太白杜鹃天然居群的表型多样性

为揭示太白杜鹃(Rhododendron purdomii)天然居群的表型变异程度、变异规律,以秦岭山区的7个天然居群为研究对象,对其花序和叶片的10个数量性状和8个质量性状进行方差分析、相关分析与聚类分析,探讨居群间与居群内表型多样性的变异特点。结果显示:(1)在太白杜鹃的质量性状中,花色与花瓣内斑在居群间与居群内均存在丰富变异,花朵香味、花序形状、花冠形状、花梗颜色、叶片形状和株型等仅在居群间存在明显变异,在居群内则趋于一致性;其数量性状在居群间与居群内也存在广泛变异,10个数量性状在居群间和居群内平均值差异全部达显著水平;在7个居群内数量性状的变异系数为0～55.3%,其中花梗长、花丝长、花瓣宽与叶柄长变异较大,花朵数变异较小。(2)相关性分析表明,太白杜鹃花瓣长和花瓣宽分别与经度存在极显著与显著负相关关系,叶片长、叶片宽和叶片长宽比与海拔均存在显著负相关关系,而其它性状与地理因子的关系密切。(3)聚类分析显示,太白杜鹃的7个天然居群可以初步分为两大类,但性状的表型特征并没有依地理距离而聚类。研究表明,太白杜鹃天然居群的表型性状在居群内与居群间均存在丰富的变异,而且其与居群特点、分布生境等关系密切。     

新疆野扁桃天然居群形态变异的研究

为了从数量上分析新疆野扁桃(Amygdalus ledebouriana)天然居群表型性状在居群间和居群内的变异,我们于2007年对分布存新疆的5个野扁桃天然居群的8个表型性状进行了测量和比较分析.结果表明:新疆野扁桃表型性状在居群间和居群内均存在着较丰富的差异,居群内的变异大于居群间的变异,居群间的分化相对较小;利用居群问欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析表明,5个天然居群可以划分为3类,表型性状的欧式遗传距离与地理距离相关不显著.主成分综合分析结果显示:新梢长宽比、叶片长宽比、果核千粒重、果核长宽比及花冠直径等5个表型性状指标是反映新疆野扁桃表型差异的主要因素.     

内蒙古东部地区小叶锦鸡儿表型变异研究

根据小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)资源分布状况,对内蒙古东部地区的13个小叶锦鸡儿天然居群进行表型变异研究。结果表明：小叶锦鸡儿表型性状在居群间均表现为极显著差异（p<0.001）;主成分分析显示种子宽、种子长、荚果长是小叶锦鸡儿表型变异的最主要影响因子;回归分析和偏相关分析显示地理生态因子对小叶锦鸡儿的表型变异有较强的影响;通过聚类分析将13个小叶锦鸡儿居群分为3类。     

青藏高原东缘西藏沙棘(Hippophae tibetana)果实性状变异

西藏沙棘是沙棘属(Hippophae L.)中分布于青藏高原和喜马拉雅高海拔地区的特有类群之一,其果实大小、形状、颜色以及条纹长等性状表现出了高度的多样性。对分布于青藏高原东缘西藏沙棘7个天然居群的果长、果宽、果形系数(果长/果宽)、果柄长、纹长等果实性状变异进行了统计分析,探讨了其果实变异水平及地理变异式样。结果表明,西藏沙棘5个果实性状在居群间和居群内均存在着极显著差异(p0.01)(除纹长在居群间存在着显著差异(p0.05)),居群间变异系数(CV)在11.19%~45.03%之间,果柄长的变异幅度最大(CV为45.03%),其次为纹长(CV为31.97%),变异幅度最小的是果宽(CV为11.19%);表型分化系数(Vst)在0.213 3~0.629 9之间,平均值为0.489 5,居群间和居群内变异约各占果实变异的一半。相关性分析显示,除果长与果柄、果宽与纹长外,其它各性状间均表现出极显著相关(p0.01),除果长与海拔、果宽与经纬度外,其它各性状与地理因子之间均达到极显著相关(p0.01),呈现出地理梯度变异,聚类分析表明7个居群按照地理距离远近聚类。     

新疆东天山地区宽刺蔷薇居群表型多样性分析

对新疆东天山地区6个宽刺蔷薇（Rosa platyacantha）居群进行叶片、花序、果实、种子等11个表型性状的遗传多样性分析,结果表明：宽刺蔷薇各表型性状无论在居群间还是在居群内均表现出显著或极显著差异,存在丰富的表型多样性。6个居群11个性状的平均表型分化系数为27.50%,表明居群内多样性较居群间多样性更为丰富。各表型性状平均变异系数为16.51%,离散程度相对较低。对表型性状进行的变异系数多重比较和主成分分析均显示,果实相关性状的变异是造成宽刺蔷薇表型变异的主要来源。性状相关性分析进一步发现,生殖生长与前期的营养生长并无明显相关关系。聚类分析结果表明,6个宽刺蔷薇居群的表型性状并没有严格依地理距离聚类,而是受到遗传因素与环境条件特别是海拔因子的共同影响。     

余甘子天然居群果实形态变异研究

为了从数量性状上分析余甘子天然居群果实表型性状在居群间和居群内的变异,在云南省选取了6个余甘子天然居群,分别测量了其8个果实表型性状并作比较分析。结果显示:(1)余甘子果实表型性状在居群间和居群内存在着较丰富的变异,8个果实性状在居群间的F值为20.17～35.21,部分差异达到显著水平;居群内的F值为1.27～3.07,差异均达到极显著水平。(2)余甘子居群内的平均表型变异接近90%,是余甘子果实表型遗传变异的主要来源。(3)余甘子表型性状的变化与生态和地理因子显著相关;主成分分析结果显示,单果重、果实横径、外果皮重、果核宽、果核重等5个表型性状指标是反映滇西北余甘子果实表型差异的主要因素。     

武陵地区蛇足石杉不同居群形态变异分析

为了从数量上分析蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)天然居群表型性状在居群间和居群内的变异,对分布在武陵地区的15个蛇足石杉天然居群的9个表型性状进行了测量和比较分析.结果表明:顶叶长、顶叶宽、顶叶长宽比、茎基径、基叶长、基叶长宽比、株高、节间长在居群间表现显著差异;聚类分析和主成分分析显示,15个居群可分为3类,顶叶长、顶叶长宽比、茎基径、株高、节间长这5个性状是反映表型差异的主要因素.     

都市园林植物云南樱花的表型多样性研究

云南樱花(Prunus yunnannensis)为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)多年生落叶乔木,是中国西南地区特有的重要园林观赏植物,其在昆明园林绿化中具有较高的应用价值。以昆明地区的云南樱花为研究对象,研究了6个栽培居群120个单株的16个表型性状的多样性,分析了16个表型性状的相关性和广义遗传力,并对6个栽培居群进行了聚类分析,旨在探明其在资源应用过程中的表型变异程度及变异规律,为今后优良性状选育与种质推广提供科学依据。结果表明:云南樱花在居群间及居群内均存在丰富的表型多样性,除雌蕊长以外,其它15个表型性状在各居群之间均存在显著性差异,其中各性状的平均变异幅度为7.73%~94.04%,在居群内的变异幅度为20.74%~28.22%,各性状居群内的变异明显小于居群间,16个表型性状的广义遗传力介于0.54~0.97之间,其中叶长的广义遗传力最大,而雌蕊长的广义遗传力最小。对云南樱花16个形态指标的相关性分析表明,大部分形态指标之间均存在显著的相关性。利用居群间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,云南樱花6个栽培居群可以聚为2类。     

湖南白檀居群形态多样性及与环境的相关性

为了解白檀在湖南地区不同环境的适应性及遗传变化程度,对湖南地区6个白檀天然居群的189个个体的11个表型性状进行形态遗传多样性分析。结果表明,11个表型性状均具有丰富的遗传多样性(H'=1.389),居群间的平均方差分量为52.60%,居群内的平均方差分量为37.03%,说明在白檀形态性状多样性分布上是居群间多样性程度大于居群内,即居群间的形态变异是白檀形态变异的主要来源。聚类分析结果表明,6个居群的表型性状并没有严格依地理距离聚类,主成分与相关分析结果显示在11个表型中树型因子是主要形态变异因子,年降雨量与树型因子呈显著正相关,其他表型变异受遗传的影响可能大于受环境的影响。     

云南含笑天然居群的表型多样性分析

为揭示云南含笑天然居群表型变异程度和变异规律,以云南昆明地区天然分布的云南含笑为研究对象,调查了6个居群180个单株的14个表型性状,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数、相关分析、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分析和聚类分析等方法,分析了居群间和居群内表型多样性.结果表明:(1)云南含笑表型性状在居群间和居群内存在极其丰富的多样性,14个表型性状平均表型分化系数(24.38％)小于居群内变异(75.62％),居群内变异是表型变异的主要来源;14个表型性状的变异系数(CV)在16.20％～60.11％之间,表明云南含笑居群内表型性状离散程度较高.(2)对云南含笑各居群的Shannon-Weaver指数分析表明,云南含笑各居群具有丰富的多样性,总体表型多样性指数为1.772.(3)利用居群间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,云南含笑6个天然居群可以聚为3类,而且表型性状并没有严格依地理距离而聚类.     

SEX ALLOCATION IN THE MONOECIOUS HERB BEGONIA SEMIOVATA

Sex-allocation models predict that the evolution of self-fertilization should result in a reduced allocation to male function and pollinator attraction in plants. The evolution of sex allocation may be constrained by both functional and genetic factors, however. We studied sex allocation and genetic variation for floral sex ratio and other reproductive traits in a Costa Rica population of the monoecious, highly selfing annual Begonia semiovata. Data on biomass of floral structures, flower sex ratios, and fruit set in the source population were used to calculate the average proportion of reproductive allocation invested in male function. Genetic variation and genetic correlations for floral sex ratio and for floral traits related to male and female function were estimated from the greenhouse-grown progeny of field-collected maternal families. The proportion of reproductive biomass invested in male function was low (0.34 at flowering, and 0.07 for total reproductive allocation). Significant among-family variation was detected in the size (mass) of individual male and female flowers, in the proportion of male flowers produced, and in the proportion of total flower mass invested in male flowers. Significant among-family variation was also found in flower number per inflorescence, petal length of male and female flowers, and petal number of female flowers. Except for female petal length, we found no difference in the mean value of these characters between selfed and outcrossed progeny, indicating that, with the possible exception of female petal length, the among-family variation detected was not the result of variation among families in the level of inbreeding. Significant positive phenotypic and broad-sense genetic correlations were detected between the mass of individual male and female flowers, between male and female petal length, and between number of male and number of female flowers per inflorescence. The ratio of stamen-to-pistil mass (0.33) was low compared to published data for autogamous species with hermaphroditic flowers, suggesting that highly efficient selfing mechanisms may evolve in monoecious species. Our results indicate that the study population harbors substantial genetic variation for reproductive characters. The positive genetic correlation between investment in male and female flowers may reflect selection for maximum pollination efficiency, because in this self-pollinating species, each female flower requires a neighboring male flower to provide pollen.     

凤丹栽培群体的表型变异研究

从我国6个凤丹(Paeonia ostii T.Hong et J.X.Zhang)中心产区,选取15个群体共398个单株,对20个表型性状进行调查和分析。结果显示,枝条数、地径、株高、茎长、冠幅长、冠幅宽、成花枝、芽位数、叶长和叶宽等10个表型性状受植株株龄的影响显著,随着株龄增加,除叶长和叶宽的平均值呈递减趋势外,其他8个性状的平均值都呈现递增趋势。凤丹群体间的表型分化系数为0~50.14%,平均值为27.62%,变化幅度最大的是二年生枝长,最小的为心皮数和二年生枝径。对当年生枝长、芽位高、当年生枝径、顶生小叶长、二年生枝径、顶生小叶宽、复叶数、心皮数、二年生枝长和叶柄长等不受株龄影响的10个表型性状进行主成分分析,结果显示前6个性状是影响表型差异的主要性状。各表型性状间存在一定的相关性,聚类分析结果将受株龄影响的10个性状划分为4组。研究结果表明凤丹表型性状在群体间和群体内的变异非常丰富,可为遗传改良和品种选育储备丰富的植物材料。     

梁王山大花香水月季居群表型多样性分析

以云南省澄江市梁王山一带3个大花香水月季居群240个个体为研究对象,采用巢式方差分析、表型变异系数分析、Pearson相关性分析等方法,对大花香水月季的花、叶等16个表型性状进行分析。结果表明:大花香水月季居群内和居群间均存在丰富的表型多样性,表型分化系数在-1.51%～26.18%之间,在较近的距离内,居群内多样性远高于居群间多样性。表型性状在居群内的平均变异系数为13.62%,离散程度相对较低,其中,变异系数最大的是花梗长,最小的是花瓣长宽比。相关性分析发现,大多数花部性状间、叶部性状间相关性较强,但花部性状与叶部性状之间相关性较低甚至不相关。     

Variation of nectar production in relation to plant characteristics in protandrous Aconitum gymnandrum

Aims Floral nectar plays a vital role in plant reproductive success by attracting pollinators. Nectar traits of a flower can depend directly on plant characteristics other than environmental factors and exhibit extensive flower- and plant-level variations. Studies on nectar traits frequently focused on intraplant variation for dichogamous plants, but few have paid attention to both intra- and interplant nectar variations in relation to plant characteristics. Revealing within- and among-plant variation and its relative magnitude is important for our understanding of how pollinator-mediated selection can act on nectar traits and evolution of nectar traits.Methods Through investigating protandrous Aconitum gymnandrum populations at the Alpine Meadows and Wetland Ecosystems Research Station of Lanzhou University, we examined the relationships between nectar production per flower and plant characteristics (e.g. flower position within inflorescences, floral sexual phases, flowering time, inflorescence size and floral attractive traits).Important findings A. gymnandrum exhibited a declining gradient in the nectar volume along inflorescences, with more nectar in basal flowers than distal ones. Protandrous flowers of A. gymnandrum did not show gender-biased nectar production while the nectar volume varied with different stages of floral sexual phases. The significant correlation between the first flowering date of individuals and the mean nectar volume per flower was positive in 2013, but became negative in 2014, suggesting complex effects of biotic and abiotic factors. The mean nectar volume per flower was not related to inflorescence size (the number of total flowers per plant). Furthermore, nectar production was weakly associated with floral attractive traits (the petal width and the galea height), even if the effect of flowering time of individuals was removed, suggesting that the honesty of floral traits as signals of nectar reward for pollinators is not stable in this species.     

濒危植物夏蜡梅花的形态变异

研究了不同地理位置的3个夏蜡梅自然种群间以及种群内花部形态变异,并对3个种群进行聚类分析。结果表明：夏蜡梅花部表型性状在种群间和种群内都存在一定程度的变异;各性状总的平均变异系数在6.293（内瓣长）~46.90（花柄长）之间,种群间总的平均变异系数在13.430（DMS）~15.720 8（DLS）,因此认为夏蜡梅花的表型性状无论是在物种水平还是在种群水平都具有较丰富的表型多样性,其中又以大雷山种群最高;单因素方差分析显示：部分指标分化显著或极显著,13个指标在种群内的变异占了总变异的82.9%,这说明夏蜡梅种群内变异是表型变异的主要来源,由此可以推测遗传上的多样性是形成夏蜡梅花部形态变异的主导因素;种群间平均变异组分占了17.1%,表明花部形态在种群间存在一定程度的表型分化;聚类分析显示距离较近的大明山种群和龙须山种群先聚在一起,表型差异与地理距离之间存在显著正相关,经分析认为微生境的异质性和种群隔离以及遗传漂变均可能导致夏蜡梅种群间的表型分化;相关性分析显示部分性状之间存在显著的相关性。     

野生玫瑰种群表型变异

在野生玫瑰(Rosa rugosa)自然分布区内选取5个代表种群,选择24个表型性状作为研究对象,运用方差分析、多重比较、主成分分析、相关分析、聚类分析等方法,得出野生玫瑰种群表型变异程度和变异规律。结果显示:(1)24个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异,变异非常丰富;种群内变异(0.2718)大于种群间变异(0.1679),种群内变异是表型变异的主要来源,种群间平均表型分化系数(VST)为0.2952,分化水平相对较大;表型性状平均变异系数(CV)为18.48%(6.67—26.79%),叶片、果实、花、种子的变异系数依次为21.40%、17.42%、12.54%、6.67%;主成分分析表明叶片、果实的表型变异对种群变异起主要的贡献作用。(2)托叶长与年平均气温、7月平均气温呈显著正相关,与经、纬度呈显著负相关;果实横径与年降水量呈显著正相关;千粒重与经、纬度呈显著正相关,与7月平均气温呈显著负相关。(3)利用欧氏距离进行系统聚类分析,可以将5个种群划分为3类,表型性状主要依地理位置聚类。     

BREEDING SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN LEAVENWORTHIA: BREEDING SYSTEM VARIATION AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF LEAVENWORTHIA CRASSA (CRUCIFERAE)

Populations of Leavenworthia crassa (Cruciferae) studied for 3 years exhibited among- and within-population genetic variation for a suite of floral and reproductive traits (flower width, petal length, anther position, ability to set seeds in the absence of pollinators, time to first flowering) associated with breeding system. We used electrophoretic markers to show that a population with small, monomorphically colored flowers with introrse anthers had a significantly lower outcrossing rate (t = 0.03) than did a population with larger, polymorphically colored flowers with extrorse anthers (t = 0.33). In the more-outcrossing population the correlation between higher maternal plant outcrossing rate and the suite of six traits approached significance (P < 0.067), with greater petal size, greater flower width, and reduced ability to set seeds in the absence of pollinators contributing significantly. Plants in selfing populations had a generally higher reproductive success, with a higher number of flowers per plant, a smaller proportion of unfertilized ovules, a smaller proportion of fertilized ovules aborted, a higher rate of fruit set, and overall a larger number of seeds matured than did plants from the more outcrossing populations. Pollen limitation did not appear to account for lower reproductive success in outcrossing populations. Resource limitation did not differ substantially between populations. However, within-ovary patterns of fertilization, abortion, and seed weight were significantly less random in outcrossing populations than in selfing populations, suggesting that differential gamete and embryo success may be responsible for lower reproductive success in outcrossing populations.     

我国格木的地理分布与种实表型变异

在调查格木（Erythrophleum fordii）主要天然分布区及资源现状的基础上,研究了荚果和种子的11个表型性状在8个格木天然群体内和群体间的变异规律,探讨了种实表型变异与地理、环境因子的相关性。结果显示：格木天然林主要分布在广西、广东和福建3省区北回归线附近低海拔地区,大部分呈散生状态或小群体：格木荚果和种子的长度、宽度、形态指数以及每个荚果内种子数、种子厚度和千粒重在群体间和群体内单株间均存在显著差异：荚果性状在群体间和群体内的变异均大于种子性状：每个荚果内种子数与荚果的长度、形态指数以及种子的长度、大小呈显著正相关,种子长度和宽度与荚果大小、种子千粒重与荚果宽度均呈显著正相关：荚果形态指数与经度呈显著负相关,种子千粒重与纬度、种子宽度与海拔和年降雨量、种子形态指数与年均气温、种子大小与年降雨量均呈显著正相关。通过聚类分析可将8个格木群体分为3类：GX03单独为1类,GX01与GX02聚为1类,其余5个群体聚为1类。研究结果为进一步开展格木保护生物学和遗传育种研究奠定了基础。     

基于主成分分析法的墨兰品种观赏价值评价

以福州地区栽培多年的30个墨兰品种为材料,对其植株高、花色、瓣型等20个观赏性状进行测定和观察,分析墨兰品种观赏性状的变异范围、性状间的相关性以及主成分因子,并利用主成分分析法对30个墨兰品种的观赏价值进行评价。结果表明,不同品种间的16个数量性状均存在不同程度的变异,花部形态存在较大差异,叶片形态和数量变异小;4个质量性状中,花色和叶艺的遗传多样性较高。叶部形态和花部形态的观赏性状间存在显著相关性。20个观赏性状指标可以分为7个主成分因子,分别为株高因子、瓣型因子、花色因子、叶片数因子、花径因子、叶宽因子和叶艺因子,7个主成分因子的方差贡献率累计达全部性状信息的87.35%。通过计算30个品种的重要主成分值并对其进行排序,筛选出4个观赏性状优良的品种,分别为‘白墨’、‘宝山爪’、‘龙梅’和‘金华山’。