胸腰段骨折外科治疗的研究进展

胸腰椎骨折是骨科临床工作中常见的损伤。胸腰段骨折往往伴发不同程度的脊髓损伤,很大程度上影响患者的生活质量。准确把握其分型,并制定恰当、及时、有效的治疗方案,对伤员进行救治,恢复椎体的高度、序列与曲度,解除神经压迫,重建脊柱稳定性,减少近远期并发症,改善预后有着深远的意义。本文通过对胸腰段骨折的分类、手术入路、手术方式、不同类型骨折的治疗等四个方面的国内外近期研究成果作一综述。     

胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的治疗新进展

胸腰椎爆裂骨折是常见的脊柱损伤性疾病之一,其发病率、致残率较高是由胸腰段脊柱的解剖学特点所决定。国内外有多种脊柱骨折的分类,临床中使用较多的有AO分类及Denis分类,脊柱载荷分享分类现多用于评价患者是否适合于后路手术,而不能应用于评估手术指征。目前国内外胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的治疗尚无统一定式,大多数学者倾向于积极的手术治疗,其中尤以后路手术治疗为主,后路手术多采取短节段椎弓根定内固定加植骨治疗。近些年又出现了经后路270°或360°椎管减压,重建脊柱的三柱稳定性。前路及前后路联合手术都有其各自的适应症。保守治疗多采取卧床休息、体位复位、外固定支具法及功能康复等。本文总结了近年来关于胸腰椎爆裂骨折的最新治疗进展。     

椎旁肌间隙入路结合伤椎置钉技术治疗胸腰段骨折的近期临床疗效评估

目的:讨论椎旁肌间隙入路结合伤椎置钉技术治疗胸腰段骨折的近期临床疗效。方法:选取2013年4月至2014年9月我院确诊的胸腰段骨折患者95例,应用椎旁肌间隙入路结合伤椎置钉技术治疗。分别在手术前、术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、腰背痛日本骨科协会评分(JOA)对患者手术前后腰背疼痛进行评估,另外对手术前后伤椎前后缘高度比及胸腰段后凸畸形Cobb角进行测定分析。结果:患者术后的VAS评分、JOA评分随术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年时间不断下降,且均低于手术前,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);术后患者不同时间点的伤椎前后缘高度比不断下降,且胸腰段后凸畸形Cobb角较术前均明显减小,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用椎旁肌间隙入路结合伤椎置钉技术治疗胸腰段骨折患者,可缓解其腰背疼痛,术后脊柱矫形效果明显,短期预后好,值得在临床上广泛应用。     

分析跨伤椎固定和经伤椎固定在胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗中的临床效果比较

目的:比较分析跨伤椎固定和经伤椎固定在胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗中的临床效果。方法:选取我院2014年2月~2015年2月收治的胸腰段脊柱骨折患者80例为研究对象,将其随机分为2组,观察组40例,对照组40例。对照组采用跨伤椎固定进行治疗,观察组采用经伤椎固定进行治疗。对比分析两组患者的治疗效果。结果:观察组患者的骨折恢复情况显著优于对照组。结论:经伤椎固定在胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗中的临床效果显著,值得广泛推广。     

无神经损伤的脊柱胸腰段爆裂型骨折治疗的临床观察

目的:对比分析保守治疗方法和手术治疗方法在治疗无神经损伤的脊柱胸腰段爆裂型骨折中的效果,便于根据患者病情,选择最佳治疗方法。方法:笔者选取了2013.05.26--2014.10.30期间于我院就诊的无神经损伤的脊柱胸腰段爆裂型骨折的100例患者的治疗与临床疗效档案,对其治疗方式、治疗效果进行了对比分析,笔者采用的方式是将100名患者分为保守治疗组和手术治疗组两个小组,分别采用保守治疗与手术治疗两种方式,探讨两种治疗方式下患者的临床疗效。结果:手术治疗组临床有效率为80.98%,保守治疗组临床有效率为81.35%,双方临床有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),100例患者治疗前脊柱侧弯的严重程度(cobb角)、椎体前高以及椎管占位程度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),100例患者治疗前脊柱侧弯的严重程度(cobb角)、椎体前高以及椎管占位程度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:从临床疗效上来讲,保守治疗与手术治疗两种方式并无差异,但是从脊柱侧弯的严重程度(cobb角)、椎体前以及椎管占位程度改善修复方面,手术治疗方式更具优势,效果更佳明显。     

微创手术与传统开放手术在胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗中的应用效果

目的:分析微创手术与传统开放手术在胸腰段脊柱骨折治疗中的应用效果观察。方法:回顾性抽取我院手术治疗的130例胸腰段脊柱骨折病患信息,将应用微创手术治疗的65例病患归为微创组,将接受传统开放手术治疗的65例病患归为开放组,对比分析手术前后椎体高度、Cobb角度以及生活质量评分的变化,同时比较两组手术相关指标以及手术相关并发症的差异。结果:(1)与手术前相比,两组手术后的伤椎高度、伤椎Cobb角度以及生活质量评分显著升高(P0.05),两组间伤椎高度、Cobb角度相仿,但微创组生活质量评分显著高于开放组(P0.05);(2)微创组手术时间显著高于开放组,但术中出血、术后住院时间以及术后并发症显著低于开放组(P0.05)。结论:微创手术治疗胸腰椎骨折不仅对于伤椎复位效果与传统开放手术相仿,而且在生活质量改善、手术恢复时间、手术安全性方面具有显著优势。     

经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗胸腰段骨折疗效

目的:评估和分析经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗胸腰段单椎体粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法:选取胸腰段单椎体粉碎性骨折30例患者,分为两组,甲组20例,采用经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗,均行骨折椎体及骨折椎体上下相邻椎体的椎弓根螺钉+双侧连接杆固定;乙组10例,只行骨折椎体的上下相邻椎体的椎弓根螺钉+连接杆固定术。术后随访。测定两组患者手术前后的椎体后凸畸形角和骨折椎体前方高度,评估其临床疗效。结果:术前平均后凸畸形角纠正:甲组15°,乙组11°,P0.05。术后骨折椎体前方的平均高度(和正常椎体前方高度比):甲组89%,乙组81%,P0.05;术后3个月随访:平均后凸畸形角纠正丢失,甲组2°,乙组6°,P0.05;骨折椎体前方的平均高度(和正常椎体前方高度比):甲组87%,乙组73%,P0.05。结论:经骨折椎体椎弓根螺钉短节段固定治疗胸腰段单椎体粉碎性骨折能提供更好的生物力学稳定性,更有利于骨折的复位和后凸畸形的纠正。     

胸腰椎骨折病人的护理

脊柱骨折是骨科的一种常见病,多因车祸、跌伤及高处坠落所致,且多伴有不同程度的脊髓损伤.由于胸腰椎骨折病人需长期卧床,痛苦大,并发症多,心理压力大,因此该类损伤病人的围手术期护理和术后康复指导对巩固手术治疗效果及预防术后并发症的发生、降低致残率及提高病人的生活质量有着重要意义.     

椎弓根螺钉置入内固定法治疗胸腰段骨折脱位的效果分析

目的:研究应用椎弓根螺钉置入内固定系统治疗胸腰段骨折脱位患者的临床效果。方法:回顾分析我院52例胸腰段骨折脱位患者临床资料,应用椎弓根螺钉置入内固定系统治疗,对比实施内固定前后及随访1年后脊柱损伤、骨折复位的恢复情况,Cobb角、前缘高度百分比、后缘高度百分比、矢状位指数、楔变指数、VAS评分。结果:各时期A级比例,无统计学意义(P0.05)。B-E级中,治疗后、随访1年与治疗前相较,差异具有显著性(P0.05),随访1年与治疗后相较,无统计学意义(P0.05)。后缘高度在治疗前后、随访1年中对比,无统计学意义(P0.05)。前缘高度、Cobb角在治疗后、随访1年中与治疗前相较,差异具有显著性(P0.05),前缘高度、Cobb角在治疗后、随访1年中对比,无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后、随访1年矢状位指数、楔变指数、VAS评分与治疗前相较,呈显著差异(P0.01),但随访1年与治疗后相较,无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胸腰段骨折脱位患者应用椎弓根螺钉置入内固定系统治疗效果显著,应予推广。     

经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的疗效及对患者氧化应激与术后疼痛的影响

摘要 目的：探讨经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的疗效及对患者氧化应激及术后疼痛的影响。方法：选取本院2017年4月到2021年4月在本院诊治的胸腰段脊柱骨折患者126例作为研究对象,依据手术方式的不同将其分为微创组与开放组各63例。微创组给予经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗,开放组给予开放式椎弓根内固定术治疗。结果：微创组的切口长度等围手术指标均少于开放组（P<0.05）;微创组术后1 d、3 d、5 d与7 d的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）低于开放组（P<0.05）;微创组术后7 d的的感染、切口愈合不良、内固定移位、神经根脊髓压迫等并发症发生率为3.2 %,低于开放组的22.2 %（P<0.05）;两组术后7 d的血清P物质（SP）,和β-内啡肽（β-EP）含量高于术前1 d,微创组高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组术后7 d的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）与晚期氧化蛋白产物（AOPP）含量高于术前1 d,微创组高于开放组（P<0.05）。结论：经皮穿刺椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折可有效控制氧化应激指标、疼痛介质水平,减少创伤,减轻术后疼痛,降低并发症,有利于患者康复。     

How drugs decrease fracture risk: lessons from trials

In women with osteoporosis, each 1% improvement in spine BMD (by DXA) is expected to reduce vertebral fracture risk by about 4%. However, randomized trials of antiresorptive agents show that 1 to 6% improvements in spine BMD reduce vertebral fracture risk by 35 to 50%. Less 20% of the decreased spine fracture risk produced by alendronate or raloxifene be explained by improvement in spine BMD. The discrepancy is even greater during the first year or two of treatment when 1 to 4% improvements in BMD are associated with 65-68% decreases in spine fracture risk. Bisphosphonates continue to increase BMD but the reduction in fracture risk wanes to 20 to 45%. DXA underestimates the change in bone density of spinal trabecular bone and this might explain part of the discrepancy between expected and observed reductions in spine fracture risk. Even more accurate measurement of BMD would not explain the rapid onset and later waning of effect despite gradually increasing BMD. The biomechanical effects inhibiting bone resorption could explain the early onset but not the waning effectiveness. The waning effectiveness of antiresorptives raises concerns that prolonged inhibition of remodeling may weaken bone by allowing microdamage to accumulate. The effect of drugs on nonspine fracture risk is more complex and cannot be predicted from changes in DXA BMD. For example, Beck showed that long-term users of estrogen increase section modulus vs. nonusers with a net increase in section modulus and predicted femoral neck strength despite losing about 0.4% per year in femoral neck BMD. PTH reduces spine fracture risk and this effect is more completely explained by improvement in spine BMD. This suggests that sustaining the increased BMD produced by PTH may maintain long-term reductions in fracture risk.     

Development of Korean spine database and ontology for realizing e-Spine

By 2026, Korea is expected to surpass the UNs definition of an aged society and reach the level of a super-aged society. As a result, degenerative spinal disease and the related surgical procedures will increase exponentially. To prevent unnecessary spinal surgery and support scientific diagnosis of spinal disease and systematic prediction of treatment effects, we have been developing e-Spine which is a computerized simulation model of human spines. In this paper, we present the Korean spine database and ontology that are used as a background data for realizing e-Spine. Generally, Korean physical function is different from foreign physical function. For example, ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament is only occurred in Asians. However, developed countries are currently constructing digital human data to improve the medical and biomedical researches, while the digital human data for Korean are inadequate. Therefore, we constructed Korean spine database on Korean with normal spine or degenerative spinal diseases. To date, we have collected spine data from 72 cadavers and 298 patients. The spine data consists of 2D images such as CT, MRI, or X-ray, 3D shapes, geometry data and property data. The volume and quality of Korean spine database are now the worlds highest. Also, we constructed spinal ontology to provide a wealth of information related to spine. The spinal ontology contains anatomy of spine, method of treatment, cause, classification information related to spine. Finally, we implemented a management service for efficiently searching and managing the data. As a result, our database and ontology will offer great value and utility in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients suffering from spinal diseases.     

Biomechanics of vertebral level, geometry, and transcortical tumors in the metastatic spine

Metastatic involvement can disrupt the mechanical integrity of the spine, rendering vertebrae susceptible to burst fracture and neurologic damage. Fracture risk assessment for patients with spinal metastases is important in considering prophylactic treatment options. Stability of thoracic vertebrae affected by metastatic disease has been shown to be dependent on tumor size and bone density, but additional structural and geometric factors may also play a role in fracture risk assessment. The objective of this study was to use parametric finite element modeling to determine the effects of vertebral level, geometry, and metastatic compromise to the cortical shell on the risk of burst fracture in the thoracic spine. Analysis of vertebral level and geometry was assessed by investigation of seven scenarios ranging in geometry from T2-T4 to T10-T12. The effects of cortical shell compromised were assessed by comparison of four transcortical scenarios to a fully contained central vertebral body tumor scenario. Results demonstrated that upper thoracic vertebrae are at greater risk of burst fracture and that kyphotic motion segments are at decreased risk of burst fracture. Vertebrae with transcortical lesions are up to 30% less likely to lead to burst fracture initiation. The findings of this study are important for improving the understanding of burst fracture mechanics in metastatically involved vertebrae and guiding future modeling efforts.     

Cervical spinal cord deformation during simulated head-first impact injuries

The relationship between bony spinal column and spinal cord injury during an injury event is not well understood. While several studies have measured spinal canal occlusion during axial impact, there has been limited work done to quantify the spinal cord compression or deformation during simulated injury. Because the cord is a viscoelastic solid it may provide resistance to bone fragments, ligaments or other elements that move into the canal and impinge it during column injury. This would differentiate the measurement of cord compression from the measurement of occlusion of an empty canal. In the present study, a novel method of visualizing and quantifying spinal cord deformation during dynamic head-first impact of ex vivo human cervical spine specimens (N=6) was developed. A radiodense, biofidelic surrogate spinal cord was imaged in the spinal canal using high speed cineradiography at 1000 frames per second. The dorsal-ventral diameter of the cord was measured at 1.5mm increments along its length for each frame of the radiographic footage. The resulting cord deformations were used to determine the theoretical neurological outcome of the impact based on published in vivo ferret studies. The corresponding probability of recovery for the spinal cord deformations in these tests ranged between 8% for atlantoaxial dislocation injury and 95% for mid-cervical spine hyperextension injury (based on the ferret data). Clinically relevant spinal column fracture patterns were produced in this study.     

Using Skin Markers for Spinal Curvature Quantification in Main Thoracic Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: An Explorative Radiographic Study

Background and Purpose

Although the relevance of understanding spinal kinematics during functional activities in patients with complex spinal deformities is undisputed among researchers and clinicians, evidence using skin marker-based motion capture systems is still limited to a handful of studies, mostly conducted on healthy subjects and using non-validated marker configurations. The current study therefore aimed to explore the validity of a previously developed enhanced trunk marker set for the static measurement of spinal curvature angles in patients with main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In addition, the impact of inaccurate marker placement on curvature angle calculation was investigated.

Methods

Ten patients (Cobb angle: 44.4±17.7 degrees) were equipped with radio-opaque markers on selected spinous processes and underwent a standard biplanar radiographic examination. Subsequently, radio-opaque markers were replaced with retro-reflective markers and the patients were measured statically using a Vicon motion capture system. Thoracolumbar / lumbar and thoracic curvature angles in the sagittal and frontal planes were calculated based on the centers of area of the vertebral bodies and radio-opaque markers as well as the three-dimensional position of the retro-reflective markers. To investigate curvature angle estimation accuracy, linear regression analyses among the respective parameters were used. The impact of inaccurate marker placement was explored using linear regression analyses among the radio-opaque marker- and spinous process-derived curvature angles.

Results and Discussion

The results demonstrate that curvatures angles in the sagittal plane can be measured with reasonable accuracy, whereas in the frontal plane, angles were systematically underestimated, mainly due to the positional and structural deformities of the scoliotic vertebrae. Inaccuracy of marker placement had a greater impact on thoracolumbar / lumbar than thoracic curvature angles. It is suggested that spinal curvature measurements are included in marker-based clinical gait analysis protocols in order to enable a deeper understanding of the biomechanical behavior of the healthy and pathological spine in dynamic situations as well as to comprehensively evaluate treatment effects.     

下颈椎骨折脱位合并急性脊髓损伤的手术方式选择及疗效对比

目的:分析不同手术方式处理下颈椎骨折脱位合并急性脊髓损伤疗效。方法:选取2012年10月-2015年10月本院收治的110例下颈椎骨折脱位合并急性脊髓损伤患者作为研究对象。A组36例实施前路手术,B组44例实施后路手术,C组30例实施前后路联合手术。比较三种手术方式的治疗效果。结果:术后12个月,三组患者Cobb角、椎体水平位移距离均较术前显著改善(P0.05),C组患者改善程度显著高于A、B组(P0.05);C组患者JOA评分优良率显著高于A、B组(P0.05);在术后随访过程中,三组患者并发症总发生情况无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:前后路联合手术治疗可更好地恢复颈椎解剖结构,促进脊髓神经功能恢复,值得在临床工作中进行推广。     

Mechanical variables affecting balloon kyphoplasty outcome--a finite element study

It is still unclear how a vertebral fracture should be stabilised and strengthened without endangering the remaining intact bone of the augmented vertebra or the adjacent vertebrae. Numerical modelling may provide insight. To date, however, few finite element (FE) spine models have been developed which are both multi-segmental and capture a more complete anatomy of the vertebrae. A 3-D, two-functional unit, CT-based, lumbar spine, FE model was developed and used to predict load transfer and likelihood of fracture following balloon kyphoplasty. The fractured anterior wall and injected cement were modelled in a two-functional spinal unit model with osteoporotic bone properties. Parameters investigated included: cement stiffness, cement volume and height restoration. Models were assessed based on stresses and a user-defined fracture-predicting field. Augmentation altered the stress distribution; shielding was dependent on positioning of the cement; and fracture algorithm found incomplete height restoration to increase the likelihood of fracture, particularly in adjacent vertebrae.     

Correlation of thoracic and lumbar vertebral failure loads with in situ vs. ex situ dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

In this study we explore the hypothesis that estimates of failure loads in the thoracic spine by lumbar dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are compromised of skeletal heterogeneity throughout the spine and artifacts of spinal DXA. We studied the correlation between mechanical failure loads of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and that of in situ vs. ex situ lumbar DXA with thoracic and lumbar fracture loads, respectively. One hundred and nineteen subjects (76 female, age 82+/-9yr; 43 male, age 77+/-11yr) were examined under in situ conditions (anterior-posterior direction), the scans being repeated ex situ (lateral projection) in 68 cases. The failure loads of thoracic vertebrae (T) 6 and 10, and lumbar vertebra (L) 3 were determined in axial compression, using a functional 3-segment unit. The correlation between thoracic failure loads (T6 vs. T10) was significantly (p<0.01) higher (r=0.85) than those between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (r=0.68 and 0.61, respectively). Lateral ex situ DXA displayed a significantly higher correlation (p<0.05) with lumbar vertebral fracture loads than in situ anterior-posterior DXA (r=0.85 vs. 0.71), but the correlation of thoracic failure loads with lateral ex situ lumbar DXA was similar to that obtained in situ in anterior-posterior direction (r=0.69 vs. 0.69 for T10, and r=0.61 vs. 0.65 for T6). The correlation between fracture loads of different spinal segments, and between DXA and failure loads was not significantly different between men and women. The results demonstrate a substantial heterogeneity of mechanical competence throughout the spine in elderly individuals. Because of the high incidence of fractures in the thoracic spine, these findings suggest that, clinically, lateral DXA involves no relevant advantage over anterior-posterior measurements of the lumbar spine.