丹参中病程相关蛋白基因SmSTH-2的生物信息学分析

对丹参cDNA文库的表达序列标签(EST)序列进行BLAST分析显示,其中一条序列与病程相关蛋白基因STH-2有较高的同源性。该序列全长691bp,包含1个长483bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码160个氨基酸,命名为SmSTH-2。生物信息学分析显示:SmSTH-2所编码蛋白的分子质量为17990Da,等电点为5.15,富含谷氨酸、赖氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸,无信号肽,属于稳定类蛋白。与NCBI注册的其他6种植物来源的病程相关蛋白基因编码的氨基酸序列的同源性在42%～46%之间。实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测丹参不同组织部位中SmSTH-2表达和病原菌对该基因诱导表达的影响的结果表明:SmSTH-2在植物的根、茎、叶中均有不同程度的表达,其表达丰度为根>叶>茎;丹参叶片接种黄瓜细菌性角斑病病原菌后,4d内可诱导该基因的表达量持续增加。用PCR方法从基因组水平克隆到SmSTH-2的DNA序列,测序表明SmSTH-2的编码序列在DNA水平上含有一个71bp的内含子,DNA序列注册号为EF621486.     

丹参病程相关蛋白基因PR10的克隆与表达分析

病程相关蛋白(PR)的产生与积累是植物体应对生物或非生物胁迫的主要特征之一。该研究以人工培养的丹参幼苗为材料,通过分析丹参转录组数据,根据丹参病程相关蛋白基因PR10的序列设计特异性引物,采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)从丹参中获得PR10基因的开放阅读框(ORF),命名为SmPR10-1(GenBank注册号KF877034),并进行原核表达和纯化。结果表明:(1)SmPR10-1基因ORF为477bp,编码158个氨基酸,其蛋白质分子质量为17.38kD。(2)通过蛋白结构预测、序列多重比对和构建进化树等生物信息学分析,发现SmPR10-1基因具有保守序列(G-X-G-G-X-G)和(K-A-X-E-X-Y),其编码蛋白与葡萄等双子叶植物中的PR10蛋白同源性较高。(3)经异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导,含有表达载体pET32a-SmPR10-1的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli BL21)可诱导表达融合蛋白;对影响蛋白表达的4个因素优化结果表明,SmPR10-1蛋白的最佳表达条件为:IPTG终浓度0.4mmol/L、起始宿主菌密度A600为0.8、诱导温度30℃、诱导时间8h,并得到纯化的SmPR10-1蛋白。该结果为进一步研究SmPR10-1基因在丹参抗病方面的生物学功能和培育丹参抗病品种奠定了基础。     

丹参转录因子SmMYB52的基因克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位

MYB转录因子家族是植物界最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物生长发育、响应生物、非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用.本研究分别从gDNA和cDNA水平上克隆得到丹参R2R3-MYB转录因子亚家族第24亚组的基因SmMYB52的全长序列,该基因序列全长1 041 bp,包含2个内含子序列和879 bp完整的CDS(Gen-Bank登录号:KF059406),编码292个氨基酸.运用生物信息学软件对该基因及其编码蛋白进行结构和理化性质分析以及生物信息学分析发现,SmMYB52与拟南芥MYB转录因子AtMYB93亲缘关系最近.利用RT-qPCR测定SmMYB52基因在各器官中的表达,结果显示该基因在根、茎、叶和花中均有表达,根中表达量最高,茎中最低.构建融合表达载体分析SmMYB52蛋白的亚细胞定位,结果显示SmMYB52在细胞核和细胞膜中均有分布.本实验为进一步研究SmMYB52在丹参中的生物学作用提供了科学依据.     

丹参ACC氧化酶基因(SmACO1)的克隆与序列分析

依据丹参转录组数据库序列信息,采用RT-PCR和染色体步移技术从丹参中首次克隆得到ACC氧化酶基因,命名为SmACO1(GenBank注册号为JQ026111)。该基因gDNA序列长1 347 bp,由3个外显子和2个内含子组成;cDNA全长1 117 bp,包含945 bp的开放阅读框,编码314个氨基酸残基。生物信息学分析显示SmACO1为无信号肽与跨膜结构域,且定位于细胞质的稳定亲水蛋白,含有Fe²⁺依赖的加氧酶结构域。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,SmACO1基因在丹参不同组织器官中差异表达,花中表达量最高;其表达受到病原菌和茉莉酸甲酯的诱导,表明SmACO1基因可能在植物防御反应中发挥作用。     

丹参转录因子SmMYB52的基因克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位

MYB转录因子家族是植物界最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物生长发育、响应生物、非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用.本研究分别从gDNA和cDNA水平上克隆得到丹参R2R3-MYB转录因子亚家族第24亚组的基因SmMYB52的全长序列,该基因序列全长1 041 bp,包含2个内含子序列和879 bp完整的CDS(Gen-Bank登录号:KF059406),编码292个氨基酸.运用生物信息学软件对该基因及其编码蛋白进行结构和理化性质分析以及生物信息学分析发现,SmMYB52与拟南芥MYB转录因子AtMYB93亲缘关系最近.利用RT-qPCR测定SmMYB52基因在各器官中的表达,结果显示该基因在根、茎、叶和花中均有表达,根中表达量最高,茎中最低.构建融合表达载体分析SmMYB52蛋白的亚细胞定位,结果显示SmMYB52在细胞核和细胞膜中均有分布.本实验为进一步研究SmMYB52在丹参中的生物学作用提供了科学依据.     

丹参转录因子SmMYB7的克隆及表达模式分析

分析丹参转录组数据库(SRX021907),得到一条R2R3-MYB基因,blast比对发现该基因为丹参Sm MYB7(KF059361.1)。分别从g DNA和c DNA水平克隆该基因全长,测序结果表明该基因与公布序列一致,分析发现该基因无内含子序列,包含一个长为954 bp的开放读码框(ORF),编码317个氨基酸残基。多重序列比对和系统进化树分析显示Sm MYB7蛋白与拟南芥At MYB73同属R2R3-MYB第22个亚家族。已有丹参基因信息结合BD walking获得1 974 bp的启动子序列,分析结果表明多种顺式作用元件存在于该基因的启动子区。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,该基因的表达为组成型,在丹参根、茎、叶、花中都表达;随着花的发育,该基因的表达量逐渐增加;此外,Sm MYB7在盐胁迫、水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸处理下表达均上调,推测该基因参与调控植物防御和花的发育。     

丹参SmPI1和SmPI2基因克隆及胁迫表达研究

该研究从药用植物丹参中克隆了SmPI1和SmPI2蛋白酶抑制剂基因,采用生物信息学和实时荧光定量PCR方法对其序列及表达模式进行了分析。序列分析结果表明,丹参SmPI1和SmPI2基因分别含有一个长度为222bp和216bp的开放阅读框,编码73和71个氨基酸;2个编码蛋白都无跨膜结构域和信号肽,预测都定位于细胞质中;SmPI1和SmPI2蛋白与川桑、可可、苜蓿等植物的蛋白酶抑制剂基因相似性较高,分别为58%、52%、53%和54%、56%、51%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,SmPI1和SmPI2基因受茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)和甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.Campestris,XC)显著诱导,说明丹参SmPI1和SmPI2基因可强烈响应这两类胁迫,可能参与丹参中两类胁迫分子途径相关的抗性反应。     

丹参硫氧还蛋白基因SmTrxh的克隆和生物信息学分析

对丹参EST数据库进行BLAST同源性比对发现,登录号为CV165156的EST序列与硫氧还蛋白基因（Trx）有很高的同源性。进一步用PCR方法从丹参基因组水平上克隆到长1806bp的DNA序列（登录号为FJ217699）,与cDNA序列比对发现,该基因（SmTrxh）含有2个内含子。生物信息学分析表明,SmTrxh所编码蛋白的分子质量为13．4kDa,理论等电点为5．53,无信号肽,属于定位于细胞质中的稳定类蛋白。该蛋白与其他7种植物中的Trx高度同源,同源性介于68％-74％之间。实时定量PCR检测的结果显示,SmTrxh在丹参中为组成型表达基因,在根、茎和叶中都有表达,主要在根部表达,茎中的表达量最低。     

How reliable is the structural prediction of IgE-binding epitopes of allergens? The case study of plant lipid transfer proteins

The linear IgE-binding epitopes of non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTP) from plants were predicted using a combination of predictive tools including (1) the hydropathic profiles based on different scales of hydrophilicity, flexibility and exposure to the solvent, (2) the hydrophobic cluster analysis plots, (3) the occurrence of charged residues in the predicted amino acid sequence stretches and, (4) the exposition of the predicted linear IgE-binding epitopes checked on the three-dimensional models built for the nsLTP. A reliable prediction was obtained for nsLTP as compared with the previously characterized IgE-binding epitopes of various proteins. A consensual IgE-binding epitope occurring in other plant nsLTP and responsible for some IgE-binding cross-reactivity among fruit nsLTP has been identified and characterized. Despite some discrepancies, a fairly good prediction resulted in applying our combination of predictive methods to longer nsLTP or plant profilins.     

植物非特异脂质转运蛋白研究现状与展望

植物非特异脂质转运蛋白(nsLTP)是一类含量丰富的小分子碱性蛋白, 能够在体外与多种疏水分子可逆地结合。目前已从多种植物中分离到9种类型的nsLTP基因。所有nsLTP蛋白质都具有8个半胱氨酸残基模体的保守结构, 它们的三维结构内部有一个具有脂质结合位点的疏水腔。根据基因结构、表达、调控和体外活性等研究, nsLTP被认为可能与蜡质合成与运输、抗逆、抗病以及生殖发育等重要生理过程有关。文章全面介绍nsLTP基因及其蛋白质研究的最新进展, 内容包括基本特征、分类、基因表达、基因克隆与功能研究等, 最后对今后的研究方向进行了讨论和展望。     

Ultrastructural localization of a peroxisomal protein in rat liver using the specific antibody against the non-specific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2)

An antibody against the non-specific lipid transfer protein from rat liver was purified by immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography. This antibody in conjunction with protein A-colloidal gold was used to localize the transfer protein in rat liver by electron microscopy. Labeling by this immunocytochemical technique was found to be mainly restricted to the peroxisomes; low labeling was observed in the cytoplasm. Subsequent analysis of isolated peroxisomes by immunoblotting indicated that the non-specific lipid transfer protein (mol. wt. 14800) was absent from this organelle and that a protein of molecular weight 58000 was responsible for the immunological response. Immunoblotting of the membrane-free cytosol showed the presence of both proteins. It remains to be established to what extent the non-specific lipid transfer protein in the cytosol and the high-molecular weight protein in the peroxisomes are related.     

LTP在植物抗环境胁迫中的作用

脂质转移蛋(白Lipid transfer protein,LTP)是一类分泌蛋白,曾被认为是一种在体外膜间进行脂质转移的蛋白,因其作用对象很广泛,所以目前又称其为非特异性LTP(non-specific lipid transfer proteins,nsLTPs)。有很多证据表明nsLTPs可能参与多方面的植物细胞与生理生化反应,这些生物学功能包括:参与角质层的合成和胚胎的发育;适应各种胁迫环境;抗病原微生物等作用,尤其是在适应胁迫环境中,起到很大作用。介绍了nsLTPs在植物抗环境胁迫中所发挥的作用,同时对应用研究作了简单展望。     

Calmodulin binds to maize lipid transfer protein and modulates its lipids binding ability

Although plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (ns-LTPs) are characterized by their ability to bind and transfer a broad range of hydrophobic ligands in vitro, their biological functions in vivo remain unclear. Recently, it has been proposed that ns-LTPs may play a key role in plant defense mechanisms, particularly during the induction of systemic acquired resistance, however, very little is known about the regulation in this process. We report that the binding of maize non-specific lipid transfer protein (Zm-LTP) to calmodulin (CaM) is in a calcium-independent manner. To better understand the interaction mechanism between Zm-LTP and CaM, the CaM-binding site of Zm-LTP was mapped to the region of amino acids 46-60. Point mutations indicate that four amino acid residues, R46, R47, K54 and R58, in this region are crucial for binding. Furthermore, we tested the effects of CaM on the lipid-binding activity of Zm-LTP in the presence of Ca(2+), EGTA, N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulfonamide and trifluoperazine respectively. We also investigated the structural features of CaM-binding motifs in LTPs from different species and strong differences were observed. Taken together, our results suggest that the interaction with CaM could be a common feature of plant LTPs. The identification and characterization of CaM-binding domain of LTPs should provide new insights into the mechanism by which the physiological functions of LTPs are regulated.     

2个蜡梅nsLTP基因启动子的克隆及其在烟草中的瞬时表达分析

利用hiTAIL-PCR法得到了2个蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)非特异性脂转移蛋白(non-specific lipid transfer protein)基因家族成员CpLTP3和CpLTP4翻译起始位点上游启动子序列,长度分别为1298bp和838bp。生物信息学分析表明2个序列均存在启动子的基本元件TATA-box和CAAT-box及多个与植物非生物胁迫相关的响应元件。在烟草叶片中的瞬时表达结果表明这两个启动子序列均具备驱动报告基因GUS表达的功能。     

白菜转脂蛋白CaMBP10分子中钙调素结合结构域的鉴定

植物转脂蛋白(LTPs)是多基因编码的蛋白家族, 广泛分布于高等植物,其确切的生理功能至今仍不清楚. 本室从白菜中分离的钙调素结合蛋白-10 (CaMBP10) 经序列分析 被鉴定为植物转脂蛋白家族成员,体外实验证明钙调素(CaM)调节其脂质结合活性.为了深入了解转脂蛋白与CaM的相互作用机制,本文通过删除、缺失和定点突变等分子生物学手段确定了白菜转脂蛋白CaMBP10分子中的钙调素结合结构域.该结构域位于分子C末端 64~83位氨基酸残基之间,其中疏水氨基酸的分布具有1-5-8-10 的CaM结合模序特征.     

Identification of non-specific lipid transfer protein-1 as a calmodulin-binding protein in Arabidopsis

Although non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are widely present in plants, their functions and regulations have not been fully understood. In this report, Arabidopsis nsLTP1 was cloned and expressed to investigate its binding to calmodulin (CaM). Gel overlay assays revealed that recombinant nsLTP1 bound to CaM in a calcium-independent manner. The association of nsLTP1 and CaM was corroborated using CaM-Sepharose beads to specifically isolate recombinant nsLTP1 from crude bacterial lysate. The CaM-binding site was mapped in nsLTP1 to the region of 69-80 amino acids. This region is highly conserved among plant nsLTPs, implicating that nsLTPs are a new family of CaM-binding proteins whose functions may be mediated by CaM signaling.     

Modification of the erythrocyte membrane by a non-specific lipid transfer protein

The non-specific phospholipid transfer protein purified from bovine liver has been used to modify the phospholipid content and phospholipid composition of the membrane of intact human erythrocytes. Apart from an exchange of phosphatidylcholine between the red cell and PC-containing vesicles, the protein appeared to facilitate net transfer of phosphatidylcholine from the donor vesicles to the erythrocyte and sphingomyelin transfer in the opposite direction. Phosphatidylcholine transfer was accompanied by an equivalent transfer (on a molar basis) of cholesterol. An increase in phosphatidylcholine content in the erythrocyte membrane from 90 to 282 nmol per 100 microliters packed cells was observed. Phospholipase C treatment of modified cells showed that all of the phosphatidylcholine which was transferred to the erythrocyte was incorporated in the lipid bilayer. The nonspecific lipid transfer protein used here appeared to be a suitable tool to modify lipid content and composition of the erythrocyte membrane, and possible applications of this approach are discussed.     

与紫云英转脂蛋白AsE246相互作用靶蛋白的筛选及其基因表达特征

【目的】AsE246是我们首次报道的紫云英根瘤特异表达的非特异性转脂蛋白(nsLTP1:non specificlipid transfer protein 1)编码基因。本实验旨在筛选和鉴定与AsE246相互作用的宿主植物靶蛋白,并分析靶基因在共生和胁迫条件下的表达特征。【方法】利用酵母双杂交技术、小范围杂交技术及实时荧光定量PCR,筛选与AsE246的相互作用蛋白,并定量分析靶基因在结瘤与固氮过程中的时空表达特性。【结果】获取一个阳性克隆,其cDNA序列经Blast分析表明:候选靶蛋白是一个DnaJ-like蛋白,该蛋白相应基因命名为AsDJL1。AsE246与AsDJL1在酵母体内确实相互作用。AsDJL1在固氮根瘤中特异性增强表达,在NaCl胁迫下表达水平显著提高,在(NH4)2SO4胁迫下表达水平显著下降。【结论】本实验是筛选与LTP相互作用蛋白的首次报道。获得了直接的实验证据表明互作基因AsDJL1与AsE246具有高度相似的表达特征和功能,为深入研究二者的相互作用及其在共生固氮和应答环境胁迫中的调控机制,提供了一定的工作基础和理论依据。