Effects of visual flicker on subjective time in a temporal bisection task

This experiment investigated the effects of visual flicker on subjective time in humans using a temporal bisection task. A 200–800 ms duration range and 400–1600 ms duration range were presented. Each duration range was presented separately in three different conditions: (1) filled stimuli were presented in both the training and the testing phases, (2) flickering stimuli were presented in the training phase and filled stimuli were presented in the testing phase, and (3) filled stimuli were presented in the training phase and flickering stimuli were presented in the testing phase. Psychophysical functions displacements and bisection point values suggested that flicker increased the speed of the clock; however the direction of the displacement and bisection point changes depended on the phase of the task in which the flicker was presented. This result agrees with the specific storage in either working or reference memory components of Scalar Expectancy Theory of the increased number of pulses from the clock. Weber fractions and difference limens suggested that flicker did not affect subjects’ temporal sensitivity.     

鼻咽癌病人和正常人群中EB病毒特异性T细胞对靶抗原的识别和应答

为探讨痘苗病毒表达的Eoskein-Barr病毒（EBV）核抗原1、4（EBNA1、4）和潜伏膜蛋白1、2（LMP1、2）,在不同人群的特异性T细胞杀伤9CTL）中的作用,采集EBV阴性正常人、未经治疗的鼻咽癌（NPC）病人的EBV－IgA/VCA阳性者各10人的周围血淋巴单核细胞（PBMC）,用EBV转化B淋巴细胞,建立类淋巴母细胞（LCL）,用LCL刺激自休的T淋巴细胞作为效应细胞,以LCL感染重组痘苗病毒表达的EBNA1、4和LMP1、2为靶细胞,以^51Cr释放法检测EBV特异性CTL所识别的靶抗原。结果表明,EBV－LMP1、2可能既是EBV特异性T细胞的刺激抗原,又是其识别的靶抗原。将采集的30例试验者的各5 单克隆T细胞株分别检测HLA-Ⅰ型（A、B、C）,按照不同型别寻找相对应的EBNA1、4和LMP1、2的不同合成肽,应用酶免疫吸附斑点法（Elispot）检测EBV特异性CD8^ 的CTL应答。结果显示：10例正常人中9人有特异的LMP2应答,4人有特异的EBNA4应答;10例未治疗的NPC病人中3人有特异的LMP2,2人有特异的EBNA1,3个有特异的EBNA4应答;10例未治疗的NPC病人中3人有特异的EBNA1,3人有特异的EBNA4应答,在10例EBV－IgA/VCAbj ntg k ,6人有特异的LMP2,5人有特异的EBNA4应答。所有的试验者均未发现LMP1的特异性应答。     

Relationship between effective intensity of auditory stimulation and directional eye turns in the human newborn.

To examine Schneirla's biphasic hypothesis that effectively weak stimulation results in approach-type responses and effectively strong stimulation results in withdrawal-type responses, 90 dB white noise stimuli were presented to twenty-five, 2-day-old female infants. Based on prior investigation this stimulus was expected to be effectively strong when presented at the right ear and effectively weak when presented at the left ear. Results obtained from electro-oculargraphic recording of the infants' eye movements supported this hypothesis in that significant towards-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the left ear and significant away-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the right ear.     

Induction of maternal nest building in virgin female mice by the presentation of young

Ovariectomized and intact adult virgin female mice presented with two 1-day-old mouse pups built larger nests and more nests rated “maternal” than did intact animals not proffered young. Virgin females presented with live 1-day olds behind a wire partition in their homecages also constructed larger nests and more nests rated “maternal” as compared to animals presented with freshly killed 1-day olds, 19-day olds, or with no pups behind the partition.     

Hemispheric differences in visual recognition of two Kanji characters

The purpose of the present study was to examine hemispheric differences in visual recognition of two kanji letters. Kanji phrases and nonsense kanji letters were presented unilaterally to the left or right visual hemifield in thirty normal right-handed men by a tachistoscope. The experiments were separated into three conditions; the mixing tasks (ten phrases and ten sets of nonsense letters are presented by mixture), the phase task (twenty phrases are presented), and the nonsense letters task (twenty sets of nonsense letters are presented). Under all conditions, significant right visual hemifield superiorities for the accuracy of recognition of phrase and nonsense letters were observed.     

杜仲内生真菌的抑菌活性筛选

以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌为测试菌种。对杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)根、茎、叶中分离出的20株内生真菌及其次生代谢物进行抗菌活性筛选。结果表明：有15个菌株至少对1种实验细菌具有抑菌活性,19株的代谢产物至少对1种实验细菌具有抑菌活性,其中有3株内生真菌及其次生代谢产物对测试病原细菌均有较强抑制作用。     

冷害过程中黄瓜叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性的变化

实验选用3个耐冷力不同的黄瓜品种研究其叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）等3种抗氧化酶活性在冷害过程中的变化。结果表明：低温胁迫期间的CAT和POD活性与黄瓜叶片的耐冷力表现一致,SOD活性则与其耐冷力表现相反。低温胁迫后,3个品种的所有3种抗氧化酶活性均降低,叶片表现出明显的冷害症状,但耐冷力较高的津优10号仍然具有相对较高的CAT活性。恢复期的SOD活性无显著性变化;耐冷力最弱的津研4号和耐冷力中等的津绿3号的CAT活性上升而津优10号的CAT活性降低;3个品种的POD活性都增高,但津研4号的上升幅度明显高于其它2个品种,可能与POD能催化活性氧（ROS）产生有关。     

Quantitation of immobilized proteins

A method for the quantitative determination of immobilized proteins based on the binding and subsequent elution of Coomassie Blue R is presented. Also presented is a method for the immobilization of proteins in solution by entrapment in polyacrylamide. These entrapped proteins are then available for use in the assay method presented. Other analytical procedures can also be performed on the entrapped proteins, either alone or in combination with the protein quantitation. The dye binding and elution method presented provides a sensitive and, in most applications, rapid method for the quantitative detection of immobilized proteins. Rather than immobilization being an obstacle to the assay method, this approach utilizes the advantages of immobilization for the removal of excess reagents. Application of this approach to several types of immobilized protein are presented.     

Use of Multiple Genetic Markers in Prediction of Breeding Values

Genotypes at a marker locus give information on transmission of genes from parents to offspring and that information can be used in predicting the individuals' additive genetic value at a linked quantitative trait locus (MQTL). In this paper a recursive method is presented to build the gametic relationship matrix for an autosomal MQTL which requires knowledge on recombination rate between the marker locus and the MQTL linked to it. A method is also presented to obtain the inverse of the gametic relationship matrix. This information can be used in a mixed linear model for simultaneous evaluation of fixed effects, gametic effects at the MQTL and additive genetic effects due to quantitative trait loci unlinked to the marker locus (polygenes). An equivalent model can be written at the animal level using the numerator relationship matrix for the MQTL and a method for obtaining the inverse of this matrix is presented. Information on several unlinked marker loci, each of them linked to a different locus affecting the trait of interest, can be used by including an effect for each MQTL. The number of equations per animal in this case is 2m + 1 where m is the number of MQTL. A method is presented to reduce the number of equations per animal to one by combining information on all MQTL and polygenes into one numerator relationship matrix. It is illustrated how the method can accommodate individuals with partial or no marker information. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the methods presented. Opportunities to use the presented model in constructing genetic maps are discussed.     

Discrimination of consonance and dissonance in Java sparrows

Six adult Java sparrows were trained to discriminate between consonant and dissonant sounds consisting of three tones. In the consonance group, the perching response was reinforced when consonance was presented, but not when dissonance was presented. Both groups were given an inversion test, in which the first inversion of the chord was used as a stimulus. Four of six birds learned the discrimination and were given two tests. In the first test, novel consonances and novel dissonances were presented. All birds maintained the discrimination. When inverted consonances and dissonances were presented in the second test, the discriminative behavior was not well demonstrated. When novel dissonances consisting of tones with different intervals were presented in the third test, birds trained to perch for dissonance performed well, whereas those trained to perch for consonance did not. In summary, Java sparrows were able to discriminate between consonances and dissonances and demonstrated generalization to new combinations, they do not discriminate the same consonances and dissonances.     

A single-fractal analysis of cellular analyte-receptor binding kinetics utilizing biosensors

A fractal analysis of a confirmative nature only is presented for cellular analyte-receptor binding kinetics utilizing biosensors. Data taken from the literature can be modeled by using a single-fractal analysis. Relationships are presented for the binding rate coefficient as a function of the fractal dimension and for the analyte concentration in solution. In general, the binding rate coefficient is rather sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the biosensor surface. It is of interest to note that examples are presented where the binding coefficient, k exhibits an increase as the fractal dimension (D(f)) or the degree of heterogeneity increases on the surface. The predictive relationships presented provide further physical insights into the binding reactions occurring on the surface. These should assist in understanding the cellular binding reaction occurring on surfaces, even though the analysis presented is for the cases where the cellular "receptor" is actually immobilized on a biosensor or other surface. The analysis suggests possible modulations of cell surfaces in desired directions to help manipulate the binding rate coefficient (or affinity). In general, the technique presented is applicable for the most part to other reactions occurring on different types of biosensor or other surfaces.     

Crystal polymorphism of pharmaceuticals: probing crystal nucleation at the molecular level

Paracetamol, sulfathiazole and L-glutamic acid are presented as examples of pharmaceutical crystal polymorphic systems. The effect of N-acylated sulfathiazole derivatives (3-6) on sulfathiazole crystallisation is discussed, and possible modes of action presented. Methods for the control of the crystal polymorphism of L-glutamic acid which utilise the principles of conformation mimicry and co-operative binding are presented. The preparation of a series of bis-amides of EDTA derived from sulfathiazole, 5-aminoisophthalic acid and 4-hydroxyaniline (i.e. compounds 9a-c) is presented, as is data on the effect of these compounds on the crystallisation of, respectively, sulfathiazole, L-glutamic acid and paracetamol.     

The hierarchical structure of metabolic networks and the construction of efficient metabolic simulators

Methods are presented for the efficient simulation of large scale metabolic networks based upon the hierarchical structure of such networks and the formation of steady-state aggregations. The methods are dynamic and result in a varying time scale which is always consonant with the response of the network. An algorithm for the generation of reduced equivalent networks is presented. Problems of accuracy and stability are discussed. Special methods such as cascading and telescoping are presented for speeding the solution of the steady-state aggregations.     

Recognition of visual images by separate hemispheres in conditions of masked blocking of interhemispheric transmission

The subjects learned to recognize three figures presented in the left visual hemifield and three figures presented in the right visual hemifield. During presentation of a stimulus, the contralateral hemifield was overlapped by a mask. After the training, recognition of all six figures presented in the right and left visual hemifields, was compared. Each hemisphere recognizes figures which were learned in the corresponding visual hemifield, but the recognition of figures learned in the opposite visual hemifield was poor. Thus, the ability of the hemispheres to act separately in recognizing different sets of visual images, was established.     

一枝黄花属植物的花及花粉形态

利用体视解剖镜和扫描电子显微镜,对一枝黄花属植物一枝黄花、加拿大一枝黄花和黄莺的花及花粉形态进行观察,比较其差异性。结果表明,一枝黄花同其他两种植物花的形态结构差异明显,而黄莺和加拿大一枝黄花均为头状花序只有数量和大小上的差别;在花粉形态结构观察中,三者萌发孔的形状类型有差别,一枝黄花和加拿大一枝黄花均为下凹沟底,呈宽而浅的木楔形,而黄莺为下凹沟底深切的裂缝沟。3种一枝黄花属植物花及花粉形态存在显著的解剖学种间差异性,可通过花的解剖结构的观察和比较对3种一枝黄花属植物进行区分。     

A microcinematographic study of the in vitro development of postimplantation rat embryos

A method for time-lapse cinematography of in vitro cultured rat embryos is presented. Technical details (especially with respect to the possibility of manipulation during filming) and the first results obtained are presented and discussed.     

New approach to the reproductive biology of Helicolenus dactylopterus

The reproductive patterns of Helicolenus dactylopterus are presented; the species is zygoparous. The first photographic record of three embryonic stages in the intraovarian gelatinous matrix is also presented.     

Degenerate T-cell recognition of peptides on MHC molecules creates large holes in the T-cell repertoire

The cellular immune system screens peptides presented by host cells on MHC molecules to assess if the cells are infected. In this study we examined whether the presented peptides contain enough information for a proper self/nonself assessment by comparing the presented human (self) and bacterial or viral (nonself) peptides on a large number of MHC molecules. For all MHC molecules tested, only a small fraction of the presented nonself peptides from 174 species of bacteria and 1000 viral proteomes ([Formula: see text]0.2%) is shown to be identical to a presented self peptide. Next, we use available data on T-cell receptor-peptide-MHC interactions to estimate how well T-cells distinguish between similar peptides. The recognition of a peptide-MHC by the T-cell receptor is flexible, and as a result, about one-third of the presented nonself peptides is expected to be indistinguishable (by T-cells) from presented self peptides. This suggests that T-cells are expected to remain tolerant for a large fraction of the presented nonself peptides, which provides an explanation for the "holes in the T-cell repertoire" that are found for a large fraction of foreign epitopes. Additionally, this overlap with self increases the need for efficient self tolerance, as many self-similar nonself peptides could initiate an autoimmune response. Degenerate recognition of peptide-MHC-I complexes by T-cells thus creates large and potentially dangerous overlaps between self and nonself.     

A cause of wrist pain: non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis

We describe 4 patients who complained of pain over the course of the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, and who presented with point tenderness there. These 4 patients presented a spectrum of non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, ranging from slight tenderness and swelling to complete disruption of the tendon. Their clinical course and treatment is presented.     

Treatment of localized prostate cancer

This article provides an overview of treatment of localized prostate cancer, which was discussed in detail in the second scientific session of the 16th International Prostate Cancer Update. The role of radical prostatectomy in localized disease was presented by Bob Djavan, MD. Benefits and risks of radical prostatectomy were addressed by Gerald Chodak, MD. Robert E. Donohue, MD, presented the role of radical prostatectomy in Gleason grade 8, 9, and 10 tumors. Impact of positive margins on outcomes after radical prostatectomy was presented by James A. Eastham, MD. E. David Crawford, MD, provided an overview of the role of targeted therapy. Indications and results of brachytherapy were presented by Mack Roach, III, MD. Finally, Michael J. Manyak, MD, described the evolution of radioimmunoscintigraphy and clinical outcomes data.