太白红杉顶芽与分枝格局的适应性分析

野外调查发现太白红杉 (L arix chinensis)枝条顶芽死亡比例较高 ,顶芽死亡对分枝格局产生较大影响 ,可形成 3种分枝类型 : 型、 型和 型。对 3种分枝类型枝条的芽数量、计盒维数以及植冠不同部位的分枝类型比例、顶芽死亡比例、主侧枝平均枝长和主侧枝总数量分别进行了统计分析。结果显示 ,芽数量 : 型 (115 .3) < 型 (15 4 .8) < 型 (2 0 9.9) ;计盒维数 : 型(1.30 5 ) < 型 (1.4 0 0 ) < 型 (1.5 37) ;顶芽死亡比例由树冠上层至下层逐渐提高 ,而冠层东南西北 4个方向的顶芽死亡比例无显著差异 ;主侧枝平均枝长由树冠上层至下层逐渐增加 ,而主侧枝总数量则逐渐降低 ;由于风、光照、坡度和坡向的影响 ,冠层4个方向间的主侧枝平均枝长和总数量均存在显著差异 ; 型分枝使植冠半径扩大 , 型分枝快速扩展植冠的横向空间 , 型分枝在扩展空间的基础上并实现对空间的有效占据。研究表明太白红杉枝条中一定比例的顶芽死亡增加了分枝形态的多样性 ,表现出顶芽和分枝格局的环境适应性 ,有利于提高树冠的空间占据能力     

太白红杉分枝格局的可塑性研究

研究了不同竞争类型和地形因子对太白红杉分枝格局的影响。结果发现：(1)处于不同竞争地位的太白红杉分枝格局有较大差异,主要是分枝率、枝长和枝间距变化明显;(2)太白红杉南、北方向的分枝格局有明显差异,主要是分枝率、枝长和末级枝的分枝角度的差异;而东、西方向上无明显差异;(3)由于受到地形的影响,太白红杉个体中存在明显的侧枝上转现象。研究结果表明：处于不同竞争地位的太白红杉植株在分枝格局上表现出明显的差异,太白红杉不同方位的分枝也具有较大的差异,说明太白红杉植冠构型具有较强的形态可塑性和适应性。     

太白红杉种内和种间竞争研究

采用逐步扩大范围的方法确定影响对象木 (Objectivetree) 的最佳竞争范围, 利用单木竞争指数的改进模型对太白红杉 (Larixchinensis) 种内和种间竞争强度进行了定量分析, 并讨论了不同竞争强度下太白红杉的形态变化。结果表明 :随对象木胸径的增大, 由于太白红杉种群自然稀疏过程中密度调节作用, 植株距离增加, 种内竞争强度降低 ;太白红杉主要分布于亚高山地段, 群落内其它物种较少, 个体普遍较小, 结果种间竞争相对较弱, 种内与种间竞争关系顺序为 :太白红杉 太白红杉 >巴山冷杉 (Abiesfargesii) 太白红杉 >牛皮桦 (Betulaplatyphylla) 太白红杉 >其它树种 太白红杉 ;竞争强度和对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系 (CI =AD-B), 当太白红杉胸径达到 35cm以上时, 竞争强度几乎没有变化, 所得的预测模型能很好地预测太白红杉种内和种间的竞争强度 ;不同竞争强度下, 太白红杉主茎各层的分枝角度、总分枝数、当年生枝条长、平均枝长和活枝数均表现出显著的差异。表明采用逐步扩大范围的方法能有效地确定竞争木范围, 较好地反应太白红杉种内和种间的竞争关系。同时, 太白红杉通过自身形态变化, 提高了对光的截获能力和对不同竞争强度的适应能力。     

秦岭太白红杉种群空间分布格局动态及分形特征研究

采用相邻格子样方法采集数据,应用计盒维数和信息维数研究了太白红杉种群空间格局的分形特征,结果表明,太白红杉种群有较高的计盒维数(1.8087)和信息维数(1.7931),表明其对空间占据程度较高.用分布系数法和Morisita格局指数法检验格局类型,发现不同年龄组太白红杉种群均呈聚集分布.运用Greig-Smith的方法研究格局规模,发现太白红杉种群在128m²和512m²处聚集,不同年龄组在不同规模尺度聚集.以区组分布格局强度(PI)检测聚集强度,发现太白红杉种群格局强度随尺度变化程度较高,个体分布不均匀,随着年龄的增大,其聚集强度呈下降趋势.太白红杉种群的空间分布格局特征是其对严酷生境长期适应的结果.     

太白山太白红杉种群空间分布格局研究

针对研究区太白红杉种群分布特点,设置了15个20 m×20 m样地,采用离散分布理论拟合和聚集强度测定方法,对太白红杉种群空间分布格局进行了比较分析.太白红杉种群空间分布格局属于聚集型,在25m²和100m²面积上聚集强度较大.随海拔上升,聚集强度降低;在分布下限地区,聚集最强的尺度较小,中下部地区较大;阴坡的种群分布聚集强度大于阳坡.随着年龄增加,种群分布由聚集型向随机型过渡,强度减弱;聚集性最强的格局尺度在幼、老龄期为150m²,中龄期则为100m².分布格局受生物学特性、年龄阶段、群落组成、环境因素等影响.在未来保护与利用中,低海拔和阴坡应该适度间伐乔木层非目的树种;在高海拔和阳坡地区,适度间伐灌木,促进群落内团块状更新;育林作业面积应该与聚集性最强的面积相适应.     

基于Vaganov-Shashkin模型的太白红杉径向生长对气候要素的响应

利用采自太白山南坡药王殿、北坡上板寺的太白红杉树芯样品分别建立树轮宽度年表,运用Vaganov-Shashkin模型揭示秦岭太白红杉径向生长对各气候要素的响应.结果表明: 生长季(4—8月)的温度、生长初期的降水量以及7、8月的降水量是限制秦岭地区太白红杉生长的主要气候因子.良好的温度条件有利于太白红杉的生长,但生长初期的降水量会抑制太白红杉的生长;7、8月的降水量对秦岭南坡和北坡太白红杉的影响差异明显,该时段内丰富的降水量对北坡太白红杉的生长具有促进作用,而对南坡太白红杉的生长产生一定的限制作用;同一坡向、不同海拔采样点树木径向生长与气候因子的响应结果同样存在差异,高海拔采样点太白红杉的生长需要的温度条件低于低海拔采样点,但对土壤湿度的需求大于低海拔采样点.生长开始日的早晚对太白红杉树轮宽度的形成影响很大,而生长结束日仅与南坡采样点树轮宽度之间呈显著相关.     

秦岭太白红杉种群结构与动态的研究

在秦岭太白山、光头山、玉皇山和冰晶顶等4个地段分别设置了4个样地,用样方法对太白红杉种群进行了调查.共做样方280个.分析了太白红杉的群落学特征、径级结构及其密度变化规律;编制了太白红杉的静态生命表;绘制了存活曲线和死亡曲线;从多角度研究了太白红杉种群的动态变化规律结果表明该种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ和Ⅲ之间,高径级种群趋向于稳定,低径级种群则反之.幼年个体补充不足,严重影响着该种群的生存和发展.     

樟子松人工林分枝结构的分析

基于对6块樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林固定标准地中的30株样木枝解析调查数据,通过分析不同林分、不同大小林木1级枝和2级枝的分枝概率、分枝格局和分枝角度,揭示了樟子松人工林树冠的分枝结构特点。研究结果表明：樟子松人工林1级枝和2级枝的平均分枝数量分别为3.84个和2.80个,两者分枝概率均呈正态分布;1级和2级枝条在光照条件好的几个区间（方位角46°～225°）分布较多,1级枝条的水平分布遵从均匀分布,而2级枝条则不遵从均匀分布;树冠上层枝条的分枝角度略小于树冠中、下层,上层平均分枝角度为45.6°,而中下层平均分枝角度都为49.4°。不同大小林木的1级枝分枝结构规律表明：Ⅰ级木和Ⅴ级木的每轮平均分枝数非常接近,分别为3.89和3.94个,比Ⅲ级木每轮分枝数大0.5个左右;1级枝水平分布在各区间内(45°间隔)相差在0.24%～2.81%之间,方差分析结果表明枝条水平分布与林木大小无关;不同大小林木的分枝角度有所差别,Ⅰ级木、Ⅲ级木和Ⅴ级木的平均分枝角度分别为48.5°、42.2°和50.7°。     

兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形特征

对于树木分枝格局分形特征的定量描述,可以加深对树木生长过程的理解。本采用分形几何学对兴安落叶松（Ｌａｒｉｘ ｇｍｅｌｉｎｉ）的分枝格局进行研究,结果表明１）兴安落叶松分枝格局是一种分形结构,存在自相似性。２）兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形维数介于１．４－１．７之间,揭示了它的结构复杂性程度和占据生态空间、利用生态空间的能力。分形维数在树木光合作用及生长发育研究中是一个有用的参数。     

兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形特征

对于树木分枝格局分形特征的定量描述,可以加深对树木生长过程的理解。本文采用分形几何学对兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)的分枝格局进行研究,结果表明1)兴安落叶松分枝格局是一种分形结构,存在自相似性。2)兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形维数介于1.4~1.7之间,揭示了它的结构复杂性程度和占据生态空间、利用生态空间的能力。分形维数在树木光合作用及生长发育研究中是一个有用的参数。     

Compensatory growth of two clonal dwarf shrubs, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Vaccinium uliginosum in a heavy metal polluted environment

The effect of artificial shoot clipping on the vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of the evergreen bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and the deciduous bog bilberry, Vaccinium uliginosum, was studied in the vicinity of a copper-nickel smelter in SW Finland. According to the research hypothesis, heavy metal induced shoot death breaks the apical dominance in the clones growing in a polluted environment. This causes activation of dormant axillary and adventitious buds and an increase in branching on the older parts of the stem. Regrowth after shoot death was studied by clipping off all the current-year shoots from experimental branches in autumn (1994) and spring (1995). Within-clone and between-clone control branches were used to test the data.Both species displayed a considerable ability to activate dormant meristems after the damage. Regrowth of the current shoots during the next growing season (1995) was about 80% compared to the within-clone control in both species after autumn clipping. Shoot clipping in early summer was more detrimental for both species, and the regrowth of A. uva-ursi was less than that of V. uliginosum. Differences in the storage reserves and source-sink mechanisms of carbon allocation between evergreen and deciduous species probably explain their distinct response. When the removed biomass was added to the living biomass of the branches, there was overcompensation in the total dry weight of A. uva-ursi after autumn clipping, and the weight was almost 90% of the control after spring clipping. The total dry weight of V. uliginosum also equalled that of the control when the removed biomass was added. No berries developed on either species in the year following the autumn treatment, because clipping removed all the flower buds. Spring clipping had no effect on the sexual reproduction of A. uva-ursi, but decreased the berry production of V. uliginosum. The degree of compensatory growth of both species was only slightly affected by the distance from the smelter. It is suggested that dormant bud activation, rapid regrowth and plastic branching contribute to the resistance mechanism to heavy metals.     

Strigolactones,a novel class of plant hormone controlling shoot branching

For several decades, auxin and cytokinin were the only two hormones known to be involved in the control of shoot branching through apical dominance, a process where the shoot apex producing auxin inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds located below. Grafting studies with high branching mutants and cloning of the mutated genes demonstrated the existence of a novel long distance carotenoid derived signal which acted as a branching inhibitor. Recently, this branching inhibitor has been shown to belong to the strigolactones, a group of small molecules already known to be produced by roots, exuded in the rhizosphere and as having a role in both parasitic and symbiotic interactions.     

EFFECTS OF APEX REMOVAL AND NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION ON BRANCHING AND SEED PRODUCTION IN THLASPI ARVENSE (BRASSICACEAE)

The shoot apex of a plant may be damaged by herbivory, weather conditions, or other factors, leading to growth of some axillary buds into branches. This alteration of branching pattern can affect the location and extent of seed production. I examined the effects of removal of the shoot apex and of mineral nutrient addition on branching and seed production in Thlaspi arvense. Individual plants received no, early, or late apex removal and no, early, or late nutrient addition in a two-way factorial experiment. Apex removal led to greater production of secondary branches. Total seed weight per plant was higher for early- than late-removal plants under all nutrient treatments, but intact controls produced the highest total weight of seeds in two of three nutrient treatments, because their seeds were heavier. Addition of nutrients increased the numbers of secondary branches, fruits, and seeds, and the average and total weight of seeds produced. Apex removal resulted in increased seed production only when it occurred early and when nutrients were added at the same time. Resource availability and plant phenology can be influential in determining the effects of apical damage on seed production, and their effects in combination may differ from their individual effects.     

不同土壤雷竹盆栽苗地下茎分枝数量特征及其分布格局

为了探究竹子分株系统构建过程及其与人工经营的关系,本文对雷竹(Phyllostachys praecox C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao 'Prevernalis’)不同年龄母竹、不同覆盖年限竹林进行土壤盆栽实验,比较了各处理竹苗地下茎分枝生长差异。结果显示：在盆栽竹苗分株系统构建过程中,地下茎以竹鞭分枝为主;2年生母竹盆栽苗地下茎分枝数量普遍高于1年生盆栽苗,且地下茎分枝表现出随竹林土壤覆盖年限增加而减少的趋势;盆栽苗地下茎分枝主要分布于第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分枝的鞭中位置;1年生母竹盆栽苗地下茎分枝以第Ⅱ分枝级别的鞭中、鞭梢部位为多,而2年生母竹盆栽苗则以第Ⅲ分枝级别的鞭中、鞭梢部位为多;随土壤覆盖年限增加,地下茎分枝偏向分布于较为靠前的分枝级别。研究发现,母竹盆栽苗分株系统的构建主要采取了扩大地下分枝的策略,其2年生母竹与竹鞭中部着生侧芽的分枝生长对分株系统拓展贡献率较大;竹林土壤覆盖时间越久越不利于地下茎分枝。由于竹子分株系统具有时空拓展性,其地下茎分枝生长特征尚需持续观察。     

AXILLARY AND DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING IN THE PALM CHAMAEDOREA

In both Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret and C. cataractarum Martius each adult foliage leaf subtends one axillary bud. The proximal buds in C. seifrizii are always vegetative, producing branches (= new shoots or suckers); and the distal buds on a shoot are always reproductive, producing inflorescences. The prophyll and first few scale leaves of a vegetative branch lack buds. Transitional leaves subtend vegetative buds and adult leaves subtend reproductive buds. Both types of buds are first initiated in the axil of the second or third leaf primordia from the apex, P2 or P3. Later development of both types of bud tends to be more on the adaxial surface of the subtending leaf base than on the shoot axis. Axillary buds of C. cataractarum are similarly initiated in the axil of P2 or P3 and also have an insertion that is more foliar than cauline. However, all buds develop as inflorescences. Vegetative branches arise irregularly by a division of the apex within an enclosing leaf (= P1). A typical inflorescence bud is initiated in the axil of the enclosing leaf when it is in the position of P2 and when each new branch has initiated its own P1. No scale leaves are produced by either branch and the morphological relationship among branches and the enclosing leaf varies. Often the branches are unequal and the enclosing leaf is fasciated. The vegetative branching in C. cataractarum is considered to be developmentally a true dichotomy and is compared with other examples of dichotomous (= terminal) branching in the Angiospermae.     

Bud Content and its Relation to Shoot Size and Structure in Nothofagus pumilio(Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae)

Buds of shoots from the trunk, main branches, secondary branchesand short branches of 10–21 year-old Nothofagus pumiliotrees were dissected and their contents recorded. The numberof differentiated nodes in buds was compared with the numberof nodes of sibling shoots developed at equivalent positionsduring the following growing season. Axillary buds generallyhad four cataphylls, irrespective of bud position in the tree,whereas terminal buds had up to two cataphylls. There were morenodes in terminal buds, and the most distal axillary buds, oftrunk shoots than in more proximal buds of trunk shoots, andin all buds of shoots at all other positions. The highest numberof nodes in the embryonic shoot of a bud varied between 15 and20. All shoots had proximal lateral buds containing an embryonicshoot with seven nodes, four with cataphylls and three withgreen leaf primordia. The largest trunk, and main branch, shootswere made up of a preformed portion and a neoformed portion;all other shoots were entirely preformed. In N. pumilio, theacropetally-increasing size of the sibling shoots derived froma particular parent shoot resulted from differences in: (1)the number of differentiated organs in the buds; (2) the probabilityof differentiation of additional organs during sibling shootextension; (3) sibling shoot length; (4) sibling shoot diameter;and (5) the death of the apex and the most distal leaves ofeach sibling shoot. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Axis differentiation, branching, bud structure, leaf primordia, neoformation, Nothofagus pumilio, preformation, size gradient     

Branch development in Lupinus angustifolius L.#II. Relationship with endogenous ABA, IAA and cytokinins in axillary and main stem buds

The concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) were measured in buds of different regions (main stem and lateral branches) of Lupinus angustifolius L. (cv. Merrit) and at different stages in the development of branches. In lupin, branching patterns are the result of discrete regions of axillary branches (upper, middle and basal) which elongate at much different rates. Early in development only the main shoot elongates, followed usually by basal branch growth and then rapid upper branch growth. Branches in the middle of the main stem grow only weakly or fail to develop. Levels of IAA were generally high in the apical buds of slowly growing branches and low in buds from strongly growing branches, whereas CK levels showed the opposite relationship. CK:IAA ratio showed a closer relationship with the rate of growth of a particular branch better than the levels of either CK or IAA alone. During early stages of growth ABA concentration did not follow the rate of branch growth. However, later in development, where growth did not closely match the ratio of CK:IAA, ABA level showed a strong negative relationship with growth. A significant decrease in ABA was associated with continued strong growth of the main stem apex following a decline in CK:IAA ratio. Overall, the best relationship between the level of growth factors in apical buds and branching pattern in lupin was the ratio of CK:IAA, implying that high CK:IAA at a given bud would promote growth. ABA level appeared to play a secondary role, as a growth inhibitor.     

兴安落叶松种群格局的分形特征:计盒维数

分形维数是分形体填充空间程度的度量,种群格局计盒维数能够揭示出种群格局的空间占据程度及其尺度变化规律,拐点尺度指示出个体聚集尺度。本文应用计盒维数对大兴安岭主要森林类型中兴安落叶松种群空间格局进行的研究表明,兴安落叶松种群格局均具有统计自相似性。各类兴安落叶松林中兴安落叶松种群格局具有较高的计盒维数(> 1.5,接近2),对空间占据程度较高,建群和优势地位明显,空间占据程度的强弱次序为越桔-兴安落叶松(1.829) > 草类-兴安落叶松林(1.720) > 杜鹃-兴安落叶松(1.705)杜香-兴安落叶松林(1.513)。兴安落叶松-白桦林中,兴安落叶松处于劣势伴生地位,种群格局的计盒维数较低(1.371,远离2),空间占据程度低。通过对天然森林类型中兴安落叶松种群格局的计盒维数与兴安落叶松人工林的比较发现,兴安落叶松种群空间占据程度由高至低的次序为兴安落叶松人工林(1.868) > 兴安落叶松天然林(1.692) > 兴安落叶松-白桦林(1.371),揭示出兴安落叶松种群在不同森林类型中地位和作用的差异。     

Both the C1 domain and a basic amino acid cluster at the C-terminus are important for the neurite and branch induction ability of DGKβ

We previously reported that diacylglycerol kinase β (DGKβ) induces neurites and branches, contributing to higher brain function including emotion and memories. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of DGKβ function remains unknown. Therefore, we constructed various mutants of DGKβ and compared their enzyme activity, intracellular localization, and ability to induce neurites and branching in SH-SY5Y cells.