林主要造林树种刺槐和油松寺地供水与耗水关系,油松和刺槐林地4－6月林地水分消耗大于供给,供耗矛盾突出;雨季水分供应充足,土壤贮水增加;相同条件下密度大的林分耗水量较大,在干旱季节和年份,相同条件下,密度大的林分林地有效供水较少,林地水分亏损较为严重;不同坡向的水分缺量大小顺序为阳坡＞半阳坡＞阴坡,本文引入耗水特性系数来表示林分耗水的大小和需水量的满足程度,研究表明,用耗水特性系数表示林木规律和水分供耗关系是适合的衡量指标。     

不同干旱土壤条件下杨树的耗水规律及水分利用效率研究

 在适宜土壤水分（70%θf）,中度干旱（55%θf）和严重干旱（40%θf）3种土壤水分条件下研究杨树（Populus simonii）的耗水特性和水分利用特征。结果表明,随着土壤含水量的下降,杨树叶水势、相对含水量(RWC)、生长速率、光合速率及单叶水分利用效率（WUE）显著下降;在适宜水分和中度干旱条件下,杨树的快速生长和干物质迅速积累时期主要集中在5～6月,严重干旱下快速生长时期和干物质积累主要集中在5月;杨树总耗水量和总生物量的大小顺序为：适宜水分＞中度干旱＞严重干旱;WUE则表现出中度干旱下最高,严重干旱下最低;杨树在适宜水分下的日、旬、月耗水量明显高于中度干旱和严重干旱处理;杨树在适宜水分、中度干旱和严重干旱条件下的最高耗水月分别在6～7月,最高旬耗水量分别在7月中旬、上旬和6下旬;在中度水分亏缺和严重水分亏缺下的最高耗水日出现的时间比适宜水分下的最高耗水日提前1～2个月以上。一天中的最大耗水高峰随着杨树生育期和土壤含水量的不同而有明显差异。研究结果表明,杨树不具备耐旱植物的特征,因此在黄土高原缺水地区不适宜大面积栽植,只能用于水分条件较好的立地条件下造林。     

水分胁迫环境与作物水分消耗剩余的宏观势态研究

根据旬等量供水耗水模型,把作物耗水及其剩余量的变化分解为由供水的偏移与耗水力作用所引起,则耗水与剩余强度是时间的函数,并受生育期环境条件的强烈约束,作物生育期供水特性与湿润度就决定了作物耗水与剩余量.     

有限供水下冬小麦全程耗水特征定量研究

为明确冬小麦不同水分条件下全生育过程日耗水及阶段耗水特征,在北京地区利用蒸渗仪系统连续监测了几种灌溉处理(W4:起身水+孕穗水+开花水+灌浆水;W2:拔节水+开花水;W1:拔节水;W0:无灌水)耗水动态变化。结果表明:冬小麦全生育期的耗水动态可分为3个阶段:(1)播种至11月底的冬前阶段,这个阶段日耗水量波动明显,一般低于3 mm/d;(2)12月上旬至来年2月底的冬季阶段,这个阶段日耗水量低于0.4 mm/d,且波动很小;(3)3月初小麦返青至收获的春后生长阶段,这个阶段日耗水量总体上是一个先升高后降低的过程,但波动很大,每次灌水都会引起1个日耗水高峰的出现。耗水日变化呈单峰或双峰曲线,高峰出现在正午前后,高峰值因灌水处理而有明显差异,灌水多则耗水峰值显著升高,而夜间耗水量及其在不同处理间差异均很小。拔节至成熟期是冬小麦耗水的主要时期,该期耗水占总耗水60%以上。减少灌溉会增加土壤贮水消耗,但降低了总耗水量。综合比较表明,在有限灌溉下,拔节水和开花水组合是高产和高水分效率相统一的灌溉模式。     

干旱胁迫对桂西南石漠化地区主要造林树种光合与耗水特性的影响

研究植物耐旱特性和耗水问题对困难立地植被恢复的树种选择具有重要意义。以桂西南岩溶山地常见造林树种肥牛树(Cephalomappa sinensis)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和仪花(Lysidice rhodostegia) 2年生实生苗为对象,采用盆栽苗木称量法和Li-6400光合系统测定方法相结合,研究不同土壤水分条件下3个树种的光合特性、水分利用效率和蒸腾耗水特性。结果表明:3个树种苗木净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)随土壤干旱胁迫增强呈下降趋势;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随干旱增强先呈下降趋势,至重度干旱时显著升高,气孔限制值(Ls)则随干旱增强呈增加趋势,至重度干旱时则显著下降(P0.05);轻度和中度干旱胁迫导致苗木Pn下降的主要原因为气孔因素;重度干旱胁迫下Pn下降的主要原因为非气孔因素。肥牛树在轻度干旱胁迫下水分利用效率最高,至重度干旱胁迫时显著下降;香樟和仪花的水分利用效率随干旱胁迫增强而增加,以中度干旱时期最高,至重度干旱时显著下降(P0.05);苗木全天耗水量均随干旱胁迫增强而下降,相同土壤水分条件下以仪花的全天耗水量最高;耗水速率日变化均为单峰曲线,耗水速率最大峰值在不同土壤水分条件下有所不同;在轻度和中度干旱下,以仪花的白天平均耗水速率最高,重度干旱下以肥牛树的白天平均耗水速率最高,仪花其次;隶属函数分析结果显示,综合评价值的大小顺序为肥牛树香樟仪花,苗木的隶属函数加权平均值介于0.3～0.5,具有中等抗旱特性。     

干旱胁迫对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响

采用Lico-6400便携式光合系统测定仪和BP3400精密天平等仪器研究了9个北方主要造林树种的蒸腾速率及实际蒸腾耗量;用压力室法分阶段测定了苗木的叶水势。得出了苗木在正常水分条件下及干旱胁迫过程中的蒸腾耗水规律。比较分析了不同水势梯度下、昼夜不同时间段的各树种的蒸腾耗水量及蒸腾耗水速率。结果表明,蒸腾耗水以白天为主,在相同的水分条件下,不同的苗木有不同的蒸腾耗水量,同种苗木的蒸腾耗水量随干旱胁迫的加重而减少,在受到严重干旱胁迫时,针叶树油松和侧柏的耗水量均降至正常水分条件下的11.7%,阔叶乔木树种降至6．6％,灌木树种降至16．9％。通过研究苗木在不同水势梯度下的耗水特性和蒸腾耗水量。为在水量缺乏的情况下,进行有效的林木培育和植被恢复重建提供依据。     

干旱胁迫下广东石漠化地区造林树种光合和耗水特性

石漠化地区土层稀薄、干旱贫瘠、植被破坏、生态恶化等问题较为突出,人工恢复森林植被是一项快速有效的生态恢复途径。采用盆栽苗木称重法和Li-6400光合系统测定方法分别测定3个常见石漠化造林树种浙江润楠(Machilus leptophylla),枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和亮叶含笑(Michelia fulgens Dandy)苗木在不同土壤水分条件下耗水特性和光合特性,为进一步筛选和评价石漠化地区造林树种抗旱特性提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)整个干旱胁迫期间,3种幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)持续下降。重度干旱时,浙江润楠光合和水分利用效率分别是枫香的2.5倍、89.6倍和亮叶含笑的1.9倍、26.3倍。(2)干旱胁迫中期和后期,枫香和亮叶含笑净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)下降而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)升高,说明Pn下降的主要原因已经由气孔因素转变为非气孔因素的限制。(3)3个石漠化树种在不同干旱胁迫下日耗水总量和日平均耗水速率均存在显著性差异(P0.05),白天耗水量占总耗水量74%—92%之间。浙江润楠在重度干旱时期还对水分要求还比较大,维持一个相对较高的耗水速率,是枫香和亮叶含笑的3.7倍和2.2倍。(4)不同干旱胁迫下,3个石漠化树种耗水速率日变化均表现出单峰曲线,不同干旱胁迫下峰值点会发生变化。(5)综合来看,浙江润楠和枫香是相对高光合和高水分利用效率树种。隶属函数结果表明,在正常、轻度和重度干旱下抗旱能力均为枫香浙江润楠亮叶含笑,重度干旱下为浙江润楠枫香亮叶含笑。     

水分亏缺冬小麦近等基因系冠气温差与群体总耗水量的关系

研究品种之间群体耗水特性的差异及其关键影响因素,为品种耗水特性评价与低耗水品种鉴选方法提供依据。选用水分亏缺条件下产量差异不显著,但耗水量差异极显著的冬小麦品种晋麦47和京411及其15个近等基因系为实验材料。利用防雨池和防雨棚开展实验,模拟水分亏缺条件。监测全生育期土壤水分含量,计算总耗水量,收获后测定籽粒产量,计算水分利用效率(WUE)。同时,分别在拔节-孕穗期、抽穗-开花期和灌浆期3个不同生育期监测冠层-大气温度差值(CTD)、叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度。结果表明,3个不同生育期,15个近等基因系及其亲本之间,CTD均达到显著差异。CTD的方差分析表明,基因型和年份均对不同生育期的CTD有显著影响,但是二者之间仅在抽穗-开花期存在互作(P=0.0002)。15个近等基因系及其亲本之间耗水量存在显著差异,产量没有显著差异。源于耗水量的差异,部分品种/系之间WUE达显著差异。3个不同生育期,15个近等基因系及其亲本之间,CTD与总耗水量均呈极显著负相关关系。抽穗-开花期最高,2012—2013年度和2016—2017年度分别达到0.7042和0.6095。叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度与群体总耗水量之间相关性很弱,3个生育期均未达到显著水平。对该组近等基因系材料,影响群体总耗水量的关键因素不是叶片蒸腾生理特性,而是群体冠层生长特性。表明构建合理的群体冠层结构不仅是获得高产的途经,而且是调控群体总耗水量,提高品种水分利用效率的重要途径。     

黄土高原适生树种苗木的耗水特性

黄土高原适生树种苗木的耗水特性韩蕊莲,梁宗锁,侯庆春,邹厚远（中国科学院西北水土保持研究所,杨陵７１２１００）ＷａｔｅｒｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆａｄａｐｔａｂｌｅｎｕｒｓｅｒｙｓｔｏｃｋｓｏｎＬｏｅｓｓｐｌａｔｅａｕ￥ＨａｎＲｕ...     

台湾桤木和四川桤木种源苗木对水分胁迫的生理响应

采用PEG6000,研究了4种台湾桤木种源和2种四川桤木种源苗木对水分胁迫的生理响应。结果表明：（1）随着水分胁迫强度增加,叶片质膜相对透性增大,四川桤木种源质膜透性比台湾桤木种源增加幅度大。（2）在轻度的水分胁迫下,6个种源SOD活性均呈上升趋势,POD活性的增加只发生在PEG10％的水分胁迫强度以内,轻度水分胁迫下,MDA含量上升幅度小于重度胁迫强度;在PEG30％胁迫处理时,台湾桤木叶片MDA含量平均上升30．22％,而四川桤木上升了40．44％,表明台湾桤木种源膜脂过氧化程度较四川桤木种源轻,受害程度相对要小一些。（3）水分胁迫下,叶片脯氨酸含垃均有不同程度的增加．在PEG20％水分胁迫处理下,各种源脯氨酸积量增加的幅度为：台湾桤木苗栗种源（AF２）（68．9％）〉台湾桤木福建南平种源（AF４）（60．2％）〉台湾桤木台东种源（AF２）（54．7％）〉台湾桤木台中种源（AF1（47．6％）〉四川桤木广元种源（AC2）（39.7%）＞金堂种源（AC１）（39.1%）。水分胁迫条件下,叶片可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势。６种种源苗木在水分胁迫条件下,由于脯氨酸的积累,有一定的渗透调节能力,但这种渗透调节能力又是十分有限的。（４）采用隶属函数法,对各种源的抗旱生理进行综合评价,其耐旱牛理强弱的顺序是：AF2、AF1、AF3、AF4、AC2、AC1,台湾桤木比四川桤木具有较强的耐旱生理适应性。从耐旱生理角度讲,凡是适合四川桤木生长的区域,基本上亦适合台湾桤木,在引种载培中,应选择抗旱性稍强一些的台湾桤木苗栗种源和台中种源。     

Genetic homogeneity among breeding grounds and nursery areas of an exploited Lake Malawi cichlid fish

1. Nursery areas are commonly recognized as important habitats for the management and conservation of fish stocks. Here we report the use of nursery areas by an exploited offshore cichlid in Lake Malawi, Rhamphochromis longiceps .
2. Like all haplochromine cichlids that have been studied, the species is a maternal mouthbrooder that broods eggs for several weeks following spawning. We found evidence that during this brooding period females migrate from open water to release juveniles in three shallow peripheral waterbodies (Chia Lagoon, Unaka Lagoon, Lake Malombe). However, it was unclear whether there is geographical population structuring within the species, which could indicate stock differences in their use of these nursery habitats, or if the lake contains a genetically panmictic population that employs nursery habitats opportunistically.
3. To investigate spatial and temporal population structuring within the lake we genotyped populations at seven microsatellite DNA loci. Overall, we found no significant spatial structuring among juveniles from the peripheral lagoons or among breeding males within the main lake body. Moreover, we found no evidence of temporal structuring among males on the breeding grounds within Lake Malawi or females entering Chia lagoon. Together, these results suggest that Lake Malawi contains a genetically homogeneous population of R. longiceps .
4. At present we know little of the distribution of juvenile R. longiceps elsewhere in the Lake Malawi basin, but their absence from surveyed rocky and sandy littoral habitats makes it possible that the species is dependent upon a small number of nearshore nursery areas, including these lagoons. As such, conservation of lagoon habitats and monitoring of exploited fish stocks within them may be important for effective preservation of biodiversity within the catchment.     

西藏林芝地区野生苗木移地栽培技术研究

本文对福建公园施工中从野外采挖的 2 2种苗木 ,移入公园栽培后的成活率及性状表现进行了初步观察 ,为今后野生苗木的栽植积累了一定的经验     

Effects of Nursery Pre-Conditioning on Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia Used for Wetland Restoration

A study was conducted to examine nursery protocols for production of planting stocks used in wetland mitigation projects. Two commercial soil mixtures were tested along with waterlogging, fertilization, and combination treatments. Two marsh species, Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia, were subjected to a two‐phase study. During Phase I, watering and fertilization treatments were applied in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two soils, two watering regimes, and two fertilizer treatments. In Phase II, all plants were subjected to continuous waterlogging (no fertilizer). Soil redox potential was measured, along with plant gas exchange and growth responses. Our data do not support the hypothesis that flood “pre‐conditioning” alone can significantly improve plant growth under subsequent flooding. However, fertilization alone or in combination with flooding appeared to enhance shoot and root production in both species during the subsequent flooding. In contrast, flooding alone produced Panicum plants that appeared to remain somewhat susceptible to subsequent flooding as compared to fertilized plants. Sagittaria plants subjected to fertilizer treatment alone did not produce significantly greater total dry weights compared to their controls. Our data indicate that the growth of planting stocks for wetland mitigation can be improved by fertilization in the nursery. Key words: fertilizer, flooding, nursery production, wetland mitigation.     

Effects of marine reserves versus nursery habitat availability on structure of reef fish communities

No-take marine fishery reserves sustain commercial stocks by acting as buffers against overexploitation and enhancing fishery catches in adjacent areas through spillover. Likewise, nursery habitats such as mangroves enhance populations of some species in adjacent habitats. However, there is lack of understanding of the magnitude of stock enhancement and the effects on community structure when both protection from fishing and access to nurseries concurrently act as drivers of fish population dynamics. In this study we test the separate as well as interactive effects of marine reserves and nursery habitat proximity on structure and abundance of coral reef fish communities. Reserves had no effect on fish community composition, while proximity to nursery habitat only had a significant effect on community structure of species that use mangroves or seagrass beds as nurseries. In terms of reef fish biomass, proximity to nursery habitat by far outweighed (biomass 249% higher than that in areas with no nursery access) the effects of protection from fishing in reserves (biomass 21% lower than non-reserve areas) for small nursery fish (≤ 25 cm total length). For large-bodied individuals of nursery species (>25 cm total length), an additive effect was present for these two factors, although fish benefited more from fishing protection (203% higher biomass) than from proximity to nurseries (139% higher). The magnitude of elevated biomass for small fish on coral reefs due to proximity to nurseries was such that nursery habitats seem able to overrule the usually positive effects on fish biomass by reef reserves. As a result, conservation of nursery habitats gains importance and more consideration should be given to the ecological processes that occur along nursery-reef boundaries that connect neighboring ecosystems.     

Morphological and biochemical approaches to assess the nutritional condition of the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi larvae from two different nursery areas

The Argentine hake, Merluccius hubbsi, is one of the most important fishing species in the Argentine Sea due to its great abundance and high-quality meat. The study of the nutritional condition is widely used to determine the physiological state of the fish larvae and to estimate their survival possibilities. The larval nutritional condition reflects the environmental conditions to which they have been exposed and represents a useful instrument to determine favourable nursery areas. It also provides tools for the comprehensive management of a population subjected to fishing exploitation. This study aimed to determine potential differences in the nutritional condition of M. hubbsi larvae from the two fishing stocks (Northern and Southern) of the species. The authors assessed the nutritional condition of larvae captured during the 2012 main reproductive peak in the nursery areas of each population. Two different methodologies were applied: a morphometrical approach, by recording five morphometric variables, and a biochemical technique, employing the RNA/DNA index (RD_s) and its derived index of growth performance. The morphometrical indexes did not show differences in the larval condition between both stocks. Nonetheless, the RD_s index did detect differences in the nutritional condition of larvae from different stocks. The RD_s index of larvae in pre-flexion and flexion stages showed significant differences between stocks, indicating that these stages are more susceptible to starvation. The results suggest that the biochemical indexes prove to be more sensitive than the morphometric indexes to detect slight differences in hake larvae nutritional condition. The scope and limitations of these techniques for the analysis of the nutritional condition of larvae are discussed.     

A Field Experiment to Assess the Transplant Success of Salt Marsh Plants into Tidal Wetlands

Field plots were used to assess the restoration potential of three salt marsh species, Juncus maritimus, Leptocarpus similis and Schoenoplectus pungens, within an established salt marsh near Christchurch, New Zealand. A split-block design was used to asses the effects of soil type, (soil from a proposed marsh construction site or estuarine mud from a natural salt marsh), species and plant source (commercial nursery stocks or natural marsh stock). In December, after 9 months, there was no mortality in L. similis and a significant increase in the biomass compared with J. maritimus. S. pungens failed to regenerate following seasonal die-back. Plant biomass was unaffected by soil type, despite occasional higher salinities recorded in the reclamation soil. Natural stocks had significantly higher biomass than nursery stocks (p < 0.01). These results suggest that both L. similis and J. maritimus are appropriate species for transplanting in the Canterbury region and that the soil from the proposed area is suitable for the restoration and construction of tidal wetlands. The success of the transplants could be enhanced by sourcing hardy stock and management regimes may be necessary to reduce salinity extremes and herbivory by rabbits.     

Thresholds in seascape connectivity: the spatial arrangement of nursery habitats structure fish communities on nearby reefs

Ecosystems are linked by the movement of organisms across habitat boundaries and the arrangement of habitat patches can affect species abundance and composition. In tropical seascapes many coral reef fishes settle in adjacent habitats and undergo ontogenetic habitat shifts to coral reefs as they grow. Few studies have attempted to measure at what distances from nursery habitats these fish migrations (connectivity) cease to exist and how the abundance, biomass and proportion of nursery species change on coral reefs along distance gradients away from nursery areas. The present study examines seascape spatial arrangement, including distances between habitats, and its consequences on connectivity within a tropical seascape in Mozambique using a seascape ecology approach. Fish and habitat surveys were undertaken in 2016/2017 and a thematic habitat map was created in ArcGIS, where cover and distances between habitat patches were calculated. Distance to mangroves and seagrasses were significant predictors for abundance and biomass of most nursery species. The proportions of nursery species were highest in the south of the archipelago, where mangroves were present and decreased with distance to nurseries (mangroves and seagrasses). Some nursery species were absent on reef sites farthest from nursery habitats, at 80 km from mangroves and at 12 km from seagrass habitats. The proportion of nursery/non-nursery snapper and parrotfish species, as well as abundance and biomass of seagrass nursery species abruptly declined at 8 km from seagrass habitats, indicating a threshold distance at which migrations may cease. Additionally, reefs isolated by large stretches of sand and deep water had very low abundances of several nursery species despite being within moderate distances from nursery habitats. This highlights the importance of considering the matrix (sand and deep water) as barriers for fish migration.