胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF-I）通过PI-3K/Akt途径对结肠癌细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-I）通过磷酯酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI-3K/Akt）信号通路对结肠癌细胞株SW480凋亡率的影响及其凋亡抑制蛋白survivin表达水平的变化。方法：培养结肠癌SW480细胞株,实验分成三组：未加IGF-I空白组、IGF-I刺激组、IGF-I＋LY294002阻断组,检测阻断剂LY294002是否阻断PI-3K/Akt通路（Western Blot检测三组P-Akt表达情况）;Western Blot及免疫荧光观察三组survivin蛋白表达变化;MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况。结果：Western blot结果显示LY294002可抑制IGF-I诱导的p-Akt的表达（P〈0.05）;阻断IGF-I诱导的PI-3K/Akt通路后MTT显示结肠癌细胞SW480增殖抑制率升高（P〈0.05）,流式细胞术分析显示凋亡率明显上升（P〈0.05）;Western blot及免疫荧光结果显示LY294002可抑制IGF-I诱导的survivin的表达（P〈0.05）。结论：IGF-I可通过PI-3K/Akt通路诱导survivin表达,从而抑制结肠癌细胞SW480的凋亡。     

PI3K/Akt 通路在电针预处理诱导脑缺血耐受中的机制研究

目的:通过观察电针预处理对磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶(PI3K/Akt)通路的变化以及该通路抑制剂对电针预处理的脑保护的影响,探讨电针预处理诱导脑缺血耐受的可能机制。方法:线栓法单侧阻断大脑中动脉120min,再灌注24h制备大鼠大脑局灶性缺血再灌注(I/R)模型;Western Blot检测Akt磷酸化水平的变化;侧脑室注射PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002;神经行为学评分(Garcia标准)及TTC染色检测脑梗死体积比评价脑损伤程度。结果:电针预处理使大鼠神经行为学评分增高,脑梗死体积比降低(P<0.05);可上调Akt磷酸化水平,I/R2h达高峰(P<0.05)。侧脑室注射PI3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002,拮抗电针预处理的脑保护作用(P<0.05)。结论:电针预处理增加Ak(tSer473)磷酸化水平,在缺血再灌注早期上调PI3K/Akt通路可能是诱导大鼠脑缺血耐受的产生的主要机制。     

高糖和LY294002干预影响足细胞内Ⅳ型胶原表达

探讨高糖和PI3K/Akt通路对足细胞内Ⅳ型胶原(Col Ⅳ)表达的影响。体外培养小鼠足细胞,给予高糖(30mmol/L)处理后,分别于0,12,24,48h收集细胞,采用免疫细胞化学染色法和Western blot技术检测Col Ⅳ的表达;Western blot技术检测Akt的活化及LY294002对Col Ⅳ表达的抑制效应。结果表明,高糖诱导足细胞内Col Ⅳ蛋白表达增多,24h明显,各时间点与高糖刺激前相比均有统计学差异(P<0.05);高糖激活Akt蛋白磷酸化,p-Akt随刺激时间延长表达增多。PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002孵育细胞24h后,可减弱高糖诱导的足细胞内Col Ⅳ的表达(P<0.05)。因此,高糖可能通过激活PI3K/Akt通路上调足细胞内Ⅳ型胶原表达。     

体外缺血缺氧条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生的机制研究

目的:研究体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)在缺血缺氧条件下发生凋亡的作用机制。方法:采取大鼠骨髓,以密度梯度离心分离出单个核细胞(MNCs),于体外培养并由牛垂体提取物(PEX)诱导扩增传代培养出骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)。经形态学和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定后,骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)在缺血缺氧条件下培养,通过Annexin V/PI双染细胞凋亡检测比较不同组别细胞的凋亡率和蛋白印迹法(western blot)来观察细胞中蛋白的变化。结果:①经形态学观察和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定,提示骨髓间充质干细胞培养成功。②对照组(无缺血缺氧)与缺血缺氧组比较,缺血缺氧组的凋亡率显著性增加,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著性增加提示PI3K(Phosphoinosi-tide-3kinase)/Akt(ProteinkinaseB,PKB)信号通路被激活(P<0.05);同时缺血缺氧组与缺血缺氧+PI3K/Akt抑制剂(LY294002)组比较,缺血缺氧+PI3K/Akt抑制剂(LY294002)组的凋亡率显著降低,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著减少提示PI3K/Akt信号通路被抑制(P<0.05)。结论:PI3K/Akt信号通路对体外缺血缺氧条件下培养的骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生有关键性作用。     

眼镜蛇毒NGF通过PI3K/AKT信号通路对肝星状细胞的影响

为探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路在眼镜蛇毒神经生长因子(NGF)诱导肝星状细胞凋亡中的作用,本实验分别采用CCK8和流式细胞术检测NGF对HSC-T6细胞增殖及凋亡作用,从而找出NGF作用HSC-T6细胞的最小有效浓度,同时应用Western Blot法分析NGF对细胞蛋白Akt磷酸化水平的影响。结果发现NGF浓度为4μg/m L时为诱导HSC-T6细胞凋亡的最小有效浓度,并且在作用HSC-T6细胞后,P-Akt的表达水平降低,Akt的表达量却增加。将该浓度NGF与信号通路抑制剂LY294002联合使用则协同作用增强。因此,眼镜蛇毒神经生长因子诱导HSC-T6细胞凋亡作用与PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。     

土槿皮乙酸通过PI3K/Akt信号通路诱导人肾癌细胞A498凋亡

目的:研究土槿皮乙酸对人肾癌细胞A498凋亡的影响,并探讨其内在的分子机制,为肾癌治疗寻找有效的新靶点和新策略。方法:人肾癌细胞A498经10、15μmol/L土槿皮乙酸处理48 h后,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,同时通过Western印迹和实时荧光定量PCR检测凋亡相关蛋白和m RNA的表达;加入PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002或15μmol/L土槿皮乙酸处理A498细胞48 h后,Western印迹检测相关蛋白的表达。结果:经不同浓度土槿皮乙酸作用A498细胞48 h后,与未加土槿皮乙酸组细胞相比,细胞凋亡率显著上升,且呈剂量依赖性,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);同时,Blc-2表达减少,Bax、caspase-9、caspase-3表达增多。Blc-2蛋白的表达量随LY294002或土槿皮乙酸的逐步加入而减少,而Bax、caspase-9、caspase-3的表达呈增加趋势;PI3K和Akt蛋白的表达量与是否加入LY294002或土槿皮乙酸无关,p-PI3K和Aktp-Ser473蛋白的表达量随LY294002或土槿皮乙酸的逐步加入而减少。结论:土槿皮乙酸可抑制A498细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与PI3K/Akt通路相关。     

RhoGDI2与PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在肺癌细胞中的相关性研究

目的探讨肿瘤转移相关因子RhoGDI2与PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在肺癌侵袭转移过程中的作用及相关机制。方法利用PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路上特异性的抑制剂,采用MTT法,伤口愈合实验及侵袭实验观察不同浓度药物对肺癌95D细胞生长侵袭转移能力的影响,通过Western Blot方法观察RhoGDI2蛋白水平的变化。结果PI3K抑制剂LY294002及mTOR抑制剂Rapamycin都能抑制肺癌细胞95D的侵袭转移能力,联合应用抑制作用更强。PI3K抑制剂LY294002处理组RhoGDI2蛋白的表达量增加,且随浓度增加RhoGDI2蛋白表达也增加。mTOR抑制剂Rapamycin组,在低浓度时增加RhoGDI2蛋白的表达,但增大Rapamycin的浓度,RhoGDI2蛋白的表达反而降低。低浓度LY294002组和Rapa-mycin组联合应用可以明显增加RhoGDI2蛋白的表达。结论PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路中Akt的活化与RhoGDI2密切相关,RhoGDI2可能直接或间接通过与Akt的相互作用参与调节肺癌的侵袭转移的过程。     

臭椿酮诱导人黑色素瘤A375细胞凋亡及其机制研究

为研究臭椿酮(Ailanthone,AIL)诱导人黑色素瘤A375细胞凋亡的作用及作用机制,以人黑色素瘤A375细胞为研究对象,采用MTT法测定AIL对人黑色素瘤A375细胞生长增殖的抑制作用。用倒置相差显微镜观察AIL对A375细胞形态的影响,用荧光倒置显微镜观察Hoechst33258染色后AIL对A375细胞核的影响,用AnnexinV-FITC/PI双染法检测AIL诱导A375细胞凋亡的作用,用分光光度法检测caspase-3和caspase-9的活性,Westernblot检测p-PI3Kβ(Ser1070),PI3Kβ,p-Akt(Ser473)和Akt蛋白表达水平的变化,接着用PI3K抑制剂LY294002进行干预,进一步验证AIL对PI3K/Akt信号通路及细胞凋亡的影响。实验结果表明,AIL能够明显抑制A375细胞增殖,使A375细胞数目变少、附着力和透光性减弱,AIL能够诱导A375细胞凋亡,使其细胞核染色质发生固缩并呈现高亮,且使A375细胞早期及晚期凋亡率均增加,AIL作用后能够使caspase-3和caspase-9活性增加,AIL能够抑制PI3K和Akt蛋白磷酸化,从而使PI3K/Akt信号通路失活。较AIL单独作用,AIL和LY294002共同作用后对PI3K和Akt蛋白磷酸化的抑制作用增强且诱导凋亡作用增加,进一步说明AIL通过失活PI3K/Akt信号通路来诱导A375细胞凋亡。     

PI3K通路抑制剂LY294002对人脑胶质瘤细胞株U87细胞衰老和凋亡的影响

目的:PI3K/Akt信号通路是与胶质瘤发生发展密切相关的核心通路之一,LY294002是该通路的特异性抑制剂。本研究通过探讨PI3K通路抑制剂LY294002对U87胶质瘤细胞系细胞衰老及凋亡的影响,从而为胶质瘤患者治疗的新策略奠定理论基础。方法:将体外培养的人脑胶质瘤U87细胞株分为DMSO处理的对照组和LY294002(100μM)处理的实验组,采用β-半乳糖苷酶染色和流式细胞术的方法,分别检测并比较两组肿瘤细胞衰老和凋亡的情况。结果:LY294002处理组U87胶质瘤细胞的衰老指数(32.20±4.46%)显著高于DMSO对照组(3.40±1.61%,t=6.254,P0.001)。另外,与DMSO对照组相比,凋亡蛋白caspase-3mRNA的表达在LY294002处理组胶质瘤细胞中显著上调(t=8.923,P0.05)。LY294002处理组肿瘤细胞的凋亡指数(80.10±4.832%)明显高于DMSO对照组(4.260±1.073%,t=8.923,P0.05)。结论:LY294002既能够诱导肿瘤细胞衰老,又能够诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,然而其诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡的能力占据主导地位,为其发挥抗胶质瘤效应的主要途径。另外,在LY294002的持续作用下,部分衰老的肿瘤细胞或许会发生凋亡。这些结论为为临床增强胶质瘤患者的联合化疗奠定了理论基础。     

PI3K/AKT途径在大肠埃希菌诱导U937细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨PI3K/AKT信号转导通路在大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli,E.coli）诱导的人巨噬细胞系U937细胞凋亡中的作用。方法利用Western blot分析检测E.coli感染不同时间后磷酸化及非磷酸化AKT的表达;预先用不同浓度的LY294002（PI3K途径抑制剂）处理U937细胞60min,观察E.coli感染30min后U937细胞的凋亡情况。结果随着感染时间的延长,磷酸化AKT的表达逐渐下降。加入PI3K的抑制剂LY294002后,U937细胞的凋亡率逐渐升高。结论PI3K/AKT信号转导通路参与了E. coli诱导的U937细胞凋亡过程。LY294002通过特异性地抑制PI3K/AKT活性增加E.coli诱导的U937细胞凋亡率。     

Insulin-like growth factor-I-induced androgen receptor activation is mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells

Although insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and androgen receptor (AR) are well known effectors of skeletal muscle, the molecular mechanism by which signaling pathways integrating AR and IGF-I in skeletal muscle cells has not been previously examined. In this study, the role of PI3K/Akt on IGF-I-induced gene expression and activation of AR in skeletal muscle cells was investigated. C2C12 cells were treated with IGF-I in the absence or presence of inhibitors of PI3K/Akt pathway (LY294002 and Wortmannin). Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway with LY294002 or Wortmannin led to a significant decrease in IGF-I-induced AR phosphorylation and total AR protein expression. Furthermore, IGF-I-induced AR mRNA and skeletal α-actin mRNA were blocked by LY294002 or Wortmannin. Confocal images showed that IGF-I-induced AR translocation from cytosol to nucleus was inhibited significantly in response to treatment with LY294002 or Wortmannin. The present results suggest that modulating effect of IGF-I on AR gene expression and activation in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells is mediated at least in part by the PI3K/Akt pathway.     

Somatostatin inhibits hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor I mRNA expression by activating the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways

Previously, we reported that somatostatins (SS) inhibit organismal growth by reducing hepatic growth hormone (GH) sensitivity and by inhibiting insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production. In this study, we used hepatocytes isolated from rainbow trout to elucidate the mechanism(s) associated with the extrapituitary growth-inhibiting actions of SS. SS-14, a predominant SS isoform, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of several endogenous proteins, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, and protein kinase B (Akt), a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). SS-14 specifically stimulated the phosphorylation of both ERK 1/2 and Akt in a concentration-dependent fashion. This activation occurred within 5-15 min, then subsided after 1 h. The ERK inhibitor U0126 retarded SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, whereas the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. SS-14-inhibited expression of GH receptor (GHR) mRNA was blocked by U0126 but not by LY294002. By contrast, U1026 had no effect on SS-14 inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression, whereas LY294002 partially blocked the inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression by SS-14. These results indicate that SS-14-inhibited GHR expression is mediated by the ERK signaling pathway and that the PI3K/Akt pathway mediates, at least in part, SS-14 inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I expression.     

PI3K/Akt信号通路在白藜芦醇抗大鼠缺血/再灌注性心律失常中的作用及机制

目的：探讨磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）信号通路在白藜芦醇抗缺血/再灌注性心律失常中的作用及机制。方法：48只健康雄性SD大鼠,取心电图正常者随机分为4组（n=10）：假手术（SC组）组、缺血/再灌注（I/R组）组、白藜芦醇处理（Res处理组）组、PI3K抑制剂LY294002（LY294002组）组。建立大鼠在体心肌缺血/再灌注模型,观察各组心律失常的发生情况及左室血流动力学变化,Western blot法测定心肌组织中蛋白激酶B（Akt）、磷酸化蛋白激酶B（p-Akt）、缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）蛋白表达水平,以RT-PCR法从转录水平检测Cx43的表达水平。结果：与I/R组相比,Res处理组心律失常的发生率（心律失常评分）明显降低、左室舒缩功能明显升高,同时心肌Akt、Cx43蛋白表达及Cx43mRNA水平也明显升高;使用PI3K抑制剂LY294002后,心肌Akt、Cx43蛋白表达及Cx43mRNA水平下降的同时心律失常的发生率明显升高、左室舒缩功能明显降低。结论：白藜芦醇的抗再灌注性心律失常作用可能是通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,改变Cx43活性及分布实现的。     

低浓度哇巴因对负鼠肾小管上皮细胞增殖的影响

目的:用低血清培养液来模拟肾脏供血不足的营养不良状态,研究低浓度哇巴因对低血清培养下OK细胞(负鼠肾小管上皮细胞)增殖的影响。方法:用低浓度哇巴因(1-30n M)处理0.2%血清培养下OK细胞,MTT实验和Brdu掺入法检测哇巴因对OK细胞增殖的影响;Western blot检测Akt和ERK1/2的磷酸化水平;用LY294002和PD98059分别抑制PI3K/Akt和ERK1/2蛋白激酶活性,观察抑制PI3K/Akt和ERK1/2对哇巴因促进OK细胞增殖的影响。结果:低浓度哇巴因(1-30n M)促进OK细胞的增值,上调OK细胞中Akt和ERK1/2磷酸化水平。用LY294002和PD98059特异抑制Akt和ERK1/2的活化能够抑制哇巴因的促增殖作用。结论:低浓度哇巴因(1-10n M)能够促进OK细胞的增值,PI3K/Akt和ERK1/2信号通路参与哇巴因对OK细胞促增殖作用的调节。     

Odorant Stimulation Promotes Survival of Rodent Olfactory Receptor Neurons via PI3K/Akt Activation and Bcl-2 Expression

Olfactory stimulation activates multiple signaling cascades in order to mediate activity-driven changes in gene expression that promote neuronal survival. To date, the mechanisms involved in activity-dependent olfactory neuronal survival have yet to be fully elucidated. In the current study, we observed that olfactory sensory stimulation, which caused neuronal activation, promoted activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and the expression of Bcl-2, which were responsible for olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) survival. We demonstrated that Bcl-2 expression increased after odorant stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. We also showed that odorant stimulation activated Akt, and that Akt activation was completely blocked by incubation with both a PI3K inhibitor ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002) and Akt1 small interfering RNA. Moreover, blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway diminished the odorant-induced Bcl-2 expression, as well as the effects on odorant-induced ORN survival. A temporal difference was noted between the activation of Akt1 and the expression of Bcl-2 following odorant stimulation. Blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway did not affect ORN survival in the time range prior to the increase in Bcl-2 expression, implying that these two events, activation of the PI3K pathway and Bcl-2 induction, were tightly connected to promote post-translational ORN survival. Collectively, our results indicated that olfactory activity activated PI3K/Akt, induced Bcl-2, and promoted long term ORN survival as a result.     

Co-activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway by N-methyl-D-aspartate and TrkB receptors in cerebellar granule cell neurons

Summary.  Neuroprotective concentrations of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) promote survival of cerebellar granule cell neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity through a TrkB receptor-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) autocrine loop. However, the intracellular signaling pathway(s) are not clear. Our results show that PI-3 kinase/Akt is activated by either NMDA or BDNF displaying differential kinetics. BDNF and NMDA increased Akt phosphorylation within 5 minutes but maximal activation by NMDA was observed at 3 hours. Akt phosphorylation was completely blocked by the PI-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002. NMDA-mediated activation of Akt was completely blocked by MK-801 and partially blocked by the TrkB receptor inhibitor, K252a, indicating the requirement of TrkB receptors for maximal activation by NMDA. In contrast, BDNF-induced Akt phosphorylation was abolished by K252a, but not by the addition of MK-801. Therefore, the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway is co-activated by NMDA and TrkB receptors. The kinetics of BDNF and NMDA-mediated activation of PI-3 kinase/Akt suggests that they have different roles in intraneuronal time-related events. Received June 29, 2001 Accepted August 6, 2001 Published online June 3, 2002     

Apelin suppresses apoptosis of human osteoblasts

Objectives: Apelin is a recently discovered peptide that is the endogenous ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Adipocytes can express and secrete apelin. Osteoblast can express apelin and APJ. The aim of this study was to investigate the action of apelin on apoptosis of human osteoblasts. Results: Apelin inhibited human osteoblasts apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. Suppression of APJ with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the anti-apoptotic activity of apelin. Our study also showed an increased Bcl-2 protein expression and decreased Bax protein expression under the treatment of apelin. Apelin decreased cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation in human osteoblasts. Apelin activated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) and Akt. The apelin-induced activation of Akt was blocked by suppression of APJ with siRNA. LY294002 (a PI-3 kinase inhibitor) or 1L-6-hydroxymethyl-chiro-inositol 2-(R)-2-O-methyl-3-O-octadecylcarbonate (HIMO; an Akt inhibitor) abolished apelin induced activation of Akt, and, LY294002 or HIMO abolished the anti-apoptotic activity of apelin. Furthermore, apelin protects against apoptosis induced by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Conclusions: Apelin suppresses serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of human osteoblasts and the anti-apoptotic action is mediated via the APJ/PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Hui Xie and Ling-Qing Yuan both authors contributed equally to this work.     

Overexpression of microRNA‐138 alleviates human coronary artery endothelial cell injury and inflammatory response by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway

This study aimed to investigate the role of miR‐138 in human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) injury and inflammatory response and the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signalling pathway. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (OX‐LDL)‐induced HCAEC injury models were established and assigned to blank, miR‐138 mimic, miR‐138 inhibitor, LY294002 (an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway), miR‐138 inhibitor + LY294002 and negative control (NC) groups. qRT‐PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect the miR‐138, PI3K, Akt and eNOS levels and the protein expressions of PI3K, Akt, eNOS, p‐Akt, p‐eNOS, Bcl‐2, Bax and caspase‐3. ELISAs were employed to measure the expressions of TNF‐α, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and nitric oxide (NO) and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and eNOS. MTT and flow cytometry were performed to assess the proliferation and apoptosis of HCAECs. Compared to the blank group, PI3K, Akt and eNOS were down‐regulated in the miR‐138 mimic and LY294002 groups but were up‐regulated in the miR‐138 inhibitor group. The miR‐138 mimic and LY294002 groups showed decreased concentrations of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8 and NO and reduced activities of LDH and eNOS, while opposite trends were observed in the miR‐138 inhibitor group. The concentrations of IL‐4 and IL‐10 increased in the miR‐138 mimic and LY294002 groups but decreased in the miR‐138 inhibitor group. The miR‐138 mimic and LY294002 groups had significantly decreased cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis compared to the blank group. These findings indicate that up‐regulation of miR‐138 alleviates HCAEC injury and inflammatory response by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signalling pathway.