Particulate matter,PM 10 & PM 2.5 levels,and airborne mutagenicity in Chiang Mai,Thailand

Daily levels of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air (PM 2.5 and PM 10) were measured in a northern city of Thailand (Chiang Mai) from March 1998 to October 1999. Twenty-four-hour air particulate matter samples were collected each day with Airmetric Minivol portable air samplers. Monthly averages of PM 2.5 from four stations in Chiang Mai varied from 15.39 to 138.31microg/m(3) and 27.29 to 173.40 microg/m(3) for PM 10. The PM 2.5 annual average was 58.48 mg/m(3) and PM 10, 86.38 microg/m(3). Daily PM 2.5 (24h values) during the winter months in Chiang Mai frequently exceeded 200-300 microg/m(3). The maximum concentrations of PM 2.5 (24h average) in Chiang Mai air from December 1998 to April 1999 were 2.8-, 3.5-, 4.2-, 6.5- and 3.2-fold higher than the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), PM 2.5, 24h standard of 65 microg/m(3). From May to October, the mean 24h levels of PM 2.5 and PM 10 were at acceptable levels. The data shows that during the winter season (December to March), levels of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in the Chiang Mai atmosphere are very high, and there may be significant health implications associated with these high concentrations. During the summer season, the fine particles were generally within the acceptable levels. To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of PM 2.5 to be reported for the city of Chiang Mai and they indicate considerable ambient fine particle exposures to the Chiang Mai population. In addition, dichloromethane extracts of airborne particulate matter PM 2.5 or PM 10 collected in the months of winter in the city of Chiang Mai were mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 without metabolic activation. The mutagenicity appeared to track particle concentrations and increased in the presence of S9 mix.     

Evapotranspiration of Phragmites communis community in Panjin wetland and its control factors

Based on the data in the whole year of 2005 using microclimate gradient observation, eddy covariance observation, and plant ecophysiological observation at Panjin Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, the daily evapotranspiration variation and the control factors of the Phragmites communis community are analyzed. The results show that daily evapotranspiration variation among different months can be expressed as a single-peak curve that is lower in the morning and evening, and higher around noon. Meteorological and biological factors affect the evapotranspiration obviously. According to the correlation analysis, the evapotranspiration variation of Phragmites communis wetland has good correspondence with such environmental factors as net radiation, air temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and soil moisture. Regression analysis indicated that the major factors during the growing season include net radiation, soil moisture, relative humidity, air temperature and surface temperature, while the factors during the non-growing season include net radiation, soil surface temperature and wind speed. At the same time, growth situation and biological characteristics of vegetation have significant effects on the evapotranspiration of Phragmites communis, especially the leaf index and leaf conductance.     

北京4种典型风景游憩林对林内PM2.5的调控作用

为研究风景游憩林中PM_2.5浓度的变化规律及其对气象因子的响应,并分析不同林分对PM_2.5浓度的调控作用,在2013年夏、秋、冬季于北京市奥林匹克森林公园内对北京4种典型结构风景游憩林（华山松-银杏混交林、毛白杨-白蜡混交林、毛白杨纯林、多树种复层混交林）中的PM_2.5浓度及相关气象因子进行实时测定（共28个观测日）.结果表明： 在不同空气污染级别下林分内PM_2.5浓度的日变化无统一规律,但在同一污染级别下4种林分的PM_2.5浓度日变化规律基本一致.当风力为0~2级时,在各污染级别下4片林分内PM_2.5浓度的日均值\[观测时段内（9: 00—15: 00）PM_2.5浓度平均值\]无显著差异.林内PM_2.5浓度与空气相对湿度呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与气温呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与风速不相关.相对于林分外空地,林分内PM_2.5浓度变化比例在-21.4%～33.2%,其与空气相对湿度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与风速和气温不相关.林分对PM_2.5浓度的调控作用包含增加和降低两种效应,本研究中,这种调控作用发生转变的空气相对湿度临界值为67%.     

北京4种典型风景游憩林对林内PM2.5的调控作用

为研究风景游憩林中PM_2.5浓度的变化规律及其对气象因子的响应,并分析不同林分对PM_2.5浓度的调控作用,在2013年夏、秋、冬季于北京市奥林匹克森林公园内对北京4种典型结构风景游憩林（华山松-银杏混交林、毛白杨-白蜡混交林、毛白杨纯林、多树种复层混交林）中的PM_2.5浓度及相关气象因子进行实时测定（共28个观测日）.结果表明： 在不同空气污染级别下林分内PM_2.5浓度的日变化无统一规律,但在同一污染级别下4种林分的PM_2.5浓度日变化规律基本一致.当风力为0~2级时,在各污染级别下4片林分内PM_2.5浓度的日均值\[观测时段内（9: 00—15: 00）PM_2.5浓度平均值\]无显著差异.林内PM_2.5浓度与空气相对湿度呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与气温呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与风速不相关.相对于林分外空地,林分内PM_2.5浓度变化比例在-21.4%～33.2%,其与空气相对湿度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与风速和气温不相关.林分对PM_2.5浓度的调控作用包含增加和降低两种效应,本研究中,这种调控作用发生转变的空气相对湿度临界值为67%.     

陕西中部黄土高原地区空气花粉组成及其与气候因子的关系——以洛川县下黑木沟村为例

空气花粉研究是现代孢粉学、植被变迁与预测的重要内容之一.陕西省黄土高原地区洛川县2007-2009连续2a的空气花粉分析表明:空气花粉组成与区域植被分布特征和植物花期一致.与2007—2008年相比,2008-2009年的花粉总通量及蒿属花粉通量明显增加,但木本植物花粉通量降低,这主要与2008-2009年降水明显偏少密切相关.2007-2008年降雨量高于500 mm,花粉组合中乔木花粉百分比高于30％,表现出森林植被特点;2008-2009年降雨量少于450 mm,花粉组合中草本花粉高于80％,乔木花粉低于10％,更多表现出草原植被特点.但从植被观测来看并没有明显的变化,表明花粉组合较植被对气候变化更为敏感.主要花粉类型与气候因子的相关分析表明:气候因子影响空气花粉的组成及数量.栎属、松属、蔷薇科花粉数量主要受春季温度影响,温度越高花粉数量越多;其他季节花粉数量主要受相对湿度影响,湿度越低,花粉数量越大.榆属花粉数量主要与冬季温度有关,温度越高,花粉数量越高.杨属只受春季温度影响,春季温度越低,花粉数量越多.胡颓子科花粉含量主要受春季相对湿度、风速影响,相对湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越多.绝大多数草本花粉数量均主要受春、冬季相对湿度及风速影响,相对湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越高;此外,禾本科花粉数量还受春季温度影响,温度越高,花粉数量越多;菊科花粉数量在夏秋季节还受温度、湿度和风速的共同影响,温度越低,湿度越低,风速越大,花粉数量越多.这些结果表明,黄土高原中部地区的空气花粉特征能反映区域植被组成,且对气候变化非常敏感,对认识和预测当地气候变化与植被动态等具有重要意义.     

Perception of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics

We aim to understand the relationship between people’s declared bioclimatic comfort, their personal characteristics (age, origin, clothing, activity and motivation, etc.) and the atmospheric conditions. To attain this goal, questionnaire surveys were made concurrently with weather measurements (air temperature, relative humidity, solar and long-wave radiation and wind speed) in two open leisure areas of Lisbon (Portugal), during the years 2006 and 2007. We analysed the desire expressed by the interviewees to decrease, maintain or increase the values of air temperature and wind speed, in order to improve their level of comfort. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyse the quantitative relation between preference votes and environmental and personal parameters. The preference for a different temperature depends on the season and is strongly associated with wind speed. Furthermore, a general decrease of discomfort with increasing age was also found. Most people declared a preference for lower wind speed in all seasons; the perception of wind shows significant differences depending on gender, with women declaring a lower level of comfort with higher wind speed. It was also found that the tolerance of warmer conditions is higher than of cooler conditions, and that adaptive strategies are undertaken by people to improve their level of comfort outdoors.     

藏北牧区地表湿润状况对气候变化的响应

利用1961～2006年藏北牧区6个站月平均最高气温、最低气温、降水量、风速、相对湿度、日照时数资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算得出潜在蒸散,分析了地表湿润指数的变化趋势、年代际变化特征及季节差异,并讨论了影响地表湿润指数的气象因子.研究表明:近46a藏北牧区年地表湿润指数呈现增大趋势,增幅0.01～0.05/10a;四季地表湿润指数大部分牧区也呈增大趋势,春、秋季增幅明显.近26a(1981～2006年)、季潜在蒸散表现为明显的减少趋势,降水量显现增多趋势,地表湿润指数增大趋势加大,以夏季最为突出.就年平均而言,藏北牧区20世纪60年代初、中期以高湿低温为其主要气候特征;20世纪60年代后期至80年代中期,表现为冷干型的气候特征;90年代初之后,气温持续升高,地表湿润指数显著增加,呈现以暖湿为主的年代际变化特征.湿润指数对降水量、相对湿度和气温日较差的响应最为敏感,而对日照时数和风速的响应也较为明显.     

Spring airborne pollen data in two sites in Trentino (Northern Italy): a comparison with meteorological data

In this paper airborne pollen concentration is compared to meteorological data of Trento and S. Michele all’Adige, two sites in the Adige Valley, in Trentino (North Italy). Pollen ofCorylus, Alnus, Betula andOstrya, four winter-spring flowering plants are considered. Pollen sampling was carried out in 1996 by volumetric Hirst-type samplers. For all pollen types considered, maximum pollen concentration coincided in both stations and there was a good overlap of the main pollen season length; the pollen curves of S. Michele a/A and Trento showed a highly positive correlation. The daily airborne pollen concentrations, defined as the number of pollen grains per cubic meter of air (P/m³), were compared to daily meteorological data: minimum and maximum air temperature (°C), average relative humidity (%), precipitation (mm), global incident radiation (cal/cm²), average wind direction (°) and wind speed (m/s). A highly positive correlation was found forCorylus and maximum temperature in both monitoring stations.Betula was positively, whereasOstrya was negatively correlated to relative humidity. With this first analytical approach sharp differences in the atmospheric pollen presence between the stations located at Trento and S. Michele all’Adige were not found.     

盘锦湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)群落蒸发散主导影响因子

利用2005年全年盘锦芦苇湿地梯度观测和涡动相关系统的监测数据,对芦苇群落的蒸发散变化规律及其主导影响因子分析表明,不同月份芦苇群落蒸发散日变化呈现出相同的变化趋势,即早晚低、中午高的单峰型曲线;芦苇群落蒸发散主要受当地气象因素、植被生长状况和生理生态特征的影响.相关分析表明,芦苇湿地蒸发散与净辐射、气温、地表温度、相对湿度、风速、土壤含水量等环境因素的变化都有很好的响应.回归分析表明影响生长季主要因素有:净辐射、土壤含水量、相对湿度、气温和地表温度;影响非生长季主要有:净辐射、地表温度和风速.同时,植被生长状况和生理生态特征对蒸发散也有显著影响,其中叶面积指数与气孔导度是芦苇群落蒸发散的主导影响因子.     

红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙小气候特征

利用HOBO自动气象站对小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙、郁闭林分和空旷地的小气候因子进行了为期一个生长季的测定.结果表明：红松阔叶混交林林隙与对照样地的光照、地面温度和气温的日变化及其在生长季的变化趋势均呈单峰型曲线.林隙和对照样地空气相对湿度的日变化均为早晨和傍晚较高,正午较低,呈高-低-高的变化趋势;生长季内呈单峰型曲线,其中郁闭林分相对湿度最大,其次为小、中、大3个林隙,空旷地最小.林隙和对照样地降水量及降雨次数随林冠层郁闭程度的增加呈递减趋势,大林隙降雨量约为小林隙的1.4倍.在生长季内,空旷地、大、中和小林隙以及郁闭林分最大风速分别为3.34、2.97、2.87、2.41和1.84 m·s^-1.     

Annual,daily and diurnal variation of Urticaceae pollen in North-central London

Summary Annual differences in cumulative counts of Urticaceae pollen are found to relate primarily to the weather conditions during the pollen formative period (April and May) and secondarily to the weather prevailing during the season itself. Relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity and precipitation emerge as the most influential variables in the analysis of daily variations but their relative importance varies between years. Diurnal patterns in concentrations show general peaks occurring in the early evening but the severity and exact timing of these relates closely to wind direction. The implications of these results are considered in the context of forecasting.     

华北平原参考作物蒸散量变化特征及气候影响因素

参考作物蒸散量是估算作物需水量的关键因子,对指导农田灌溉是有十分重要的现实意义。在气候变化的背景下,利用Penman-Monteith方法,计算华北平原典型站点1961 2007年逐日参考作物蒸散量,并从能量平衡和动力学角度对其分解,分析年际变化和季节变化特征;结合数理统计方法,研究影响参考作物蒸散量及其构成项变化的主次气候因子,为该区农田水分管理提供更有效的科学指导。研究结果表明:在华北平原全区温度显著上升、日照时数,相对湿度,平均风速呈显著下降的背景下,绝大部分站点参考作物蒸散量及构成项呈显著下降趋势。夏季的参考作物蒸散量和辐射项值相对最高,冬季值最低;春季的空气动力学项值相对比例最高。辐射项与空气动力学项年际间呈负相关关系,春夏两季之间呈不显著正相关趋势,秋冬两季呈不显著负相关趋势。辐射项的变化主要受日照时数、风速及温度的影响,其中风速的贡献是负效应;空气动力学项的变化主要受风速、相对湿度及平均温度的影响,相对湿度的贡献是负效应。参考作物蒸散量的变化主要受日照时数、相对湿度、温度日较差和风速的综合影响。此外,降水与其呈显著负相关关系,下降幅度略高于参考作物蒸散量的变化幅度。     

鲁东沿海丘陵茶园防护林的小气候特征

近年来山东乳山茶业逐渐兴起, 但由于北方冬春季温度低和倒春寒频繁发生, 茶叶种植面积逐年减小。如何在低成本管理的基础上提高茶叶产量和品质, 成为乳山茶园管理的一大难题。以2007年春季采用水平梯田整地种植的茶园为试验区, 以梯田周围营造的4种网格(8 m × 80 m, 12 m × 80 m, 20 m × 80 m, 40 m × 80 m)茶园防护林为研究对象, 分别在2013年4月、8月和12月, 测定风速、空气温度、土壤温度、空气相对湿度及土壤相对湿度, 以纯茶园作为对照, 进行了小气候因子测定和分析。结果表明: (1) 4种防护林均能有效地降低茶园内风速, 调节气温、土壤温度和土壤相对湿度, 增加空气相对湿度, 为茶树生长提供适宜的生态环境; (2)由于区域水分通量和太阳辐射的季节变化, 4种防护林的小气候调节效应也表现出一定的季节性差异; (3)主成分分析结果表明, 4种茶园防护林中, 影响小气候因子的主要因素是气温和土壤温度, 其因子负荷量分别为-0.978和0.986, 但风速与气温呈极显著相关关系, 与土壤温度之间无显著线性关系, 因此, 风速也能间接地影响林内小气候; (4) 8 m × 80 m的防护林对小气候的总体调节效应优于其他3种防护林。     

1961-2015年黄淮海地区冬小麦干热风灾害时空分布特征

干热风是影响北方小麦后期生长和产量形成的重大气象灾害之一,在黄淮海地区主要有高温低湿型和雨后青枯型两种类型。利用黄淮海冬麦主产区65个站点1961-2015年的逐日气象数据和冬小麦生育期资料,综合分析了过去55 a该地区干热风日数和干热风过程的总体时空分布与变化特征。结果表明：（1）年平均干热风日数、过程次数高值区位于河北中南部、河南北部、山东北部和西部等地,其中河北中南部为黄淮海地区的干热风重发区。（2）干热风多年平均初日和最早初日的空间分布均呈从南向北、从内陆到沿海逐渐推后的特征;随着小麦灌浆成熟进程,干热风发生日数呈逐渐增多趋势,灌浆中后期干热风日数多、程度重,是干热风危害的集中期和防御关键期。（3）黄淮海地区干热风日数、过程次数总体均呈减少趋势,其中重干热风日数、重过程次数减少趋势更为明显;从地区差异来看,冀东南、鲁西北、豫东北等地减少趋势更为明显。但在气候变暖背景下,极端天气气候事件频发,部分年份仍存在发生较重干热风的可能,如2001年区域平均干热风日数达8.1 d,成为1961-2015年干热风日数最多的年份,因此对干热风的防御仍需引起足够的重视。     

川渝地区空气质量时空分布格局及影响因素

川渝地区尤其是四川盆地已成为我国空气污染最严重的地区之一，基于2018—2019年川渝地区128个城市站和71个县级站空气质量监测及自然与社会经济数据，采用全局和局部莫兰指数分析了川渝地区空气质量指数(AQI)和不同空气质量分指数(IAQI)的时空格局，并采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)从较为宏观的尺度综合分析了川渝地区空气污染的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明：(1)川渝地区空气质量整体为良，主要污染物为O₃,其次为PM₁₀和PM_2.5。盆地区与高原区的主要污染物分别为PM_2.5和O₃;(2)AQI及PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂呈“U”型变化，春冬季最高，夏秋季最低；O₃则在内部两区域都大致呈倒“U”型变化，但峰值分布时间与持续时长明显不同；SO₂和CO年内无明显变化；(3)各污染物具有明显的空间聚集性特征，AQI及PM₁₀、PM_2.5     

Stratification in French Guiana: Cerambycid Beetles Go Up When Rains Come Down

When tropical rain forest insect species are associated with a particular season or forest stratum, it can imply tolerance for heat and drought—or moisture dependence; attributes that may predict their responses to global climate change. In French Guiana (1995–1996), wood‐boring cerambycid beetles made a seasonal shift in stratum. During the dry season, ground stratum bait branches were densely colonized, but during the rainy season almost all cerambycids emerged from canopy stratum branches. Because the same substrate was available at both levels, abiotic factors probably influenced branch selection. In this study, cerambycids were reared at the same site (2007–2008) to determine if the seasonal shift recurred. Microclimate data (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) were collected with portable weather meters to test the hypothesis that microclimate would be similar at ground stratum during the dry season, and at canopy stratum during the rainy season. The seasonal shift in stratum did recur; many cerambycid individuals (56%) belonged to species classified as ‘seasonal shifters’. Temperatures in the preferred microhabitats were intermediate, but relative humidity remained high during the rainy season (regardless of stratum) and it was windier in the canopy (regardless of season). The shifters preferentially colonized branches at moderate mean temperatures (23.0–24.3°C) and high mean relative humidities (91.3–100%). Shifters were considered season and stratum generalists because they were reared at both strata and were present in both seasons, but they may actually track a narrow microclimate window. Should the regional climate become warmer and drier, it would probably favor species currently restricted to the dry season or canopy stratum.     

松嫩草原碱化草地角碱蓬群落水分生态的研究

 本文采用自行设汁的蒸散仪和加拿大Campbe 11科学仪器公司生产的自动气象设备测定了松嫩草原碱化草地角碱蓬群落的蒸散、蒸腾量、太阳辐射及空气温度等环境因子。分析结果表明生长季的睛天条件下,角碱蓬群落的蒸散、蒸腾速率的日进程均为单峰曲线,且各月份间差异很大。群落蒸腾速率与太阳辐射强度、空气温度、相对湿度、风速等环境因子紧密相关,其中与太阳辐射强度呈极显著正相关关系。生长季降雨量和土壤含水量在角碱蓬群落水分循环与平衡的过程中起重要调节作用。1992年6～8月的生长季中,角碱蓬群落总的水分亏缺较少(6.3mm),但各月份间差异很大,其中6月份水分亏缺最高(30.1mm)。     

黑龙江省2010～2020年猩红热发病与气象因素的关联性研究

分析黑龙江省气象因素与猩红热发病的关系,建立时间序列模型,为今后制定更科学有效的猩红热防控策略提供参考依据。收集黑龙江省2010～2020年猩红热月发病数据以及同期气温、气压等气象资料,应用广义相加模型分析气象因素与猩红热发病之间的关联程度和形式。结果发现: 猩红热全年均有发病而且呈现出较为典型的双峰型特征,在春季的4～5月份和冬季的11～12月份发病数达到高峰;月平均气压、月平均相对湿度、月日照时数和月平均风速的P值均小于0.05,表明具有统计学意义。同时,RR(相对危险度Risk Ratio)值均小于1,即猩红热发病与四个气象因素呈负相关。黑龙江省猩红热发病每年存在两个流行高峰,主要以冬季为主,发病数随着月平均相对湿度、月日照时数、月平均风速与月平均气压的升高而降低。     

无锡惠山三种城市游憩林内细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度变化特征

在2011年秋、冬季和2012年春、夏季的游憩时段内(5:00-19:00),对无锡惠山香樟林、湿地松林和栓皮栎林3种游憩林内PM_2.5质量浓度进行实时监测,并同步观测气象因子,分析了游憩林内PM_2.5浓度的时间变化规律及其影响因素.结果表明: 惠山3种游憩林内PM_2.5浓度年均值低于道路,湿地松林和香樟林内PM_2.5浓度年均值低于栓皮栎林;3种游憩林和道路的PM_2.5年均浓度低于无锡市背景值.游憩林内PM_2.5浓度的季节变化规律为夏季最低,秋季次之,春季最高;PM_2.5浓度在春、夏、冬季最低的是湿地松林,秋季最低的是香樟林,栓皮栎林在各季节的PM_2.5浓度都较高.PM_2.5浓度在四季的日变化近似于“单峰单谷”型,7:00-9:00和15:00-19:00各出现最大值和最小值.4个季节的湿度和温度与PM_2.5浓度均极显著相关,光照仅在冬季显著影响PM_2.5浓度,较小风速对PM_2.5浓度的影响不大.     

Seasonal Variability in Airborne Biotic Contaminants in Swine Confinement Buildings

Little is known about the seasonal dynamics of biotic contaminants in swine confinement buildings (SCBs). The biotic contaminants of seven SCBs were monitored during one visit in the winter and one during the summer. Paired-end Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, V3 region, was used to examine seasonal shifts in bacterial community composition and diversity. The abundances of 16S rRNA genes and six tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetH, tetZ, tetO, tetQ, and tetW) were also quantified using real-time PCR. Bacterial abundances, community composition and diversity all showed strong seasonal patterns defined by winter peaks in abundance and diversity. Microclimatic variables of SCBs, particularly air speed, PM2.5 and total suspended particles (TSP) were found significantly correlated to abundances, community composition, and diversity of bacterial bioaerosols. Seasonal fluctuations were also observed for four tetracycline resistance genes, tetH, tetO, tetQ, and tetW. The frequency of occurrences of these resistance genes were significantly higher in samples collected during winter and was also significantly correlated with air speed, PM2.5 and TSP. Overall, our results indicate that biotic contaminants in SCBs exhibit seasonal trends, and these could be associated with the microclimatic variables of SCBs. The correlations established in the current study could be helpful in establishing better management strategies to minimize the potential health impacts on both livestock and humans working in this environment.