氮锌硒肥配合施用对白三叶的固氮作用与氮转移的影响

在湖北省宜昌县百里荒草场山地黄棕壤上配合施用氮锌硒肥,研究其对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的干重及混播白三叶的固氮作用和氮转移的影响,试验结果表明：（1）氮锌硒肥配合施用,混播黑麦草的干重均高于相应处理的单播黑麦草,混播牧草和单播黑麦草重最高的处理都是N46Zn0Se5,其干重辚25．38 g／盆和19．93g/盆。（2）施氮对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的生长有明显的促进作用,施锌,硒对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的生长作用不明显。（3）混播白三叶氮素的主要来源是固氮作用,占全氮产量的57．6000％－77．258％。（4）混播白三叶固定氮的转移量只占混播黑麦草的全氮产量的0．316％－12．251％,通过正交方差分析发现,适量氮肥（N30mg/kg)促进固定氮的转移,高量氮肥（N46mg/kg)抑制固定氮的转移。     

氮锌复合作用对混播系统白三叶生长与固氮及氮转移的影响

选用南方草地土壤——山地黄棕壤进行盆栽试验,研究了氮锌复合作用对混播系统白三叶生长、根瘤发育、固氮及固氮产物转移的影响。结果表明,氮锌复合作用对白三叶生长、根瘤发育、固氮及氮转移在白三叶不同生长阶段、不同氮锌施用范围表现出不同的效应。生长前期氮锌复合作用对白三叶茎叶及根系产量的协同效应表现在氮0-30mg/kg、锌0-6mg/kg的范围内,而生长后期协同范围扩大到氮0-90mg/kg与锌0-20mg/kg的不同组合处理中;在高于上述氮锌施用范围,氮锌之间表现为拮抗效应。与不施氮相比较,施氮显著降低了白三叶根瘤数量及生长前期固氮百分数,但适量施氮（30mg/kg）显著增加了白三叶根瘤重量及生长后期固氮百分数。在所有施氮水平中,施锌6mg/kg显著增加了根瘤数量、根瘤重量及固氮百分数。与茎叶及根系生长氮锌协同范围相比较,氮锌对根瘤发育与固氮作用的协同范围较小。固氮产物转移与白三叶根瘤衰败有密切相关。试验为我国南方牧场科学施肥提供理论依据.     

不同施肥处理对曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’生长和紫杉醇含量的影响

采用L9（3^4）正交实验设计,研究了温室盆栽和田间栽培条件下,不同氮、磷、钾施用水平对曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’（Taxus media‘Hicksii’）生长及紫杉醇含量的影响。结果表明,不同的氮、磷、钾施用水平对曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’盆栽苗和田间栽培苗的生长量、枝叶产量和紫杉醇含量有显著影响,影响效应从大至小依次为氮、磷、钾。根据生长综合指标确定最有利于曼地亚红豆杉幼苗生长的氮、磷、钾施用量分别为400、66和200mg·L^-1;最有利于紫杉醇积累的氮、磷、钾施用量分别为200、66和133mg·L^-1。此外,曼地亚红豆杉‘Hicksii’田间栽培苗的生长量、枝叶产量和紫杉醇含量显著高于盆栽苗。     

半夏测土配方施肥产量效应和氮磷钾吸收特性分析

目的：探索肥效对贵州半夏产量及养分吸收特性的影响。方法：采用“3414”测土配方施肥考察半夏产量及不同时期块茎对氮磷钾吸收特性,SPSS 22.0进行肥效方程拟合及不同时期块茎氮磷钾吸收的显著性分析。结果：氮、磷、钾肥施用量的变化对半夏产量具有显著相关性,通过对氮、磷、钾肥施用量与半夏产量的关系拟合得到单因素肥效方程、三因素肥效模型以及不同时期块茎吸收氮磷钾与产量的相关性模型,该区域半夏最佳施肥策略为氮肥74.19 kg/hm²、磷肥87.28 kg/hm²、钾肥25.48 kg/hm²;不同时期块茎对氮的吸收受磷肥施用的影响,当磷肥施用处于较高水平时,块茎对氮的吸收也处于较高水平;块茎对磷的吸收受钾肥施用的影响,当钾肥施用处于较低水平时,对磷的吸收处于较高水平;块茎对钾的吸收则受氮、磷施用的共同影响,高钾的施用有利于块茎对钾的吸收。结论：半夏不同生长期应采取不同的施肥策略以达到更高的产量,本研究对贵州半夏高产栽培有一定指导意义。     

黄绵土坡耕地大豆的水肥产量效应

研究了不同施肥量(N、P配施)下黄绵土坡耕地大豆的水肥产量效应．结果表明,水分利用效率(WUE)与作物产量(Y)正相关,y＝0．0017l 0.0035WUE．单施磷时,作物产量和WUE随磷的增加而增大;单施氮时,作物产量和WUE随氯的增加先增大后降低,表明施用氮应该配合施用一定量的磷．施肥能显著提高作物产量和WUE,与不施肥相比,施肥时作物产量和WUE分别提高了86．76％一470．16％和69．64％一438．47．与单施氦、磷相比,氮、磷合理配施能提高作物产量和水分利用效率,适宜的N、P(P205)配施比例为1．3：1．     

氮肥施用时期及基追比例对土壤矿质氮含量时空变化及小麦产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了不同氮肥施用时期和基追比例对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量变化及小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明：土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量随着土层深度的增加而降低,不同氮肥施用时期和基追比例对0～20 cm土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均有显著影响;与氮肥全部基施处理相比,氮肥施用时期后移和基追比例的增加,明显提高了氮肥吸收利用率,减少了小麦全生育期土壤氮素的表观盈余量,同时显著改善了小麦籽粒品质;但对籽粒产量影响不显著,孕穗期追施比例过大导致产量显著降低.在本试验条件下,综合考虑产量、品质和生态效益,以基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为5∶3∶2为最佳氮肥运筹方式.     

栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和籽粒养分含量的影响

通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和籽粒养分含量的影响.结果表明:与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但籽粒磷吸收量却增加8.4%,磷含量平均提高13.0%;籽粒氮、硫和铁吸收量分别降低12.6%、15.0%和11.1%,含量分别降低12.1%、12.9%和10.1%,锌含量无显著变化.秸秆还田使小麦籽粒产量下降12.1%,籽粒氮、硫和铁吸收量分别降低22.5%、21.0%和19.8%,含量分别降低10.1%、9.4%和3.8%;磷吸收量降低9.8%,含量却增加5.0%,锌含量亦无显著变化.种植绿肥的小麦籽粒产量降低12.1%,籽粒氮和锌吸收量无显著变化,含量分别增加12.1%和12.6%,对磷、硫和铁含量无显著影响.可见,旱地条件下,不同栽培模式引起的籽粒产量增减与其养分吸收量变化不一致是养分含量变化的主要原因.在旱地小麦生产中,需注意地膜覆盖和秸秆还田的减产风险及对籽粒养分的不利影响,适当调控氮肥用量,保证小麦产量形成的养分需求,协调氮、硫、铁养分的吸收利用.种植绿肥能培肥土壤,提高籽粒氮和锌含量,但也应注意其减产问题.     

氮水平和硝态氮比例对烤烟钙、镁、铜、锌等元素累积分配的影响

本研究通过探讨氮素对烤烟其他营养元素吸收利用的影响,从而为实现烤烟养分调控、营养均衡提供依据。试验采用裂区设计,主处理设3个施氮水平(5g.N/株,7g.N/株,9g.N/株),副处理设3个硝态氮比例(25%,50%,75%),测定并分析氮水平和硝态氮比例对烤烟钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)等其它营养元素累积分配的影响。分析显示:根系中的Ca、Mg、Zn的含量在不同的氮水平和硝态氮比例下差异不显著;氮水平显著或极显著影响烟叶中的Cu含量;硝态氮比例对烟叶中的Zn含量的影响达到显著或极显著水平;氮水平和硝态氮比例的交互作用对烟叶中的Ca、Cu、Zn含量的影响也达到显著或极显著水平。在相同的氮水平和硝态氮比例下,叶片中Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn等营养元素的分配率较高;施用的硝态氮比例相同,随着施氮量的增加,分配到叶片中的Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn等营养元素的比例均减少。因此,在烤烟施肥中,不仅要关注氮等大量营养元素对烟叶的影响,而且需关注氮元素与其它营养元素间的平衡。本研究为烟叶生产中肥料的合理施用与养分的调控、平衡提供技术支撑。     

长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

历时14年的田间定位试验表明,红壤旱地磷素最为缺乏,施用磷肥对提高作物产量效果最好;施用石灰和微量元素对作物产量没有明显增产作用．施肥可以提高花生植株磷、钾的浓度,表明作物的养分含量受土壤养分供应水平的影响．土壤中赢余(亏损)的养分在养分库重建中的作用可以用速效养分库重建效率来表示．研究表明,当红壤旱地N、P2O5、K2O养分赢余1kg·hm^-2时,可分别使土壤中水解氮、有效磷、交换性钾含量提高0．6～6．26、0．20～0．28和1．1～8．5mg·kg^-1．红壤旱地氮和磷通过径流等损失较大,不同处理之间的变化幅度也较大．红壤每年可固定磷43．5kg·hm^-2,通过自身风化作用每年可提供氮48．1kg·hm^-2和钾40．5kg·hm^-2,以满足作物生长所需．     

稻麦轮作体系下有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质影响的整合分析

为明确稻麦轮作系统有机肥施用对作物产量和土壤性质的影响,本研究搜集已公开发表的文献数据,利用meta分析法定量分析了有机肥类型(普通有机肥、生物质炭、秸秆)、施用策略(单施有机肥、有机肥配施部分化肥、有机肥配施全量化肥)、施用年限(短期、中期、长期)对稻麦产量和土壤性质的影响及其对不同土壤条件(酸性、中性、碱性)的响应。结果表明: 与单施化肥相比,有机肥施用对水稻和小麦的增产效应相近,分别为3.1%和3.0%。有机肥施用对土壤性质的提升效果更明显,显著降低了土壤容重(5.7%),显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,以及微生物生物量碳、氮,增幅在11.7%～38.4%。不同类型有机肥中,生物质炭和普通有机肥对土壤性质的改良效果优于秸秆;与单施有机肥相比,有机肥配施化肥的作物增产效果更好,而土壤性质改良效果较差;随着有机肥施用年限增加,作物增产和土壤肥力提升效应逐渐增强;在酸性土壤条件下有机肥施用对作物的增产效果最显著。土壤容重与稻麦周年产量呈显著负相关,而土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和微生物生物量氮与稻麦周年产量呈显著正相关关系。     

微波消解-FAAS法分析并比较旱芹(Apium graveolens L.)不同部位八种金属元素的含量

采用微波消解法处理旱芹根、茎、叶,并用火焰原子吸收法测定其中的Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu 8种金属元素的含量。结果表明:旱芹中富含人体必需的Na、K、Mg、Fe、Ca等元素,各元素在不同部位含量有一定差异。Fe元素在旱芹根中含量为883.57μg.g-1,明显高于茎和叶;Ca、Zn和Mn元素在旱芹叶中的含量分别为11 103.74,214.04,88.07μg.g-1,明显高于茎和根;K、Na和Mg元素在旱芹茎中的含量高于根和叶中,Cu元素含量在各部位差异不大。方法的加标回收率为96.8%～105.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤3.36%。     

含硝化抑制剂DMPP复合肥对日光温室芹菜生长和营养品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了含硝化抑制剂DMPP复合肥对日光温室芹菜生长和品质的影响. 结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,一次基施DMPP复合肥67.5和54.0 kg·hm^-2 氮处理分别使芹菜增产5.78%和10.14%; DMPP复合肥可降低芹菜可食部分硝酸盐含量,提高Vc、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖及氮、磷含量. 与分次施用相比,适当减少DMPP复合肥施用次数和用量可提高芹菜产量并改善其品质,降低生产成本.DMPP复合肥在施入土壤中后具有显著的硝化抑制作用,延缓了菜地土壤铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,降低了氮素向水体迁移的风险.芹菜收获后土壤中全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮残留较多,有利于保持地力.     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、果实产量和品质的影响

采用有机基质栽培,选用盐敏感黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为试验材料,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、矿质营养吸收、果实品质和产量的影响.结果表明：接种AMF可以有效促进黄瓜植株生长和对矿质营养的吸收,提高果实产量和改善蔬菜营养品质;盐胁迫下,黄瓜生长受到抑制,植株体内N、P、K、Cu、Zn含量减少和K⁺/Na⁺降低,果实产量和可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc、硝酸盐含量下降;接种AMF可缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜生长的抑制作用,使植株体内N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量分别比对照提高7.3%、11.7%、28.2%、13.5%和9.9%,K⁺/Na⁺、果实产量、可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc含量明显提高,果实硝酸盐含量显著降低.表明AMF可通过促进盐胁迫下黄瓜植株对矿质营养的吸收,促进植株生长,增强植株对盐胁迫的耐性,进而提高其产量和改善营养品质.     

抑制剂尿素施用对芹菜生长和品质的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺、硝化抑制剂3,5-二甲基吡唑、硝化抑制剂双氰胺与脲酶抑制剂氢醌组合的尿素(D-U、DMP-U、H-D-U)对芹菜生长及硝酸盐含量等影响。结果表明,施用抑制剂尿素能提高芹菜的地上部干重及其占总生物量的比例,降低芹菜叶、茎中的硝酸盐含量,提高芹菜叶、茎中的维生素C、氨基酸和粗蛋白的含量。H-D-U对减少芹菜体内的硝酸盐累积具有最明显的效果。     

Evidence for a synergistic interaction between cadmium and endotoxin toxicity and for nitric oxide and cadmium displacement of metals in the kidney.

This study was undertaken to examine changes in Zn and Cu homeostasis in the liver and kidney of rats caused by cadmium (Cd) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Twenty-five male, 7- to 8-week-old Wistar rats were divided into five groups: saline only treatment, saline treatment and food deprivation, exposure to a single dose of Cd, exposure to LPS alone, and exposure to Cd + LPS. Changes in plasma nitrate concentrations and hepatic and renal Zn and Cu contents were measured together with urinary excretion rates for the metals and nitrate on 3 consecutive days: 24 h before treatment and 24 and 48 h after treatments. Cd exposure alone for 48 h caused a nearly 2-fold increase in plasma nitrate levels with no changes in urinary nitrate excretion whereas LPS treatment caused plasma nitrate levels to increase by 10-fold and urinary nitrate excretion to increase by 4-fold. Administration of LPS 24 h after Cd exposure caused a 10-fold increase in plasma nitrate concentrations and a 100-fold increase in urinary nitrate excretion compared to the rates prior to LPS administration. These results indicate a synergistic interaction between Cd and LPS toxicity. Cd exposure also caused a marked increase in hepatic Zn levels, but LPS did not cause any changes in hepatic Zn or Cu content. In sharp contrast, both Zn and Cu contents were decreased in the kidneys by 16 and 36% in animals exposed to Cd or LPS. A correlation analysis of measured variables reveals that renal Cu contents were inversely associated with plasma nitrate concentrations while urinary Cu excretion on day 3 showed a strong positive correlation with both urinary nitrate and Cd excretions on the same day. A linear regression analysis shows 20% of the variation in urinary Cu excretion was associated with urinary Cd excretion on the same day. It is concluded that reductions in renal Cu contents caused by Cd or LPS administration may be a result of Cd and NO displacement of Cu previously bound to metallothionein.     

The effect of sulfur-containing nitrogen fertilizers on the elemental composition of celery (Apium graveolens) grown on a polluted marsh soil

Summary In order to investigate elemental composition of celery, and to quantify the influence of sulfur-containing N-fertilizers on the trace element uptake, a field trial with celery was carried out on marsh soil polluted with municipal wastes. The research yielded the following results:Compared to leaves at harvest time, bulbs showed significantly lower concentrations of Mo, S and Sb, but higher contents of B, Br and Cr and Cu. Since the acidifying effect of the fertilizers was suppressed by the free calcium carbonate in the soil, no significant changes in concentrations of cationic trace elements were detected in plants fertilized with ammonium sulfate compared to those which received urea or calcium ammonium nitrate. On the other hand, in these plants the conspicuous increase in total sulfur was accompanied by a significant decrease in concentrations of up to 30% for B, Br and Sb, 50% for As, 60% for Se and 80% for Mo.According to these results, in plant production on contaminated soils certain plant parts may be marketable due to their low tendency to accumulate toxic elements, and furthermore it may be feasible to reduce the contents of some of these elements in plants by the use of sulfur-containing fertilizers.     

叶面配施镁锌钼对银杏苗叶生长和药用品质的影响

以两年生银杏苗为研究对象,采用室内模拟与盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了叶面配施低、中、高浓度的镁、锌、钼对银杏叶产量和药用成分含量及其产量的影响,以明确叶用银杏叶面微肥中镁锌钼的适宜浓度。结果显示:(1)镁锌钼配施能提高单叶面积、叶片厚度、单株叶面积和叶生物量,并以配施组合Mo3(2%Mg+0.3%Zn+0.1%Mo)对叶生物量的提高幅度较大(64.9%)。(2)中锌中钼配施镁肥对银杏叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的正效应随着镁肥喷施浓度的增加而降低,中镁中钼配施锌肥、中镁中锌配施中钼对叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖含量的正效应随着配施肥料浓度的升高而降低,而可溶性蛋白含量与配施肥料浓度呈正相关。(3)镁锌钼配施能提高叶片总黄酮、萜内酯含量,以及单株总黄酮和萜内酯产量,以配施组合Mo3对单株总黄酮、萜内酯产量的提高幅度最大,分别为2.96倍和1.70倍。(4)配施高浓度的肥料(Mg4、Zn4和Mo4)不同程度地降低了镁锌钼配施对部分指标的正效应。研究表明,配施适当浓度的镁锌钼叶面肥可在一定程度促进银杏苗叶绿素合成,上调可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质等初生代谢物质积累,改善其叶片生长和药用品质,提高叶产量及药用品质构成要素;微肥2%Mg+0.3%Zn+0.1%Mo是本试验条件下提高银杏叶产量、药用成分含量和产量较为理想的叶肥组合。     

南美斑潜蝇为害大棚芹菜和芸豆的产量损失测定及经济阈值分析

研究结果表明：①南美斑潜蝇为害大棚芹菜和芸豆,其虫道面积和产量呈负相关,与产量损失率呈正相关;②曲线回归方程为：Y（大棚芹菜产量）＝4．233／（1＋0．2669e0.0281X）,Y（大棚芸豆产量）＝500950．702／（1＋39262,76541e^0.0103X）,Y（大棚芹菜产量损失率）＝68．075／（1＋23．1517e^-0.071X）,Y（大棚芹菜产量损失率）＝71．765／（1＋4．26245e^-0.0305X）;③经济阈值模型为：X（大棚芹菜）＝14．0845ln[23.1575L/(68.075-L)],X(大棚芸豆）＝27．3973ln[4.26245L/(71.765-l)]。     

Virus diseases of celery in England

Abnormal celery plants (Apium graveolens) with symptoms typical of virus infection were collected from 28 farms in Cambridgeshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk; six different diseases were found. The causal viruses from three of these were isolated and partially characterised. Cucumber mosaic virus was quite common, but usually symptomless; it had no effect on the growth of four celery cultivars in field trials. Celery virus 036 was serologically related to western celery mosaic virus, had a host range apparently confined to Umbelliferae, and was very common in the Fens, causing ringspot symptoms in some cultivars and a loss in yield of up to 24%. This disease was much less severe than that caused by an American isolate of western celery mosaic virus in glasshouse comparisons. Celery virus 065 (an unidentified isometric virus, 28–30 nm in diameter) was less common, had a very wide host range, and caused stunting, necrosis, and chlorotic flecking in all cultivars with a loss in yield of up to 45%. Of the remaining three diseases, celery yellow spot was common; the causal agent was transmitted by mechanical inoculation, but very inefficiently, and although yield losses were not determined accurately, they were thought to be insignificant. While plants with symptoms typical of celery yellow net and celery strap leaf diseases were often found, no viruses could be isolated from them, despite repeated attempts.     

Application of Zinc,Iron and Boron Enhances Productivity and Grain Biofortification of Mungbean

Deficiencies of essential vitamins, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) affect over one-half of the world’s population. A significant progress has been made to control micronutrient deficiencies through supplementation, but new approaches are needed, especially to reach the rural poor. Agronomic biofortification of pulses with Zn, Fe, and boron (B) offers a pragmatic solution to combat hidden hunger instead of food fortification and supplementation. Moreover, it also has positive effects on crop production as well. Therefore, we conducted three separate field experiments for two consecutive years to evaluate the impact of soil and foliar application of the aforementioned nutrients on the yield and seed biofortification of mungbean. Soil application of Zn at 0, 4.125, 8.25, Fe at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and B at 0, 0.55, 1.1 kg ha⁻¹ was done in the first, second and third experiment, respectively. Foliar application in these experiments was done at 0.3% Zn, 0.2% Fe and 0.1% B respectively one week after flowering initiation. Data revealed that soil-applied Zn, Fe and B at 8.25, 5.0 and 1.1 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, enhanced the grain yield of mungbean; however, this increase in yield was statistically similar to that recorded with Zn, Fe and B at 4.125, 2.5 and 0.55 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Foliar application of these nutrients at flower initiation significantly enhanced the Zn contents by 28% and 31%, Fe contents by 80% and 78%, while B contents by 98% and 116% over control during 2019 and 2020, respectively. It was concluded from the results that soil application of Zn, Fe, and B enhanced the yield performance of mungbean; while significant improvements in seed Zn, Fe, and B contents were recorded with foliar application of these nutrients.