家蚕病原菌LZ10-1的分离鉴定及对鳞翅目害虫的致病性研究

家蚕是一种重要的经济昆虫,家蚕病原细菌造成的蚕病为蚕业生产带来巨大损失。本研究从自然感染病蚕组织中分离得到高致病力的家蚕病原细菌LZ10-1,结合16SrDNA分析和形态学观察结果,菌株LZ10-1为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。对鳞翅目害虫棉铃虫和粘虫添食LZ10-1芽胞原液72h,供试昆虫的矫正死亡率分别为100%和95.7%,表明家蚕病原细菌具有防治农林害虫的潜力,作为杀虫资源具有开发利用的价值。发掘家蚕病原细菌的生防潜力,能提高蚕桑行业现有资源利用,是拓展行业发展新方向的有益探索。     

家蚕遗传育种:从传统杂交到分子设计

蚕桑丝绸是我国人民的伟大发明,是中华民族的重要文化标识,我国也长期保持着世界产业中心的地位。家蚕早期遗传育种研究高度发达,形成了完善、科学的蚕种繁育和保存体系,但是也提前进入了育种技术的发展瓶颈,如传统遗传资源已被充分挖掘,品种同质化程度高等。进入21世纪以来,我国蚕桑丝绸产业面临着前所未有的巨大挑战。近年来,随着分子生物学、基因组学、转基因、基因组编辑技术的蓬勃发展及其快速应用,家蚕遗传育种迎来了良好的发展势头。本文综述了家蚕遗传育种的发展历程,尤其是转基因和基因组编辑技术在现代家蚕品种改良中的应用潜力和现状,展望和讨论了家蚕遗传育种未来研究和应用的重点。     

转基因技术让蚕宝宝吐蜘蛛丝

正我国古代劳动人民在8500年前就开始驯养家蚕,蚕桑丝绸产业在中国起源和发展,并在向全球传播过程中,慢慢积淀形成了丝绸之路。家蚕因其巨大的经济价值和白胖温顺的乖巧形象,而被人们冠以"蚕宝宝"的称呼。生命科学的不断发展,尤其是20世纪50年代以日本科学家为代表的家蚕遗传学研究,以及进入21世纪以来以我国西南大学家蚕团队为代表的家蚕基因组学研究取得的一系列突破性成果,让人们越来越多地认识到蚕宝宝除了吐丝结茧以外的更多重要用途。经过数千年的驯化和选择,家蚕已经具备了异常强大的泌丝能力,1头     

本期重点推介

<正>家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus,BmN PV)是家蚕Bombyx mori最重要的病原之一,对蚕业生产危害极大。为了评估热激对家蚕的抗病毒能力的影响并探索其抗病毒免疫反应分子机制,云南农业大学植物保护学院唐芬芬和陈斌及云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所白兴荣等观察测定了家蚕5龄幼虫经42℃热激15 min后感染BmNPV的存活率,同时利用qRT-PCR方法检测了热激后家     

云南土著鱼类资源保护与开发利用分析

在对土著鱼类资源状况分析的基础上,进一步阐释了土著鱼类资源保护和开发利用对于水生生态保护、渔业结构调整、渔民收入增加和人们膳食结构改善具有重要的意义,总结了云南土著鱼类资源保护和开发中取得成绩和存在的突出问题,从制度建设、栖息地保护、投入机制、技术支撑和产业化等方面提出了对土著鱼类资源保护与开发利用所应采取的对策建议,为云南土著鱼类资源保护与开发利用提供借鉴。     

藏药"作毛兴"原植物的资源学研究

对藏医常用植物药"作毛兴"原植物作了本草学考证,产于青藏高原的锦鸡儿属数种植物为药材来源;同时对"作毛兴"原植物的地理分布、群落学特征、资源的现状等进行资源学方面的分析,并对进一步开发利用和保护该类植物资源提出了建议.     

家蚕热激蛋白的研究进展

热激蛋白在家蚕的生长发育过程中发挥着重要的生物学作用。该文对国内外学者近几年在家蚕热激蛋白上的研究进展进行了综述,分析了家蚕热激蛋白的分类,概括了家蚕热激蛋白的基本性质,介绍了家蚕热激蛋白在对温度的响应、家蚕抗逆、抗病与滞育中的作用及其他生物学功能等方面的研究现状,提出了在家蚕热激蛋白研究上存在的问题,展望了家蚕热激蛋白研究的发展趋势,以期为利用热激蛋白提高家蚕品种的抗逆性和深入研究家蚕以及其他鳞翅目昆虫热激蛋白的生物学功能提供参考。     

福建尤溪枕头山森林公园野生唇形科药用植物资源调查及其开发利用

福建省尤溪县枕头山森林公园野生唇形科药用植物资源丰富,共有药用植物14属24种（包括变种、变型）。在查清资源种类的基础上,对该区野生唇形科药用植物的优势属、入药部位、生活型、生态环境、数量与分布、利用情况以及开发利用途径进行分析,同时提出保护与开发利用措施和建议。     

食用、饲用昆虫利用与发展研讨会

１９９８年１０月２６～２９日,中国昆虫学会资源昆虫专业委员会在西安市举办了“食用、饲用昆虫利用与发展研讨会”,４２位专家学者出席了会议。会议共收到论文２８篇,１１位专家在会上作了报告。内容包括黄粉虫的利用及产业化、蚂蚁的人工养殖、蚂蚁食品、保健品的质量及当前存在问题、蝇蛆的生产价值与开发利用以及利用家蚕幼虫和蛹表达人促红细胞生成基因等方面内容。会议对食用、饲用昆虫国内外研究及利用状况、存在问题与发展前景进行了研讨。不少专家提出：应该规范昆虫市场,清除无批号的昆虫食品、保健品、饲料,应发挥各省昆虫…     

Intrinsic antimicrobial properties of silk spun by genetically modified silkworm strains

The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a fundamental insect for silk industry. Silk is obtained from cocoons, protective envelopes produced during pupation and composed of single raw silk filaments secreted by the insect silk glands. Currently, silk is used as a textile fibre and to produce new materials for technical and biomedical applications. To enhance the use of both fabrics and silk-based materials, great efforts to obtain silk with antimicrobial properties have been made. In particular, a convincing approach is represented by the enrichment of the textile fibre with antimicrobial peptides, the main effectors of the innate immunity. To this aim, silkworm-based transgenic techniques appear to be cost-effective strategies to obtain cocoons in which antimicrobial peptides are integrated among the silk proteins. Recently, cocoons transgenic for a recombinant silk protein conjugated to the silkworm Cecropin B antimicrobial peptide were obtained and showed enhanced antibacterial properties (Li et al. in Mol Biol Rep 42:19–25,  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3735-z, 2015a). In this work we used the piggyBac-mediated germline transformation to generate several transgenic B. mori lines able to overexpress Cecropin B or Moricin antimicrobial peptides at the level of the silk gland. The derived cocoons were characterised by increased antimicrobial properties and the resulting silk fibre was able to inhibit the bacterial growth of the Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Our results suggest that the generation of silkworm overexpressing unconjugated antimicrobial peptides in the silk gland might represent an additional strategy to obtain antimicrobial peptide-enriched silk, for the production of new silk-based materials.     

Biocompatible materials from regenerated silk for tissue engineering and medicinal therapy

The present review is devoted to the application of biomaterials from regenerated silk for designing tissue-engineered constructs—the basis for hybrid organs and tissues. Fibroin, the main structural protein of silkworm silk, can be used to design artificial cartilages, bone tissue fragments, blood vessels, as well as to regenerate nervous tissue. Fibroin capsules containing bioactive compounds are successfully applicable in medicinal therapy, such as controlled drug delivery in cancer treatment. Apart from fibroin, tissue engineering can successfully be based on biopolymer spidroin, a spider net protein, which is also a biocompatible material with valuable mechanical properties.     

西红花药理活性成分及其产品开发研究进展

西红花是新“浙八味”之一,卫健委2019年第8号文件将其列入药食同源类药用植物,其开发与利用涉及医药用品、保健品、食品、香料等多个领域,应用范围较为广泛,经济价值较高。本文调研近十年国内外相关文献及发明专利,对西红花应用领域的相关产品开发现状进行初步总结,旨在为西红花药用和食用价值的进一步挖掘和利用奠定理论基础和科学依据。     

中国名蘑100

从中国分布的大型真菌中筛选出100种具有重要经济价值(食用、药用或剧毒)或者中国特有的、具有重要学术研究价值的珍稀物种,旨在为人们认识、利用和保护这些物种提供参考。     

樟芝的药用保健价值及开发应用(综述)

樟芝是一种原产于台湾的药用真菌,具有解毒抗癌、保肝强心、提高免疫力等功效。本文介绍樟芝的生物学特性、主要化学成分及药用保健价值,并对今后樟芝的开发应用提出建议。     

High-Toughness Silk Produced by a Transgenic Silkworm Expressing Spider (Araneus ventricosus) Dragline Silk Protein

Spider dragline silk is a natural fiber that has excellent tensile properties; however, it is difficult to produce artificially as a long, strong fiber. Here, the spider (Araneus ventricosus) dragline protein gene was cloned and a transgenic silkworm was generated, that expressed the fusion protein of the fibroin heavy chain and spider dragline protein in cocoon silk. The spider silk protein content ranged from 0.37 to 0.61% w/w (1.4–2.4 mol%) native silkworm fibroin. Using a good silk-producing strain, C515, as the transgenic silkworm can make the raw silk from its cocoons for the first time. The tensile characteristics (toughness) of the raw silk improved by 53% after the introduction of spider dragline silk protein; the improvement depended on the quantity of the expressed spider dragline protein. To demonstrate the commercial feasibility for machine reeling, weaving, and sewing, we used the transgenic spider silk to weave a vest and scarf; this was the first application of spider silk fibers from transgenic silkworms.     

从野生动物资源角度探讨中医药业的可持续发展

野生动物资源是中医药业的主要物质基础之一。目前,生物多样性急剧下降,物种灭绝速度加快,许多药用野生动物濒临灭绝,严重阻碍了中医药业的可持续发展。在许多野生动物野外种群难以恢复或恢复速度很慢、寻找中医药动物原材料的替代品短期内难以实现的情况下,开辟中医药原材料来源渠道是促进中医药业可持续发展的主要措施之一。在正确认识野生动物保护与利用的关系的前提下,妥善、高效利用人工驯养繁殖、库存野生动物产品,遵循经济效益、社会效益、生态效益的原则,优先保障重点领域、重点产业的需要,并发挥市场配置资源的积极作用,充分实现有限资源的合理配置,以促进野生动物资源保护与中医药业可持续发展的良性循环。     

Gene expression analysis in the larval silk gland of the eri silkworm Samia ricini

Insects produce silk for a range of purposes. In the Lepidoptera, silk is utilized as a material for cocoon production and serves to protect larvae from adverse environmental conditions or predators. Species in the Saturniidae family produce an especially wide variety of cocoons, for example, large, golden colored cocoons and those with many small holes. Although gene expression in the silk gland of the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) has been extensively studied, considerably fewer investigations have focused on members of the saturniid family. Here, we established expression sequence tags from the silk gland of the eri silkworm (Samia ricini), a saturniid species, and used these to analyze gene expression. Although we identified the fibroin heavy chain gene in the established library, genes for other major silk proteins, such as fibroin light chain and fibrohexamerin, were absent. This finding is consistent with previous reports that these latter proteins are lacking in saturniid silk. Recently, a series of fibrohexamerin‐like genes were identified in the Bombyx genome. We used this information to conduct a detailed analysis of the library established here. This analysis identified putative homologues of these genes. We also found several genes encoding small silk protein molecules that are also present in the silk of other Lepidoptera. Gene expression patterns were compared between eri and domestic silkworm, and both conserved and nonconserved expression patterns were identified for the tested genes. Such differential gene expression might be one of the major causes of the differences in silk properties between these species. We believe that our study can be of value as a basic catalogue for silk gland gene expression, which will yield to the further understanding of silk evolution.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对辽宁省食用菌产业的影响及应对措施

概述了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间辽宁省食用菌产业生产和管理现状,分析了疫情对辽宁省食用菌产业产前、产中、产后的影响,指出了原辅料准备、菌种(棒)生产、养菌管理、产品销售以及人员用工、交通物流等存在的诸多问题,明确了疫情对食用菌产业结构、销售市场结构、投资市场结构主要的影响因素,提出了应对交通不畅、劳动力匮乏、资金短缺、技术缺乏的具体措施,并对辽宁省食用菌产业健康持续高质量发展提出建议。