高效降解纤维素产甲烷菌群的富集及其性质研究

以获得1组高效降解纤维素的产甲烷菌群为目的,以蔬菜厌氧消化液、糖蜜厌氧消化液和池塘沉积物底泥为菌株来源,55℃条件下,以滤纸为碳源进行继代培养,检测其甲烷含量,最终获得1组有效分解纤维素的产甲烷菌群。该菌群能够有效分解滤纸,相对分解率可达67.3%,培养7 d甲烷累积产量可达46.5%(体积分数),培养第3天羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)活性最高值为26.3 U/mL。有机酸中乙酸产量最高,7 d累积量为2.7 g/L。基于16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序分析结果表明,细菌的多样性高于古菌。细菌菌群主要由Lutispora、好氧芽胞杆菌属(Aeribacillus)、解硫胺素杆菌属(Aneurinibacillus)、共生小杆菌属(Symbiobacterium)、梭菌属(Clostridium)等组成,其中Lutispora为优势菌群,占细菌总丰度的11.04%。古菌菌群主要包括甲烷嗜热杆菌属(Methanothermobacter)、甲烷丝状菌属(Methanothrix)、甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)、甲烷螺菌(Methanospirillum)等,其中甲烷嗜热杆菌属为优势古菌菌群,占古菌总丰度的99.82%。这组高效降解纤维素的产甲烷菌群可通过多种微生物协同作用实现纤维素的降解和甲烷的产生。     

一株纤维素降解细菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件分析

目的筛选高活性的纤维素降解细菌,并进行初步鉴定和产纤维素酶条件分析。方法采集吉首旗帜山松树林的土壤样品,通过富集培养和刚果红平板染色法筛选分离纤维素降解细菌;通过形态观察、生理生化特性检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对分离的菌株进行初步鉴定。利用单因素实验对产纤维素酶条件进行优化。结果分离获得1株高活性纤维素降解细菌JDM11,初步鉴定其为Bacillus velezensis;菌株JMD11产纤维素酶最佳培养温度、最适初始pH和培养时间分别为28℃、7.0～7.5和32h,在该条件下其滤纸酶(FPase)和羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)活力分别为260.32U/ml和651.75U/ml。结论菌株JDM11是1株高活性纤维素降解的Bacillus velezensis。     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道细菌的分离鉴定及纤维素降解细菌的筛选

【目的】本研究旨在明确草地贪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda幼虫肠道可培养细菌组成,筛选纤维素降解细菌。【方法】采用传统细菌培养及16S rDNA分子标记相结合的方法分离鉴定草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道可培养细菌;采用刚果红染色法筛选纤维素降解细菌,并通过3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定不同pH(5.0-9.0)条件下的纤维素酶活力。【结果】从草地贪夜蛾幼虫中筛选分离出14种肠道细菌菌株,分别隶属放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)等3门11属,即谷氨酸棒杆菌属(Glutamicibacter)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、摩根菌属(Morganella)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、克洛诺杆菌属(Cronobacter)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)。2株产纤维素酶细菌隶属厚壁菌门芽胞杆菌属。酶活力测定结果显示:2株纤维素降解细菌的纤维素酶在pH 6.0-8.0均有相对较高的活性,在pH 8.0时,纤维素酶活最高。【结论】草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道中细菌种类多样,其肠道内存在纤维素降解细菌。在偏碱性条件下,纤维素降解细菌的纤维素酶活力显著高于酸性条件。研究结果丰富了纤维素降解细菌资源,在饲料生产、食品加工、化学能源等方面具有应用前景。此外,草地贪夜蛾作为重大农业害虫,其肠道有益菌群,有望成为新的防治靶标。     

纤维素降解的菌株筛选及其运用

目的:筛选降解稻草纤维素菌株,为纤维素的高效降解提供理论依据.方法:采用羧甲基纤维素钠刚果红培养基与滤纸条培养基从采集的腐木、腐土和腐叶等样品中筛选出纤维素降解菌.然后经液态发酵后测定其羧甲基纤维素酶活力与降解稻草的天然纤维素酶活力,综合考虑这两种酶活力,对其进行单独与混合发酵培养.筛选分解稻草能力较强的菌株组合.结果:初筛到5株真菌和5株细菌纤维素降解力较优的菌株.经酶活力测定后,得到分解纤维素能力较强的两株真菌F3和F5与两株细菌B1和B5,其中F3和B1的羧甲基纤维素酶活分别为705.6U、214.6U;F5和B5天然纤维素酶活分别为466.5U、204.8 U.混合培养在一定程度上能提高纤维素酶活,F3/F5具有稳定而较高的酶活力,某时间段酶活高达646.8U,且后续酶活力也保持在较高水平.而F3/B5在某时间段的酶活高达788.6U.结论:菌株的混合培养可以提高纤维素酶活.     

黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落的分析

黄翅大白蚁(Macrotermes barneyi)具有高效降解木质纤维素的能力,其后肠内存在着丰富的共生微生物。采用活性电泳和变形梯度凝胶电泳的方法对黄翅大白蚁后肠降解滤纸微生物群落进行分析。活性电泳实验证实了此微生物群落纤维素酶的存在(内切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶),变形梯度凝胶电泳实验鉴定出微生物组的群落结构,即7种细菌和3种真菌。本研究初步阐明了黄翅大白蚁后肠内与滤纸降解相关的微生物种类,为进一步了解黄翅大白蚁纤维素的降解机制以及生物质资源的高效利用提供了理论基础。     

长足大竹象消化道不同分段菌群异质性及竹木质纤维素降解能力

【目的】长足大竹象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti消化道共生菌群参与了竹纤维素的降解。本研究旨在揭示长足大竹象幼虫消化道不同分段共生菌群异质性及木质纤维素的降解能力。【方法】通过对16S rRNA测序对长足大竹象幼虫消化道分段口器(YB)、前肠(YFG)、中肠(YMG)和后肠(YHG)进行菌群组成分析及功能预测;分析各消化道分段核心属细菌基因组中碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrate active enzyme, CAZy)基因,预测木质纤维素降解能力;应用口器混合菌(MPJ)、前肠混合菌(FJ)、中肠混合菌(MJ)和后肠混合菌(HJ)悬液体外降解竹笋粉,检测共生菌群的木质纤维素的降解能力。【结果】长足大竹象幼虫消化道菌群多样性分析显示,YFG, YMG和YHG的菌群多样性大于YB,YFG的菌群物种多样性最高,而YB最低。YFG, YMG和YHG样本中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度最高,而YB中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度最高。核心属细菌基因组CAZy基因分析表明长足大竹象幼虫消化道中大多数细菌基因组中存在丰富的CAZy基因,且在拟杆菌属Bacteroides细菌基因组中尤为明显,预示其与木质纤维素的降解密切相关。体外降解竹笋粉实验结果表明,长足大竹象幼虫MPJ, FJ, MJ和HJ对竹笋粉纤维素的降解率分别为21.7%, 39.9%, 44.2%和21.0%,对半纤维素降解率分别为72.7%, 52.3%, 65.7%和61.5%,对木质素降解率分别为20.5%, 41.3%, 39.9%和37.9%。【结论】长足大竹象幼虫的消化道菌群的异质性可以影响木质纤维素降解能力,因而这些菌群可以作为分离高效木质纤维素降解菌的重要来源之一。本研究为竹生物质的工业转化利用提供部分参考信息。     

16S rDNA-RFLP分析六氯苯好氧降解菌群的结构及其多样性

从某化工厂排水沟底泥中取样,经2个月的富集驯化得到六氯苯好氧降解菌群。通过测定该微生物菌群在降解六氯苯过程中累积耗氧量、微生物生长曲线及Cl-浓度的变化,证明在好氧条件下该微生物菌群能够以六氯苯为唯一碳源和能源生长。当培养温度为30℃,pH为7.0时,该菌群能在18d内将无机盐培养基中浓度为4.5mg/L的六氯苯降解55%以上,降解速率达到137.5μg/(L.d)。对降解菌群提取总DNA,选择性扩增细菌16S rDNA片段,建立克隆文库。通过限制性内切酶(限制性内切酶HaeⅢ和RsaⅠ)分析,得到9种不同的谱型,其中3种谱型是主要谱型。对主要谱型的克隆子测序,结果表明,它们分别与Alcaligenes和Azospirillum菌属相似性最高。该菌群在去除环境中难降解的有机氯污染物方面具有应用前景。     

低温降解玉米秸秆的木霉菌株筛选

【背景】木霉是自然界中常见的纤维素和半纤维素降解菌,在农业废弃物降解中具有重要应用潜力。【目的】筛选可在低温环境降解玉米秸秆的木霉菌株。【方法】测定31种木霉111个菌株在低温下的生长状况、水解纤维素和木聚糖产生的透明圈直径及部分菌株对玉米秸秆的相对降解率(relativedegradationrate,RDR);利用DNS法测定不同RDR代表菌株的纤维素滤纸酶(filter paper cellulase, FPase)、羧甲基纤维素酶(carboxymethyl cellulase, CMCase)和木聚糖酶(xylanase)活性,并分析它们在不同发酵阶段的酶活与秸秆降解率的关系。【结果】在10℃和5℃培养分别有100株和42株供试菌株能够生长,在15℃均能生长,其中19个菌株培养6 d产生的水解纤维素和木聚糖产生的透明圈直径大于60 mm、培养10 d对玉米秸秆的RDR为0.45%-8.09%;菌株9145、TC425、TC505和8987的FPase、CMCase和xylanase活性随着培养时间呈现动态变化,其中前两者的活性变化趋势基本一致,与RDR的关系密切。【结论】钩状...     

一株木质纤维素降解菌的筛选及其全基因组分析北大核心CSCD

【目的】筛选和鉴定有木质纤维素降解能力的1株细菌,测定其相关酶活力并进行全基因组分析,为构建木质纤维素降解工程菌提供依据。【方法】采用3种木质素类似物(天青-B;酚红;愈创木酚)的脱色/染色法,从腐木和被枝叶覆盖的土壤中分离和筛选出1株具有较强木质纤维素降解能力的细菌。通过16S r RNA基因和全基因组序列分析对该菌进行种属鉴定。使用紫外分光光度法测定其锰过氧化物酶(Mn P)、漆酶(Lac)、羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)以及滤纸酶(FPA)活力,了解该菌相关酶活力大小在一定时间内的变化趋势。使用Illumina Miseq和454 GS Junior测序平台获取该菌的全基因组序列,将其全基因组序列经过注释的基因蛋白质序列提交COG和KEGG数据库进行BLASTp比对分析,确定该菌潜在的重要酶类和代谢途径,并对部分注释基因进行定量RT-PCR验证。【结果】筛选得到1株优势菌株S12,该菌经鉴定后命名为解鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌(Raoultella ornithinolytica)。在液体CMC-Na培养基中发酵28 h,菌体生长达到稳定期,纤维素降解相关酶活力也在此时达到峰值。生物信息学分析结果表明,菌株S12具有木质素降解通路中重要酶类的编码基因,如过氧化物酶、Fe-Mn型超氧化物歧化酶、邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶和原儿茶酸-3,4-双加氧酶等,这些基因在以碱性木质素为碳源的培养条件下表达量不同程度地高于以葡萄糖为碳源的培养条件。另外,菌株S12具备完整的纤维素降解和乙醇生成通路。【结论】本研究首次揭示了Raoultella ornithinolytica S12具备有效的木质纤维素降解性能,这对于推动木质纤维素应用产业的发展具有重要意义。     

白腐菌液体和固体培养产生木质纤维素降解酶的比较研究

侧耳sp2(Pleurotus sp．2)和粗毛栓菌(Trametes gallica)是产木质纤维素降解酶能力强,且产酶较快的菌株。对其在液体培养基、固体培养基中产生木质纤维素降解酶能力和行为进行了比较分析和研究。结果表明,Pleurotus sp．2在低氮高碳高无机盐培养基中的锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidases, MnPs)、木质素过氧化物酶(Lignin peroxidases．LiPs)、漆酶(laccases,Lacs)和半纤维素酶(Hemicellulases, Hcels)的活性最高。当该菌株培养在含有低氮无碳高无机盐液体培养基的麦草粉中时,MnPs和Lacs的活性峰值均出现在10d,而Hcels的活性在40d时达到峰值。Trametes gallica在高氮低碳高无机盐培养基中的Lacs和LiPs的活性最高,在低氮高碳高无机盐培养基中的MnPs和Hcels的活性最高。当该菌株培养在含有高氮无碳高无机盐和低氮无碳高无机盐液体培养基的麦草粉中时,MnPs存10d、Lacs和Hcels在40d、LiPs存50d,分别达到峰值。Pleurotus sp．2和Trametes gallica在液体培养基中具有很强的木质纤维素降解酶产生能力且产酶速度较快,在固体培养基中具有很强的降解麦秸生物质能力,但这两株菌在液体和固体培养基中,产木质纤维素降解酶的能力和行为都有较大的差异,相关性小。     

复合菌系降解纤维素过程中微生物群落结构的变化

为明确高效纤维素降解复合菌系降解过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律及关键的降解功能菌,利用该复合菌系对滤纸和稻秆进行生物处理,通过底物降解、微生物生长量、发酵液pH的变化情况,选择不同降解时期复合菌系提取的总DNA进行细菌16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序。通过分解特性试验确定在接种后培养第12、72、168 h分别作为降解初期、高峰期、末期。该复合菌系分别主要由1个门、2个纲、2个目、7个科、11个属组成。随着降解的进行,短芽胞杆菌属Brevibacillus、喜热菌属Caloramator的相对丰度逐渐降低;梭菌属Clostridium、芽胞杆菌属Bacillus、地芽胞杆菌属Geobacillus、柯恩氏菌属Cohnella的相对丰度逐渐升高;解脲芽胞杆菌属Ureibacillus、泰氏菌属Tissierella、刺尾鱼菌属Epulopiscium在降解高峰期时相对丰度最高;各时期类芽胞杆菌属Paenibacillus、瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus的相对丰度无明显变化。上述11个主要菌属均属于厚壁菌门,具有嗜热、耐热、适应广泛pH、降解纤维素或半纤维素的特性。好氧型细菌是降解初期的主要优势功能菌,到中后期厌氧型细菌逐渐增多,并逐步取代好氧型细菌成为降解纤维素的主要细菌。     

Degradation of raw corn stover powder (RCSP) by an enriched microbial consortium and its community structure

A microbial consortium with a high cellulolytic activity was enriched to degrade raw corn stover powder (RCSP). This consortium degraded more than 51% of non-sterilized RCSP or 81% of non-sterilized filter paper within 8 days at 40 °C under facultative anoxic conditions. Cellulosome-like structures were observed in scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of RCSP degradation residue. The high cellulolytic activity was maintained during 40 subcultures in a medium containing cellulosic substrate. Small ribosomal gene sequence analyses showed the consortium contains uncultured and cultured bacteria with or without cellulolytic activities. Among these bacteria, some are anaerobic others aerobic. Analyses of the culture filtrate showed a typical anoxic polysaccharide fermentation during the culturing process. Reducing sugar concentration increased at early stage followed by various fermentation products that were consumed at the late stage.     

兼性厌氧复合菌群H纤维素降解和产乙醇能力及生态组成初探

通过限制性培养条件和连续继代培养,筛选获得了一组具有高效稳定降解纤维素能力的复合菌群H。该菌群在传代30代以上仍能保持各项性状稳定,其工作pH为6～9,3 d可以完全降解置于100 mL PCS缓冲液培养基中的滤纸,发酵液中能够检出1.54 g/L乙醇。通过16S rDNA扩增和DGGE的方法,对菌群在不同阶段的微生物组成进行了研究,确定了琥珀酸嗜热梭菌Clostridium thermo succinogene、产气荚膜梭菌Clostridium straminisolvens和紫色板蓝根梭菌Clostridium isatidis等多种可直接实现纤维素到乙醇转化的菌株。菌群通过菌种之间的协同作用,共同维持了体系的稳定及降解能力的稳定。明确菌系的组成,对于进一步研究菌群降解机理、优化菌群和提高乙醇产率意义重大。     

An untapped bacterial cellulolytic community enriched from coastal marine sediment under anaerobic and thermophilic conditions

A bacterial community with strong cellulose [filter paper (FP) and microcrystalline cellulose] degradation ability was isolated from the coastal marine environment. They were isolated under thermophilic (60?°C) and anaerobic cultivation conditions. The library of 16S rRNA gene clones revealed a total of 16 operational taxonomic units after 50 clones were surveyed. Sixty percent of the clones were most related to the type strain of Clostridium thermocellum with 16S rRNA gene identity around 87-89%. All of them showed extremely low sequence similarities and were novel at least in species level. The gene clone libraries of glycosyl hydrolase family 48 showed low gene and amino acid sequence similarities around 70-72%. The results indicated that the cellulose degradation systems in the specific environment have not been well studied. The enrichment could disrupt FP within 3?days in a basal medium. The cellulase activity of the community was comparable to that of C.?thermocellum LQR1. The main fermentation products were ethanol, acetic acid and butyric acid. This work identified a novel microbial resource with a potential in lignocellulose conversion and biofuel production.     

Isolation of cellulose—producing microbes from the intestine of grass carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idellus</Emphasis>)

The cellulase activities of bacterial strains in the intestine of grass carp were analyzed, using filter paper and absorbent cotton as substrates and measuring the concentration of glucose by calorimetry. Six strains were isolated and determined high cellulase activity in all grass carp. Strains showed different abilities to produce cellulase, which suggests that they interact in the grass carp intestine to digest cellulose. The presence of cellulose activity suggests that grass carp have the ability to digest cellulose in the diet. The cellulase enzymatic activity increased dramatically after 6 days of culture and reached its peak at the 7th day. Microbes are probably the main source of cellulase in grass carp diets.     

Development of a two-phase combination fermenter for the conversion of cellulose to methane

Cellulose degradation to methane under continuous fermentation conditions was compared using fully mixed, fully mixed with solids return, sludge-blanket, and fixed-film fermenters. In fully mixed fermenters, a decrease in hydraulic retention time (HRT) of two weeks or less caused the wash out of anaerobes capable of converting volatile fatty acids to methane, while at increased feeding rates over 1 g/L day the rapid growth of cellulolytic anaerobes upset the balance between acid formation and its conversion to CH(4). Circulation of cellulose and difficulty in settling of cellulose with attached bacteria imposed problems in the use of other types of fermenters. On the basis of information obtained from this study, a fermenter which combined a fully mixed phase for cellulose degradation and a fixed-film phase with pre-immobilized bacteria for converting fatty acids to CH(4) in one vessel, was devised. Using this fermenter, a mixed culture converted cellulose to CH(4) at 4.8 g/L day at a HRT of six days as compared to 0.7 g/L day at a HRT of 28 days in the fully mixed fermenter.     

Effects of alcohols on bacterial cellulose production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acetobacter xylinum</Emphasis> 186

To improve the yield of cellulose production in bacteria, we investigated the stimulatory effects of six different alcohols during fermentation of Acetobacter xylinum 186. Our study showed that after static fermentation at 30°C for 6 days, bacterial culture with 1.0% (v/v) of methanol added in the medium produced the highest bacterial cellulose (BC) yield at 103.5 mg/100 ml, which was 21.8% higher than the control group. Addition of 0.5% of ethylene glycol in the culture yielded 105.5 mg/100 ml BC, 24.1% higher than the control group. Adding 0.5% of n-propanol yielded 96.4 mg/100 ml BC, 13.4% higher; 3.0% of glycerol yielded 108.3 mg/100 ml BC, 27.4% higher; 0.5% of n-butanol yielded 132.6 mg/100 ml BC, 56.0% higher; and 4.0% of mannitol in the culture yielded 125.2 mg/100 ml BC, 47.3% higher, respectively. The rate of bacterial cellulose production increased with the growth rate of the bacteria. The stimulatory effects of these alcohols that we observed were significant in the later stage of fermentation, which was considered to be important for the biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose.     

Isolation and characterization of mesophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria from flower stalks-vegetable waste co-composting system

Fifteen mesophilic bacteria with high C(x) cellulase activities were isolated and purified from a mixed-culture enriched from a flower stalks-vegetable waste co-composting system. A CMCase test showed that the enzyme activity of these isolates ranged from 7.9 to 28.0 U ml(-1). Although filter paper degrading capability was low in single culture, significant synergetic cellulose degradation were detected in four groups of mixed cultures, their degradation rates were 23.5%, 26.3%, 19.4% and 24.5%, respectively. Study of morphological and physiological characters of five predominant isolates which possess high CMCase and had positive effect on synergetic cellulose degradation in mixed culture system showed that two of them were closely related to Bacillus pasteurii and Bacillus cereus, whereas the rest belong to the genus Halobacillus, Aeromicrobium and Brevibacterium, respectively.     

Cellulolytic Bacteria Associated with Sloughing Spoilage of California Ripe Olives

Sloughing spoilage of California ripe olives during processing is characterized by severe softening, skin rupture, and flesh sloughing. It was assumed that cellulolytic activity was responsible for skin rupture and sloughing of flesh, and so a deliberate search was made for cellulolytic bacteria from olives undergoing sloughing spoilage. A bacterium identified as Cellulomonas flavigena was highly cellulolytic, attacking filter paper, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) gel, and olive tissue. Other bacteria attacking CMC, but not filter paper, enhanced the activity of the Cellulomonas strain when grown in mixed culture, although they did not, in pure culture, have any effect on filter paper. These latter cultures (all degraded olive tissue) represented the genera Xanthomonas, Aerobacter, and Escherichia. Other noncellulolytic bacteria belonging to the genera Alcaligenes, Kurthia, and Micrococcus also were used for study of mixed culture fermentation of cellulose by C. flavigena. Cellobiose accumulation at levels of 1.0% (w/v) and above suppressed growth of C. flavigena.     

木质素降解菌BYL-7的筛选及降解条件优化

【背景】微生物降解木质素因其具有降解效率高和环保等特点而备受关注。【目的】筛选高效木质素降解真菌,并对其降解条件进行优化。【方法】通过愈创木酚-马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar,PDA)和苯胺蓝平板法筛选高效木质素降解菌株,利用单因素筛选及响应面试验对培养条件进行优化。【结果】筛选到一株高效木质素降解菌BYL-7,经形态和多序列分析初步确定为Trametes versicolor。单因素试验证明初始pH、温度和接种量为降解木质素显著影响因子,响应面试验确定降解木质素最优条件为：初始pH 6.7,温度25 °C,接种量8%。在此条件下,碱性木质素降解率为36.5%,比未优化前提高54.0%;水稻秸秆木质素、半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别为32.8%、21.5%、13.2%,其中木质素降解率比未优化前提高36.1%;漆酶活性在第6天达到峰值120.0 U/L,比未优化前提高25.0%;木质素过氧化物酶活性在第6天达到峰值1 343.8 U/L,比未优化前提高36.0%;锰过氧化物酶活性在第5天达到峰值463.8 U/L,比未优化前提高31.7%。【结论】研究结果为木质素的降解提供了良好的菌种资源,同时也为后续木质素的研究积累了相关数据。